Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Polish social sciences" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
    Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
    Tytuł:
    Polskie badania pamięcioznawcze: tradycje, koncepcje, (nie)ciągłości
    Polish Memory Studies: Traditions, Concepts, (dis)Continuities
    Autorzy:
    Kończal, Kornelia
    Wawrzyniak, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373634.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011-11-22
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    history of Polish social sciences and humanities
    memory studies
    methodologia
    historia polskich nauk społecznych i humanistycznych
    studia pamięcioznawcze
    metodologia
    Opis:
    The article critically examines the history and recent developments of the Polish memory studies. The authors trace the genealogies of this intellectual field, starting with categories formed by Stefan Czarnowski, Marceli Handelsman, Kazimierz Kelles-Krauss, Ludwik Krzywicki, Florian Znaniecki, and Nina Assorodbraj-Kula. Then, they describe reformulations and varied methodological application of memory concepts within Polish historical studies, cultural studies, as well as within qualitative and quantitative sociology. They also summarize main research themes and projects conducted up to date. Finally, they point out to some flaws within the field having to do with its institutional weakness and the selective reception of western intellectual traditions.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo; 2011, 55, 4; 11-63
    2300-195X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nauki społeczne w Polsce jako generator znaczeń
    The Social Sciences in Poland as a Generator of Meanings
    Autorzy:
    Kolasa-Nowak, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/13925593.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-06-21
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
    Tematy:
    Polish elites
    sociology of science
    historical sociology
    Polish social sciences
    semi-periphery
    global science
    Polskie elity
    socjologia nauki
    socjologia historyczna
    polskie nauki społeczne
    półperyferyjność
    globalna nauka
    Opis:
    W eseju recenzyjnym książki pod redakcją Tomasza Zaryckiego Polskie nauki społeczne w kontekście relacji władzy i zależności międzynarodowych omawiam główne wątki tej pracy z perspektywy socjologii nauki. Studia poszczególnych dyscyplin społecznych zostały oparte na wspólnej perspektywie teoretycznej i jednej metodzie analizy, które wywodzą się z socjologii pól społecznych Pierre’a Bourdieu. Głównym problemem jest stopień autonomii polskich nauk społecznych od pełnionych w kraju ról publicznych oraz związane z tym szanse na zdobycie uznania w globalnym obiegu naukowym. Pokazuję jak historyczne analizy różnych etapów rozwoju polskich nauk społecznych dostarczają kontekstu do refleksji nad współczesną kondycją tych dyscyplin. Twierdzę, że książka jest ważnym głosem w dyskusji nad sytuacją i perspektywami polskich nauk społecznych, pokazując strukturalne uwarunkowania i specyfikę ich rozwoju.
    The essay presents an analysis of the collective work Polskie nauki społeczne w kontekście relacji władzy i zależności międzynarodowych (lit. The Polish social sciences in the context of power relations and international dependencies). The reviewer sees it as the next stage of a research programme undertaken by Tomasz Zarycki and his colleagues, the thematic axis of which has for many years been the functioning of elites in contemporary Poland, and in particular the intelligentsia as the group responsible for the emergence of meaning constellations creating a discursive space for Polish society. The authors of the work’s chapters address the academic world and the mechanisms for producing knowledge in the Polish social sciences. Although belonging to the sociology of science, the work steps significantly beyond this area, constituting a statement on the specificity of the functioning of Poland’s intellectual elites from the 19th century and through the years of communism to the present day. It bears the hallmarks of a study in historical sociology, but it is the contemporaneity of the Polish social sciences that provides its centre of gravity. The interesting theoretical framework laid out here reveals the diverse consequences of Poland’s semi-peripheral positioning in global hierarchies pertaining to science, innovation, and also economic standing. The social sciences have been treated as a special area because of their substantial role in creating the symbolic universe formatting the Polish cultural canon, and the analyses of specific disciplines not only demonstrate their semi-peripheral place in global academic space, but also their close relations with the sphere of Polish politics and public debate. The theses put forward invite discussion concerning the state of the humanities in Poland, offering a wealth of fresh material for academia’s self-reflection.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo; 2023, 67, 2; 205-216
    2300-195X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Merited, (Un)Appreciated, (Un)Remembered: Women in Educational and Social Policy Sciences as a Scholarly Discipline in Poland, 1900–39
    Autorzy:
    Bołdyrew, Aneta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/601595.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Polish female scholars
    history of science
    educational sciences
    social policy
    Opis:
