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Wyszukujesz frazę "Northern Sea Route" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Evaluation Criteria and Approach to Voyage Planning in Ice. Verification on the Example of German Ship Activity During the Second World War
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320653.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
ice navigation
voyage planning
Opis:
Vessels designed for navigation in ice can perform voyage with the assistance of icebreaker in the navigation season in case an ice cover area is less than 20%. Whereas the same vessels could carry out successfully completed voyage through the NSR with intensive icebreaker help at the ice-covered area lower than 42%. Navigation of the same vessel at ice covered area above 80% is possible with intensive icebreaker help, but it threatens to damage the hull, rudder or propeller. Excessive generalization of data analyzed may cause to wrong, even opposite conclusions. Using only basic statistical information in the form of average values and standard deviation may be not sufficient for the purpose of vessel’s voyage planning in areas covered with ice. Much more opportunities for the assessment of navigation in ice covered regions provides cumulative distribution, which should be related to the time and geographical space distribution. It allows to determine the duration of time window for given area covered with ice in a particular region and predetermined probability of its occurrence. It is thus possible to plan approximate date of departure and duration of voyage for assumed safety criteria. Also, it is possible to plan a number of consecutive voyages in a navigation season. Mathematical approach to voyage planning in ice based on a cumulative distribution is presented in the paper. It allows creation of an advisory computer application to support decision-making by the commander of a vessel. It will reduce the human factor in data processing and reduce possibility of making a mistake. By this way, can be enhanced the safety of maritime transport. Novell approach is verified on the example of historical data about the German Navy ship activity during the Second World War.
W 1940 Roku na Północnej Drodze Morskiej (PDM) panowały ekstremalnie lekkie warunki lodowe w stosunku do kilku lat wcześniejszych i późniejszych. Najniższa powierzchnia pokrywy lodowej w regionach PDM w latach 1940-1945 występowała średnio w pierwszej dekadzie września. Statki przeznaczone do żeglugi w lodach mogą realizować podróże ze wsparciem lodołamaczy w sezonie nawigacyjnym w przypadku, gdy powierzchnia pokrycia poszczególnych mórz lodem jest mniejsza niż 20%. Nawigacja tego samego statku w rejonach PDM pokrytych lodem powyżej 80% jest możliwa przy intensywnej pomocy lodołamacza, ale grozi uszkodzeniem kadłuba, steru lub śruby napędowej. Do błędnych a nawet przeciwnych wniosków może prowadzić nadmierne uogólnienie analizowanych danych. Wykorzystanie jedynie podstawowych informacji statystycznych w postaci wartości średnich i odchyleń standardowych może być niewystarczające do celów planowania podróży statku na akwenach pokrytych lodem. Znacznie więcej możliwości dla oceny warunków żeglugi w regionach pokrytych lodem zapewnia rozkład skumulowany, który powinien być związany z rozkładem czasowym i rozkładem geograficznym. Rozkład skumulowany pozwala określić czas trwania okienka czasowego występowania określonych warunków żeglugi lodowej statków dla określonej powierzchni pokrycia danego regionu lodem i założonego prawdopodobieństwa o wystąpienia takich warunków. W ten sposób można zaplanować przybliżoną datę początku podróży i czas trwania podróży dla przyjętych kryteriów bezpieczeństwa. Możliwe jest również zaplanowanie szeregu kolejnych podróży w jednym sezonie nawigacyjnym. Przedstawione matematyczne podejście do planowania podróży w lodzie oparte na rozkładzie skumulowanym pozwala na stworzenie doradczej aplikacji komputerowej wspierającej proces decyzyjny osoby dowodzącej statkiem. Zmniejszy to udział czynnika ludzkiego w przetwarzaniu danych i ograniczy możliwość popełnienia błędu. W ten sposób będzie można zwiększyć bezpieczeństwo transportu morskiego.