    The first four decades of the twentieth century saw an intense development in the Polish lands of educational sciences and social policy sciences. A role of importance in the development of the underlying theory for these scientific domains and in the pursuit of pioneering empirical studies fell to a group of women who combined their intellectual interests and scientific research with activities in the fields of education and social work. This article seeks to outline their scholarly achievements (until 1939) and point to the specificity of their effort: none of them pursued a ‘classical’ academic career comprehended in terms of getting employed and promoted by a university. Their formative experience consisted in studying abroad and obtaining their doctoral degrees there. Migrations and membership in (or contribution to) international scientific organisations enabled them to deepen their knowledge and present their theories in the international forum whilst also making them acquainted with the academic models functioning in West European countries in the context of female participation. The personal histories of Polish female scholars researching into education and social history show the ‘typical’ experience of reluctance and arbitrariness of the academic circles, male-dominated as they were at that time when gender weighed high on career-seeking in science. This implied search for strategies and areas of activity which enabled to participate in the world of science. Pursuance of research, in selected areas, and publication of scholarly texts was enabled through the cooperation with organisations which welcomed female experts such as those employed (for example) with ministries; the Polish Society for Social Policy was one such organisation. In spite of multiple hindrances and restrictions, those female scholars who got employed on a full-time basis with academies which were ‘alternative’ to the traditional universities – the Institute of Special Pedagogy, the State Institute of Teachers, and primarily, the Free Polish University – enjoyed the most favourable conditions of work.
    Źródło:
    Acta Poloniae Historica; 2018, 117
    0001-6829
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Poloniae Historica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    W trzydziestą rocznicę śmierci Profesora Jana Lutyńskiego
    On the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Death of Professor Jan Lutyński
    Autorzy:
    Krzewińska, Aneta
    Kretek-Kamińska, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/14975502.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-06-28
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
    Tematy:
    Jan Lutyński
    Polish sociology
    methodology of the social sciences
    socjologia polska
    metodologia nauk społecznych
    Opis:
    This text was written in remembrance of Professor Jan Lutyński — an outstanding Polish sociologist, founder of the Łódź methodological school, and co-founder of the Polish Sociological Association — on the thirtieth anniversary of his death. The author presents the results of bibliographical research, which confirm the topicality of Professor Lutyński’s ideas.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo; 2018, 62, 2; 233-238
    2300-195X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uniwersytet – nauki humanistyczne i społeczne – państwo
    University – humanities and social sciences – the state
    Autorzy:
    Brzeziński, Jerzy Marian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2043716.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    university
    humanities
    social sciences
    research ethics
    education of students
    community culture versus corporate culture
    Polish state
    Opis:
    With the Great Charter of Universities as a point of departure, the author discusses the four tasks of the university: (1) search for the truth (2) education which supplies students them with the latest scientific knowledge and the skills that knowledge justifies (3) student formation in the spirit of tolerance, pluralism and openness to dialogue, (4) popularizing scientific knowledge. For their accomplishment to be unconstrained (by ideological, religious, xenophobic or economic limitations), as well as effective and ethical, the university must be free and autonomous. Nowadays humanities and social sciences are particularly exposed to factors that damage or hinder this autonomy and freedom, which is regrettably the case especially in countries that declare attachment to democratic values, yet trample them at the same time. The author is very critical of the state’s policy of evaluating scholarly activities of universities based on converting scientific output into points. According to the author, this produces a greatly simplified and distorted picture of their achievements. What is more, it also encourages certain academics (for whom „survival” at a given institute or department is at stake) to engage in unethical behaviour: plagiarism of other people’s works, falsification of empirical research results, fabrication of findings, guest authorship, ghost authorship. One of the major solutions aimed to counter such unethical practices is to depart from bibliometric evaluation (via IF, H index) in favour of peer review. It is also necessary to implement new publishing practices, which would require replication of empirical studies, access to raw results provided by authors, as well as preregistration assessment of research projects so as to take works in which positive results were not obtained (thus failing to bear out the initial hypothesis) into consideration as well.