Źródło:
Annual of Navigation; 2018, 25; 5-26
1640-8632
Pojawia się w:
Annual of Navigation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The problem of the availability of nautical charts and publications on the Northern Sea Router
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
official sea charts
official nautical publications
Opis:
Statistical studies of marine accidents and unfortunate events in ice-covered areas in 1995-2004 and 2004-2011 showed a general lack of information from the area under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The author’s research for the period 2004–2011 showed a large number of unfortunate events caused by lack of adequate provision of nautical charts, shortage of accurate position systems on board vessels as well as weak technical condition of these vessels. The author examined the problem of navigation safety on the Northern Sea Route in terms of availability of the official nautical charts and publications. The availability of official nautical publications supplied by global producers is more diverse and ambiguous than it is in case of nautical charts. Surprising is lack of Russian publications related to tides and unavailability of a guide for planning routes on Northern Sea Route issued by Russia in Russian and English languages. Global producers of official charts and nautical publications do not provide full range of information and recommend vessels the use of the products supplied by Russia. These products are issued in Russian. This is a serious impediment to their use and thus introduces privilege of ships’ crews who speak Russian. Northern Sea Route leads through regions that are not sufficiently explored. The Northern Sea Route Administration recommends guiding ships only on designated routes marked on maps and described in nautical publications. The currently hydrographic work is focused on determining new routes according to the spatial distribution of the ice massifs during the navigation season. However, this does not solve the problem of a comprehensive exploration of the Russian Arctic regions for the purpose of safe navigation on the customized routes.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2015, 47, 1; 63-72
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Scheduling transit voyages of vessels of various ice classes across the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, Tadeusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320817.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
ship’s ice class
ship voyage schedule
Opis:
Main problem for scheduling vessel transit voyages through the Northern Sea Route is the difficulty in predicting distribution of ice boundaries in regions that cannot be overcome by individual ice classes of vessels. Scheduling of voyage is related to speed that vessels can develop and moment of time when vessels will be able to commence and complete passage safely through areas that are main obstacle and are blocking longest transit passage through the Northern Sea Route. This applies to voyages carried out by vessels navigating on their own and with support of icebreakers. Additional problem is lack of consistency of content of maps of ice cover, which can be used for vessels voyage planning through areas where ice cover occurs. Results of this research on influence of uncertain information related with time window of conditions favorable for navigation of vessels of different ice classes on schedule of theirs voyage on example of summer navigation season 2017 are presented in this work.
Źródło:
Annual of Navigation; 2019, 26; 114-126
1640-8632
Pojawia się w:
Annual of Navigation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The time window for vessels without ice strengthening on the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320510.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
ice-free time frame
vessel voyage planning
sea transport
economical efficiency
Opis:
The work discusses possibility to make transit voyages of vessels without ice strengthening on the Northern Sea Route (NSR). Exist many uncertainties for it. They are related to hydrometeorological conditions, mostly to ice cover on the Russian Arctic. Ice conditions are under dynamic changes in time and space. Is hard to precisely predict ice conditions now, in the time range of one month and so on. Statistical historical data of daily changes same like yearly changes show a considerable scatter of the data. The author analyzed number of ice-free days of particular seas of the NSR in the latest eight years. The results of this work may be used for estimation of time frame (time window) for transport of cargo on the NSR by means of vessels without ice strengthening. The statistical presentation of ice-free days data was used in the work to develop decision supporting method related to planning vessel voyage including ice-free time frame on particular seas of the Northern Sea Route.
W artykule omówiono możliwości tranzytu statków bez wzmocnień lodowych kadłuba północną drogą morską (PDM). Najwięcej niepewności dotyczy warunków hydrometeorologicznych, głównie pokrywy lodowej w rosyjskiej części Arktyki, która podlega dynamicznym zmianom w czasie i przestrzeni. Trudno przewidzieć bieżące warunki lodowe, w przedziale jednego miesiąca, tym bardziej zaś z dużym wyprzedzeniem. Statystyczne dane historyczne dziennych zmian oraz zmian rocznych wykazują znaczny rozrzut wartości. Autor przeanalizował liczbę dni bezlodowych na poszczególnych morzach PDM w ostatnich ośmiu latach — od 2008 do 2015 roku. Wyniki te mogą być wykorzystane do szacowania przedziału czasu (okna czasowego) dla przewozu ładunków północną drogą morską statkami bez wzmocnień lodowych kadłuba. Statystyczne zależności dni wolnych od lodu zostały wykorzystane do opracowania metody wspierającej decyzje związane z planowaniem podróży statku z uwzględnieniem okna czasowego żeglugi bezlodowej na poszczególnych morzach PDM.
Źródło:
Annual of Navigation; 2016, 23; 103-120
1640-8632
Pojawia się w:
Annual of Navigation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nautical electronic maps of S-411 standard and their suitability in navigation for assessment of ice cover condition of the Arctic Ocean
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92434.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
ice cover map
standard IHO S-411
safety
water transport
Northern Sea Route
Opis:
The research on the ice cover of waterways, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans by satellite remote sensing methods began at the end of the twentieth century. There was a lot of data sources in diverse file formats. It has not yet carried out a comparative assessment of their usefulness. A synthetic indicator of the quality of data sources binding maps resolution, file publication, time delay and the functionality for the user was developed in the research process. It reflects well a usefulness of maps and allows to compare them. Qualitative differences of map content have relatively little impact on the overall assessment of the data sources. Resolution of map is generally acceptable. Actuality has the greatest impact on the map content quality for the current vessel’s voyage planning in ice. The highest quality of all studied sources have the regional maps in GIF format issued by the NWS / NOAA, general maps of the Arctic Ocean in NetCDF format issued by the OSI SAF and the general maps of the Arctic Ocean in GRIB-2 format issued by the NCEP / NOAA. Among them are maps containing information on the quality of presented parameter. The leader among the map containing all three of the basic characteristics of ice cover (ice concentration, ice thickness and ice floe size) are vector maps in GML format. They are the new standard of electronic vector maps for the navigation of ships in ice. Publishing of ice cover maps in the standard electronic map format S-411 for navigation of vessels in ice adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization is advisable in case is planned to launch commercial navigation on the lagoons, rivers and canals. The wide availability of and exchange of information on the state of ice cover on rivers, lakes, estuaries and bays, which are used exclusively for water sports, ice sports and ice fishing is possible using handheld mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2016, 48, 1; 17-28
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Arctic – the new “Great Game” or peaceful cooperation
Autorzy:
Gabrielson, Risto
Śliwa, Zdzisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576259.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-30
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
international security
the Arctic Circle
climate change
Northern Sea Route
the Arctic Council
Opis:
The Arctic area with its harsh climate and austere icecap has not raised any great international passions in the past. However, enduring global warming has opened new views on exploitation of that area. If the climate gets steadily warmer in the future, it could mean the opening of the Northwest Passage for ship routes. On the other hand, it is estimated that the region has got remarkable gas reserves, which could amount to as much as 30 % of the world’s undiscovered reserves, as well as oil, which encompasses some 13 % of world’s undiscovered stocks. As for now, any serious international conflicts in this area are not likely, even though there are real expectations and claims imposed by several nations. The current peaceful cooperation is supported by feasible treaties that are already in place. Until lately, the work of the Arctic Council has not raised any great international attentiveness, but the expected development in the area has activated stronger interest from many countries, and not only those from the Arctic region. There are several regional disputes among the five states, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway and Denmark about the Arctic Ocean. As expert opinion still differs quite significantly about the resources available in the Arctic region and about the feasibility of the Northwest and Northeast routes, it is hard to say if there are any practical economic gains to be achieved. Although cooperation between the nations has been peaceful, the military presence in the area is increasing. Moreover, it remains to be seen how the recent Ukrainian crisis will affect the development in the area.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2014, 4, 3; 87-119
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany temperatury powietrza na morzach Arktyki Rosyjskiej i ich konsekwencje dla żeglugi na północnej drodze morskiej
Changes of air temperature in Russian Arctic seas and their implications for shipping in the northern sea route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Styszyńska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260788.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
temperatura powietrza
Północna Droga Morska
Arktyka Rosyjska
air temperature
Northern Sea Route
Russian Arctic
Opis:
Praca omawia zmiany średniej miesięcznej temperatury powietrza na morzach Arktyki Rosyjskiej w latach 1988-2013. Wartości średnie wieloletnie z tego okresu porównano z danymi podawanymi w locjach rosyjskich dla okresu 1936-1987. Stwierdzono, że w badanym okresie na wszystkich badanych stacjach doszło do wzrostu temperatury powietrza. Największy wzrost miał miejsce w sezonie chłodnym (o 1,5-2 deg). W sezonie ciepłym wzrosty były znacznie mniejsze i na ogół nie przekraczały 1 deg. Tylko na 3 stacjach doszło do wydłużenia okresu występowania dodatnich średnich miesięcznych wartości temperatury powietrza (Kanin Nos – w maju, O. Biełyj – w czerwcu, O. Wrangla – we wrześniu). Choć na wszystkich stacjach nastąpił wzrost wartości średnich, to daleko nie wszystkie te zmiany są istotne statystycznie. W latach 1988-2013, w pełni sezonu ciepłego, w lipcu i sierpniu, temperatura powietrza nie stanowi żadnego utrudnienia dla żeglugi na Północnej Drodze Morskiej. Występująca okresowo, w czerwcu i wrześniu, niska lub nawet bardzo niska temperatura powietrza stanowić może tylko pewne utrudnienie dla żeglugi na PDM, związane przede wszystkim z prowadzeniem na statku lub w porcie prac na wolnym powietrzu oraz z występowaniem zjawisk pochodnych – oblodzeniem statku, ograniczoną widzialnością i utrzymywaniem się (w czerwcu) lub tworzeniem się już (we wrześniu) nowej pokrywy lodowej.