    Źródło:
    Człowiek i Społeczeństwo; 2021, 52; 45-69
    0239-3271
    Pojawia się w:
    Człowiek i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polskie nauki społeczne w świetle hipotezy peryferyjnej dualności
    The Polish social sciences in light of the hypothesis of peripheral duality
    Autorzy:
    Zarycki, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/577829.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    socjologia wiedzy
    nauki społeczne
    system światowy
    peryferia
    nauka polska
    sociology of knowledge
    social sciences
    world system
    peripheries
    Polish academia
    Opis:
    Głównym celem tekstu jest przedstawienie hipotezy dualności peryferyjnego systemu tworzenia wiedzy akademickiej. Opiera się ona na podkreśleniu znaczenia zależności procesów tworzenia wiedzy od zależności centro-peryferyjnych w ujęciu zarówno globalnym jak i lokalnym. Szczególnym przypadkiem analizowanym w tekście są polskie nauki społeczne. Przedstawiono ich analizę w kontekście teorii systemu światowego, socjologii krytycznej oraz krytycznej analizy dyskursu. W odwołaniu do socjologii wiedzy przedstawiono bardziej ogólny model dualności systemów tworzenia wiedzy naukowej na peryferiach. Ten model mający status hipotezy może pomagać tłumaczyć pozorne niespójności w funkcjonowaniu systemu nauki w Polsce. Jednym z elementów przedstawionej propozycji jest redefinicja koncepcji „działań pozornych” Jana Lutyńskiego, która początkowo rozwinięta została w odniesieniu do opisu działania instytucji w Polsce komunistycznej. Główną tezą tekstu jest hipoteza, iż dualność systemu polskich nauk społecznych ma bardzo specyficzny charakter i nie przejawia się wyraźnie w warstwie instytucjonalnej.
    The main aim of the present article is to offer a hypothesis of duality of the peripheral systems of production of academic knowledge, highlighting the dependency of that process on the centre-periphery structures of the contemporary world as well as form the local contexts. A particular focus of the text will be on the case of the social sciences in contemporary Poland. Consequently, a view on the Polish academic knowledge production system in the framework of the world system theory, critical sociology and critical discourse analysis will be offered. Drawing on the selected tools of sociology of knowledge a more general hypothesis on the dual nature of the knowledge production systems in the peripheries is presented. The hypothesis may serve to explain apparent inconsistencies in the functioning of the Polish and other peripheral knowledge production systems. One of its key elements is a proposal of redefinition of Jan Lutyński’s concept of “apparent actions”, which has been originally developed to interpret the tensions in the functioning of institutions of the communist Poland. The paper concludes with suggestion that the form of duality observed in Poland is atypical and not obvious in the institutional dimension.
    Źródło:
    Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa; 2013, 49, 1(195); 67-88
    0044-1619
    Pojawia się w:
    Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The “Scientific View” of the Intelligentsia: The Literary Roots of Scholarly Public Debates in Post-War Poland (1946–1948)
    Autorzy:
    Lokhmatov, Aleksei
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2080881.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    Social Sciences
    Polish Sociology
    post-war Poland
    intelligentsia
    public debates
    Chałasiński, Józef
    Kieniewicz, Stefan
    cultural journals
    "Kuźnica"
    Odrodzenie
    Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne
    Opis:
    This paper addresses the public discussions among Polish scholars and social scientists which took place following the Second World War. The debate on the sociological and historical genealogy of the Polish intelligentsia started with the publication of a lecture given by the sociologist Józef Chałasiński. Covering this debate, the paper shows the way in which the literary and publicist stereotypes came to be a research question for the Social Sciences and Humanities.