The paper discusses changes of the mean monthly air temperature on the Russian Arctic seas in the years 1988-2013. The mean long-term values for the period compared with the data contained in the Russian Sailing Directions for the period 1936-1987. There was an increase in air temperature on all studied stations in the analyzed period. The largest increase occurred in a cold season (1.5-2 degrees Celsius). Increases of temperature in the warm season were much smaller than in cold period and were generally not exceed 1 degree Celsius. Only at 3 stations the lengthening of the period of average monthly positive air temperature (Kanin Nos Peninsula – in May, Island Belyy – in June, Wrangel Island – in September) was observed. An increase of average values has been observed at all stations, but not all these changes were statistically significant. In the years 1988-2013, while fully warm season – in July and August – air temperature does not pose any difficulties for the navigation on the Northern Sea Route. Occurring periodically – in June and September – a low or even very low air temperature may only cause some difficulties for navigation on the Northern Sea Route. This is primarily related to navigation of the vessel at sea or in port during outdoor work. It is also associated with the occurrence of related phenomena – limited visibility, icing the vessel and the persistence of old (in June) or the formation of already new (in September) ice cover.
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2015, 25; 227-238
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Principles of vessel route planning in Ice on the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117236.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
ice navigation
route planning
vessel route planning
Northern Sea Route (NSR)
arctic area
human factor
Safety at Sea
polar navigation
Opis:
A complex of ice cover characteristics and the season of the year were considered in relation to vessel route planning in ice-covered areas on the NSR. The criteria for navigation in ice - both year-round and seasonal were analyzed. The analysis of the experts knowledge, dissipated in the literature, allowed to identify some rules of route planning in ice-covered areas. The most important processes from the navigation point of view are the development and disintegration of ice, the formation and disintegration of fast ice and behavior of the ice massifs and polynyas. The optimal route is selected on basis of available analysis and forecast maps of ice conditions and ice class, draught and seaworthiness of the vessel. The boundary of the ice indicates areas accessible to vessels without ice class. Areas with a concentration of ice from 0 to 6/10 are used for navigation of vessels of different ice classes. Areas of concentration of ice from 7/10 up are eligible for navigation for icebreakers and vessels with a high ice class with the assistance of icebreakers. These rules were collected in the decision tree. Following such developed decision-making model the master of the vessel may take decision independently by accepting grading criteria of priorities resulting from his knowledge, experience and the circumstances of navigation. Formalized form of decision making model reduces risk of the "human factor" in the decision and thereby help improve the safety of maritime transport.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 4; 587-592
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of development, potential and importance of the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Galić, S.
Lušić, Z.
Vidan, P.
Skočibušić, M. B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135198.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
optimisation
analysis of market development
maritime transport
fuel cost
optimization
cargo
SWOT
Opis:
Today, almost 80% of cargo is transported by sea. Most of the global maritime shipping operations are performed in the direction East – West, through the southern routes, e.g. Singapore – Suez Canal – Gibraltar – Europe. The total fuel cost is the major concern and the main drawback of these routes. According to the latest statistics and analyses, the price of fuel is growing and such a trend will cause a great impact on the economies of developing countries. For these reasons, new alternative maritime routes, in which the optimisation of transportation in the maritime transport network can be achieved, are to be found. There is a possibility of establishing such routes in the areas of high latitudes where climatological changes and diminishing ice open up entirely new possibilities for shipping and present completely new challenges in the global shipping industry. Through the comparative analysis of the main routes and the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) method, this paper discusses the advantages, potential and importance, as well as the level of reliability, threats and disadvantages of using the areas of high latitude in maritime transport.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2015, 44 (116); 61-67
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Navigation infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
navigation infrastructure
voyage planning
Aids to Navigation
quality assessment
radio-navigational systems
Opis:
The reduction of sea ice area in the Arctic has increased the availability of the Russian Arctic seas for navigation by vessels of relatively low ice class. The signing of the Act on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) by the President of the Russian Federation has created the possibility for ships from countries other than Russia to use the NSR. However, the NSR is very poorly recognized in terms of navigation by countries other than Russia. The author of the paper analyzed the NSR navigation infrastructure components in terms of the reliability of the information provided by the main producers of nautical publications for initial voyage planning. For the purpose of this analysis an indicator of the quality of the navigation infrastructure was developed. The value of this indicator, obtained on the basis of the above analysis, is low. Navigators that collect information during the initial stage of voyage planning may be misled if they use nautical publications originating from only one global producer of charts and publications. If the navigators act in accordance with good seamanship and familiarize themselves with information from two or three global producers of nautical publications, they may be disoriented due to the receipt of divergent information. It seems that before the voyage begins and preferably before planning a trip, the master or owner of the vessel intending to carry out a voyage by the NSR should first use the most current local knowledge in the possession of the Northern Sea Route Administration. This is also where information can be found as to where to obtain the most current and reliable information for initial voyage planning.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2015, 44 (116); 74-82
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling navigation, ecologic and economic results of planned voyage of ship on the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201325.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
safety at sea
Northern Sea Route
voyage planning
ship's passage
arctic navigation
icebreaker
modeling
ship's voyage timetable
Opis:
Over the years, many publications have been published on planning ship’s passage through the NSR and input and output data modeling. Results were not considered in terms of errors of modeled output data. Basic research for the years 2008 - 2020 was carried out in the study on opening and closing dates of ice-free transit corridor on the NSR and probable number of tariff zones where paid assistance of icebreakers would be required. Mathematical relationships of average values and probable errors of navigational, ecological and economic ship voyage performance were developed. For this purpose, partial derivatives of functions were used. The outcomes of the study have shown that changes of total average cost of vessel’s transit voyage depends mostly on number of tariff zones where assistance of icebreakers is required. But navigation with icebreakers assistance ensures smaller standard deviation of total voyage time and thus more precise scheduling of ship's voyage timetable through the NSR. The higher probability of meeting requirements set by decision-maker when planning a long-term voyage of ship, the shorter time window for meeting these requirements. Outside the favorable time window, the navigational, ecological and economic results of voyage deteriorate very quickly.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 4; 611--623
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Arctic shipping routes as alternative to the Suez Canal
Autorzy:
Pawelski, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
arctic maritime transport
arctic shipping
Arctic Sea routes
Northern Sea Route navigation
Northwest Passage navigation
polar maritime transport
Opis:
The grounding of a 400-meter long container vessel, called Ever Given, in the Suez Canal blocked the busiest shipping lane, which is responsible for 12% of seaborne trade, for 6 days. Some shipping companies had to divert their vessels and they had to take a much longer route around Africa to reach European ports. The concerned shipping industry started to look for alternative sea route to the Suez Canal with lesser risk of blockage, without a need to go around Africa. Such routes, which connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, exist in the Arctic and the warming of the global climate makes them more accessible over time but the assessment of their viability requires a multifaceted analysis based on available professional navigational publications, scientific papers, and knowledge of polar shipping realities. Several nautical aspects are taken into account with the purpose of choosing a polar route that is most suitable as an alternative to the Suez Canal. Three routes are under consideration. One of them is the Northern