    Źródło:
    Historyka studia metodologiczne; 2019, 49; 77-100
    0073-277X
    Pojawia się w:
    Historyka studia metodologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Archiwum Danych Jakościowych przy IFiS PAN
    The Qualitative Data Archive of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
    Autorzy:
    ., Zespół Archiwum Danych Jakościowych przy IFiS PAN
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781670.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    archives in the social sciences
    digitalization of qualitative data
    revisiting research
    history of Polish sociology
    archiwa w naukach społecznych
    digitalizacja danych jakościowych
    rewizyta badawcza
    historia socjologii polskiej
    Opis:
    This text contains information about the Qualitative Data Archive at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology PAS (QDA) [Archiwum Danych Jakościowych przy IFiS PAN - ADJ; adj.ifispan.pl], which collects and digitalizes databases from a broad range of research in the social sciences and makes them accessible online. The archive was established with the idea of preserving material of a qualitative nature. There were two main aims: to initiate new methods of research using the collected resources and to stimulate theoretical and methodological reflection on the idea of archivization, renewed analysis of data, and various other forms of revisiting research. The creators of the archive have managed to save and digitalize considerable amounts of material derived from studies that are by now historical and are important for Polish sociology and anthropology. The Qualitative Data Archive also contains collections of materials from quite recent studies, which have often been processed in electronic form. For these, the QDA functions as a platform where researchers can present their analyses and findings more widely and in a secure form both for themselves and for their respondents.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo; 2019, 63, 1; 83-88
    2300-195X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pamiętniki bezrobotnych w zbiorach Instytutu Gospodarstwa Społecznego: historia, charakterystyka i potencjał badawczy
    Memoirs of the Unemployed in the Collections of the Institute of Social Economy: History, Description, and Research Potential
    Autorzy:
    Posłuszny, Łukasz
    Kubicki, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781665.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    archives in the social sciences
    history of Polish sociology
    Institute of Social Economy
    biographical method
    memoirs in social research
    unemployment in Poland
    archiwa w naukach społecznych
    historia socjologii polskiej
    Instytut Gospodarstwa Społecznego
    metoda biograficzna
    pamiętniki w badaniach społecznych
    bezrobocie w Polsce
    Opis:
    The main purpose of this article is to discuss the achievements of biographical research at the Institute of Social Economy of the Warsaw School of Economics, with particular emphasis on the memoirs of the unemployed. The article has three parts: (1) a short introduction to memoir-related research in Poland, (2) a description of the memoir competitions organized by the Institute of Social Economy, and (3) a more detailed discussion of competitions involving the memoirs of the unemployed in the 1930s, at the turn of the century, and in 2017. One of the main conclusions the authors draw is that biographical materials, despite their great potential, are relatively rarely used by social researchers.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo; 2019, 63, 1; 95-104
    2300-195X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cooperation of the University of Opole with Scientific and Educational Units of Ukraine in the States of Emergency: A Practical Dimension
    Współpraca Uniwersytetu Opolskiego z jednostkami naukowo-edukacyjnymi Ukrainy w stanach zagrożeń: praktyczny wymiar
    Autorzy:
    Andruszkiewicz, Fabian
    Slipukhina, Iryna
    Shapovalov, Yevhenii
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/34110672.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    University of Opole
    Faculty of Social Sciences
    Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology
    Polish-Ukrainian cooperation
    state of emergency
    Uniwersytet Opolski
    Wydział Nauk Społecznych
    Wydział Przyrodniczo Techniczny
    współpraca polsko-ukraińska
    stan zagrożenia
    Опольський університет
    факультет соціальних наук
    факультет природничих наук і технологій
    польсько-українська співпраця
    надзвичайний стан
    Opis:
    Polsko-ukraińska współpraca naukowa Uniwersytetu Opolskiego ma długą historię, która nabrała nowych znaczeń w warunkach zagrożeń pandemicznych i militarnych. Obostrzenia wynikłe z rozporządzeń ministerialnych spowodowane stanem zagrożenia COVID-19, a następnie napaść federacji rosyjskiej na Ukrainę, w bardzo dużym stopniu wyhamowały realne działania naukowe pomiędzy narodami Polski i Ukrainy, jednakże dzięki ludziom silnie zaangażowanym w dobro nauki, udało się w pewnym stopniu tą współpracę zachować, przenosząc ją w dużej mierze na wirtualną platformę. Taka sytuacja zaistniała między innymi na Uniwersytecie Opolskim, gdzie przykładowo na Wydziale Nauk Społecznych oraz Wydziale Przyrodniczo-Technicznym Uniwersytetu Opolskiego zostały zorganizowane wydarzenia naukowo-badawcze z pełnym zaangażowaniem pracowników naukowych, doktorantów i studentów obu stron. Odbywały się również naukowe staże przedstawicieli z obu krajów, czego efektem są wspólne prace, wyrażone w publikacjach, wystąpieniach na konferencjach i seminariach. Podane przykłady działań międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Opolskiego świadczą o stabilności i zdolności adaptacyjnej polsko-ukraińskiej współpracy naukowej w kryzysowych warunkach społeczeństwa.
    The Polish-Ukrainian scientific cooperation at the University of Opole has a long history, which has acquired new meanings in the conditions of pandemic and military threats. The restrictions resulting from ministerial regulations caused by the COVID-19 emergency, and the subsequent attack by the Russian Federation on Ukraine, significantly inhibited the ongoing scientific activities between the nations of Poland and Ukraine; however, thanks to people firmly committed to the good of science, it was possible to maintain this cooperation to a certain extent by its substantial relocation to a virtual platform. Among other scientific units, such a situation occurred, at the University of Opole.For example, at its Faculty of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology scientific and research events were organised with the full involvement of researchers, doctoral students, and students of both parties. The scientific internships of representatives from both countries have taken place and resulted in joint work expressed in publications, speeches at conferences and seminars. The given examples of international activities of the University of Opole demonstrate stability and adaptability of Polish-Ukrainian scientific cooperation while the society suffers from the crysis conditions.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia; 2023, 36, 3; 131-144
    0867-2040
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Młodociani recydywiści
    Young adult recidivists
    Autorzy:
    Szelhaus, Stanisław
    Baucz-Straszewicz, Zofia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699148.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1960
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    młodociani recydywiści
    przestępczość młodocianych recydywistów
    badania
    Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
    wykolejenie społeczne
    młodzież
    young adults recidivists
    delinquency of young adults recidivists
    Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
    research
    young adult
    social maladjustment
    young adult recidivists
    delinquency of young adult recidivists
    Opis:
    Investigation has covered 100 recidivists between the ages of 18 and 21, serving their term in jail; its purpose was to bring to light the scope of social misfitting and delinquency of the individuals with whom delinquency and recidivism seem to be of recent origin. Investigation has covered the individuals domiciled in Warsaw, who have been punished for at least the second time after having reached the age when penal responsibility begins (i.e. their seventeenth year of age) and have gone to jail for at least the second time. The investigation, started at the end of 1956 and finished in the middle of 1958, was conducted in two Warsaw jails and three provincial ones. All young adult recidivists with a condemning sentence who were at that time in jail were investigated, without making any selection of the cases, apart from the criteria enumerated above. The investigation, however, has taken into consideration data from judicial records and prison records, as well as from the Convicts, Register. Talks with the mothers of the convicts have provided material concerning the family home, the diseases which the convicted person had gone through, his pre-school and school days, way of life, etc. Psychological and medical examination has also been carried out. Young adult recidivists have been examined on an average, from four to five times within a few hours. In the case of those of the investigated who have been released from prison before December 1st , 1958, follow-up studies were carried out, to comprise a period of from six months to one year. 1. In investigating 100 young adult recidivists past record it was established that as many as 79 of them had been previously tried by a juvenile court (even though the law-court which tried them after they had completed the seventeenth year of age knew about that in a mere 23 cases). Apart from that, another 12 had committed thefts during their minority without being prosecuted before the law-courts. Consequently