Sea Route in the eastern part of the Arctic Ocean, along the coast of the Russian Federation. The second route is the Northwest Passage through the western part of the Arctic, passing waters belonging to Greenland, Canada, and the United States. The third one passes near the North Pole, a prospective route that may become available for commercial shipping in the future due to Arctic ice shrinkage, and it is known as the Transpolar Route. Analysis of these routes unambiguously point to the Northern Sea Route as the only viable option. Most prospective alternatives to the Suez Canal are technically feasible with the new generation of cargo vessels and they are experiencing a growth in maritime traffic together with a steady development of associated infrastructure. The existing simplified analyses of the transit costs, assuming strait passage in polar waters without any course deviation and the additional fuel that is burnt to overcome increased friction during passage in ice, shows that under present conditions that the Suez Canal Route is still cheaper than any polar transit and, moreover, offers year-round availability. It cannot be ruled out that the upcoming warming of the Arctic climate, and a lowering of the transit tariffs by the Russian Federation may tip the balance in favor of the Northern Sea Route. Presented here is an analysis of the competitiveness of the Arctic Routes in comparison to the Suez Canal from the perspective of the mariner.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2022, 70 (142); 41--51
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problemy dostępności map i publikacji nautycznych na Północnej Drodze Morskiej
The problem of the availability of nautical charts and publications on the Northern Sea Route
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204212.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
Północna Droga Morska
oficjalne mapy morskie
oficjalne publikacje nautyczne
Northern Sea Route
official sea charts
official nautical publications
Opis:
Stwierdziwszy dużą liczbę nieszczęśliwych zdarzeń na morzach Arktyki podległych Federacji Rosyjskiej, autor przedstawia wyniki własnych badań nad problemem bezpieczeństwa żeglugi na Północnej Drodze Morskiej z punktu widzenia dostępności oficjalnych map i publikacji nautycznych. Podkreśla brak rosyjskich publikacji dotyczących pływów oraz niedostępność przewodnika do planowania tras na Północnej Drodze Morskiej. Globalni producenci oficjalnych map i publikacji nautycznych nie zapewniają właściwego zabezpieczenia nawigacyjnego w tym zakresie i zalecają korzystanie z dostarczanych przez Rosję produktów w języku rosyjskim, co znacznie ogranicza ich użyteczność. Administracja Północnej Drogi Morskiej zaleca prowadzenie statków tylko trasami wyznaczonymi na mapach i opisanymi w publikacjach nautycznych. Obecnie prace hydrograficzne są ukierunkowane na wytyczanie nowych tras, co nie rozwiązuje jednak problemu kompleksowego zbadania mórz rosyjskiej Arktyki na potrzeby bezpiecznej żeglugi.
Statistical studies of marine accidents and unfortunate events in ice-covered areas in 1995–2004 and 2004–2011 showed a general lack of information from the area under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The author’s research for the period 2004–2011 showed a large number of unfortunate events caused by lack of adequate provision of nautical charts, shortage of accurate position systems on board vessels as well as weak technical condition of these vessels. The author examined the problem of navigation safety on the Northern Sea Route in terms of availability of the official nautical charts and publications. The availability of official nautical publications supplied by global producers is more diverse and ambiguous than it is in case of nautical charts. Sur prising is lack of Russian publications related to tides and unavailability of a guide for planning routes on Northern Sea Route issued by Russia in Russian and English languages. Global producers of official charts and nautical publications do not provide full range of information and recommend vessels the use of the products supplied by Russia. These products are issued in Russian. This is a serious impediment to their use and thus introduces privilege of ships’ crews who speak Russian. Northern Sea Route leads through regions that are not sufficiently explored. The Northern Sea Route Administration recommends guiding ships only on designated routes marked on maps and described in nautical publications. The currently hydrographic work is focused on determining new routes according to the spatial distribution of the ice massifs during the navigation season. However, this does not solve the problem of a comprehensive exploration of the Russian Arctic regions for the purpose of safe navigation on the customized routes.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2015, T. 47, nr 1, 1; 67-77
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Functionality of Sea Ice Data Sources on the NSR
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Northern Sea Route
e-Navigation
sea ice data source
ISM Code
ice navigation
IRIDIUM Satellite System
arctic area
ice certificate
Opis:
The functionality of available official sources of sea ice data for the Northern Sea Route to date is low. In recent years a large number of new publicly available sources have appeared. Their functionality for purposes of route planning has yet to be evaluated. This study presents results of qualitative and expert analyses of various sources. It is proposed to use new indicators to enable comparison of functionality of data sources. New sources provide the technical progress that is instrumental in reducing the amount of effort and influence of the human factor in the decision-making system. The study also presents solutions to the problem of limited bandwidth available at high latitudes with Iridium satellite system. Presented solutions can be used on any vessel by any company or navigator to implement or design the decision support system related to route planning in ice in accordance with the requirements of the ISM Code and concept of e-Navigation.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 3; 441-450
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany powierzchni lodów morskich na morzach eurazjatyckiej Arktyki i ich potencjalny wpływ na nawigację na Północnej Drodze Morskiej w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku
Changes of sea ice extent on the Euro-Asiatic Arctic seas linked to potential of navigation on the Northern Sea Route in