a mere 9 of all the investigated began to commit criminal offences after they were 16. The beginnings of delinquency took place in 19 per cent of the cases before the tenth year of their rives, and in 68 per cent before the thirteenth; it is highly probable however, that in reality the beginnings of their delinquency were earlier than that. Investigation into the further destinies of 79 investigated persons who had been tried while still minors has established the fact that 85 per cent of their number found themselves in jail before the lapse of two years from the moment of being released from a house of correction, or from their last trial before a juvenile court. As far as the 43 investigated. persons are concerned who had previously been in institutions for delinquent boys (training schools), as many as 27 were arrested before the lapse of six months from their release from such an institution, 12 remained at large for periods ranging from six months to one year and only 4 from one year to two years. The total of the data concerning the number of trials before both juvenile and ordinary courts looked as follows: out of 100 recidivists 13 had been tried twice, 20 - 3 times, 29 – 4 times, 17 - 5 times, 11 - 6 times, 10 - 7 or more times. Consequently 67 per cent of the investigated had already been tried 4 or more times, and every fifth one of them - 6 or more times. As far as their first term in jail is concerned, 16 of the investigated found themselves in jail before having attained the age of criminal responsibility, as a rule owing to their having given false birthdata at the time of their arrest, 55 at the age of 17, 26 at the age of 18 and a mere 3 at 19 years of age. Nearly one half of the recidivists had spent more time in jail than at large (from the moment of having reached the age of criminal responsibility), while the longest spell at large between one arrest and the next amounted to: below six months with 49 per cent of the investigated, from six months to one year with 33 per cent, while it was more than one year with a mere 18 per cent. Taking into consideration the kind of offences committed, we may divide the material under investigation into the following groups: A. Young adult recidivists punished exclusively for offences against property (as a rule, thefts) - 39 cases. B. Young adult recidivists punished exclusively for offences against life and health (grievous injury to the body, and slight bodily harm, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability as well as for insulting a functionary of the police). There were only 10 offenders who committed such offences out of ,,hooligan" motives only, among all those investigated. C. Young adult recidivists punished for offences against property as well as for grievous injury to the body and slight bodily harm, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability and insult to police functionaries - 51 cases. A. As for the persons investigated who had been punished only for offences against property (nearly exclusively for theft), they began to commit offences at the age of from 9 to 12 years, i.e. earlier than the rest. The first thefts, as a rule, took place in the family home. The majority of the perpetrators had been punished several times for theft by a juvenile court; one half of these, recidivists are criminals whose principal source of income are thefts, and, all of them had spent more time in jail than at large. It should be emphasized that both recidivists belonging to this group and the remaining ones had, in an overwhelming majority of cases (91 per cent), lived in their parents', or else their mothers’, homes, and were able to have their meals at home (70 per cent). B. The beginnings of delinquency with the persons investigated who have been punished only for infringement of bodily inviolability, damage to the body, brawls and insults to police functionaries are considerably later and take place about the thirteenth to the sixteenth year of age. Similarly, the rate of penalties inflicted is smaller, and the spells of liberty much longer than with the thief group. Nearly all such acts (accosting and beating up a passer-by in the street, insult by word of mouth or beating up a policeman, etc.) were committed while under the influence of drink. Nearly All of the investigated who belong to this group systematically abuse alcohol, and their delinquency is closely connected with their drunkenness. C. The most numerous group of persons convicted, those punished both for theft and for damage to the body, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability and insult to a policemen, may be divided into two sub-groups: Sub-Group One, 30 strong, consists of individuals who commit more thefts then other offences. They do not fundamentally differ from the individuals who belong to the thief group, either as to the objects of theft and their value, or as to the method of committing their crime. Here, too, we have to do with individuals for whom thefts constitute their principal source of income. Sub-Group Two, 27 strong, is composed of the individuals who commit more offences of injury to the body, insulting policemen and similar offences commited out of so-called hooligan motives, than thefts. This group approaches the individuals discussed in point B. It is characteristic of them that 11 (out of a total of 15 recorded in our materials) of perpetrators of robbery are to be found in this group. In the material investigated by us robbery goes hand in hand almost exclusively with offences committed from hooligan motives. When we evaluate the general degree of social misfitting of 100 of the investigated we may state that as many as 82 per cent of them belong to the category of manifold recidivists, who, as a rule, work only, if at all, by fits and starts, and are in close connection with the criminal environment. Particularly bad in this respect was the case of 35 of the investigated. 2. In so far as the family environment of young adult recidivists is concerned, we meet with a large percentage (53 per cent) of half-orphans; out of that number in 39 cases it was the mother who took care of the person investigated, in 5 cases - the father, while in the remaining 9 cases there was a stepfather or stepmother. 79 of the fathers were workers (of which 34 unskilled ones), 16 – clerical workers, 5 had their own artisan workshops. The majority of the mothers also earned their living, as a rule, as unskilled workers. The extent of alcoholism in the families under investigation is very considerable: 38 of the fathers can be considered drunkards - for many years they have been systematically drinking, they get drunk several times a week, spend their wages on drink. In the remaining families 29 fathers drink, on the average, from twice to three times a week, while 32 drink only sporadically and do not get drunk. Taking into consideration the educational atmosphere of the home, as well as the state of care and control in the environment during the period of the minority of the persons investigated, it was established that in 58 families the whole set of educationally definitely harmful factors was present. 3. The data obtained during the investigation concerning the personality of young recidivists speak in favor of the view that the latter are characterized by features which prove their low psychical maturity, and, in particular, a domination of impulsive reactions, a considerable and uncontrollable thoughtlessness, acting in the wake of motives responsible for the desire to make the most of life, in the form of continual entertainments and adventures, and a desire to impose on one’s coevals. A striking thing here is a lack of planning, absence of reflections on their future life, as well as of any more serious considerations for work, which, with them, is not identified with the idea of any definite trade; there is also a failure to appreciate critically the effects of one's own behavior. As far as the level of intelligence is concerned, only 11 of the investigated showed signs of mental deficiency. There were 18 individuals of more than average intelligence. A psychological and psychopathological analysis of the investigated shows that 39 of those recidivists are to be included in the category of persons with personality disorders, who are usually described by the name of psychopaths. Yet it does not seem possible, on the basis of the investigation, to delimit the cases which could be diagnosed as psychopathic from such in which the normal development of the personality has suffered serious disturbances, mostly as a result of serious psychical shocks and psychical conflicts during their childhood. There can be no doubt, however, that the psychical qualities of the investigated cannot be squeezed within the framework of even a broad norm adopted, that their personality has pathological traits which exert an essential influence upon their behavior. In comparison with this most numerous group of 39 of the investigated, who are usually approached from the point of view of psychopathy, other pathological cases are not numerous in the material under investigation: with 6 of the investigated we have to do with encephalopathy after skull lesions, with 4 - with psychical changes after an 3 encephalitis, while 3 of the investigated suffer from epilepsy. In analyzing the abnormal personality traits with these 39 recidivists, the following re-occurring psychical qualities and reaction attitudes (incidentally mentioned in conversation by the investigated themselves) have been met with: a great irritability, lack of self-control, a tendency to provoke conflicts owing to an impulsive pattern of behavior, considerable difficulties in trying to subordinate oneself to various kinds of discipline, frequent states of depression and bad feeling, o tension and anxiety. It ought to be emphasized that out of 39 recidivists with serious personality disorders there were as many as 30 cases of very bad family environment in childhood. Besides, in all this material in which the family home so frequently assumes a negative outlook, it is noteworthy how many of young adult recidivists showed no emotional attachment whatsoever to their parents, including a large percentage of individuals of a very aggressive attitude. Among 47 young adults of a definitely aggressive attitude there were 30 lacking any emotional ties with the family home, and among the others there were only 10 free from an aggressive attitude. It is a significant thing that it is precisely with those of the investigated, revealing clear tendencies to aggression, over-impulsive, uncontrolled, that, in comparison with the other investigated, the various emotional conflicts appear much more conspicuously conflicts going back to childhood days, caused by an atmosphere in the family home (a feeling of loneliness due to the lack of manifestations of any tenderer feeling on the part of the mother, jealousy of a brother or sister, because the father liked them better, experiences of fear evoked by the brutality of a drunken father and an ambivalent attitude towards him, etc.) 4. As far as their mode of life was, concerned, only 16 of the investigated, who worked systematically, led a life similar to that of the generality of young people of the same age and of similar social environment. With the remaining ones we find a definitely negative attitude to work, while 32 of them worked very unsystematically, and 52 did but odd jobs or did not work at all. An overwhelming majority of the investigated spent most of their time strolling about the town, sitting in restaurants or nighthouses etc. Alcoholism reached big proportions with 56 of the investigated. They drink at least four or five times per week and frequently get drunk, while the majority of this group drink, and get drunk, every day. All the sons of alcohol addicts belong to this group. 27 of the investigated drink alcohol from once to three times per week, and it is only of 17 of them that it can be said that they either do not drink at all, or else drink only on rare occasions. 5. In our investigation, problems concerning the penalty and prison have been taken into consideration, first and foremost, under two of their aspects: whether or not, and if so, to what extent, the penalty of imprisonment does act, as a deterrent upon the persons investigated, according to their own opinion, and what influence a spell in prison had previously exerted upon them. Nearly all of them (70 answers have been obtained) believe that a penalty of imprisonment can act as a deterrent only on those who have not been in prison yet. Afterwards, that deterrent action ceases, since the prisoner comes to the conclusion that ,,you can get used to anything and bear any conditions". All the investigated also think that a spell in prison, so far from favouring their reformation, derailed them even further. Questioned whether after serving their present penalty they would go on committing criminal offences, 45 of the investigated answered indecisively, while admitting the possibility of their further committing offences, 15 declared bluntly that they would go on stealing, and a more 10 asserted that they would never again appear in the dock (their previous offences had, as a rule, to do with alcoholism). After the investigation was terminated, the further destinies of the 100 young adult recidivists who had been investigated were checked and it appeared. That 42 of them still served prison sentences, 29 had been released and remained at large, while another 29 had been once more arrested after their release for the commission of a new crime. Of the latter group, 17 remained free less than six months, 9 - from six months to one year, and only 3 for more than one year. It ought to be emphasized that out of the 29 investigated persons who were not arrested again after having been released from prison, 10 had been free for only about six months at the time of the last follow-up study. The results of the investigation bear witness to the fact that 80 per cent of young adult recidivists systematically commit criminal offences and belong to the category of the socially entirely depraved. The fundamental conclusion boils down to the following questions: The prophylaxis of young adults recidivism is closely connected with the problem of the recidivism of juvenile delinquents and with the problem of the earliest possible interception of the process of the juvenile's demoralization. With regard to recidivists aged from 17 to 20 the imprisonment penalty ought to be altogether eliminated and long-term educational-cum-correctional methods applied, similar to those used with older juveniles with a high minimum term (two years). Young adult recidivists ought to be submitted to detailed psychological and psychiatrical examination in order to find and apply the appropriate, individualized methods of re-education.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 165-214
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11

      Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies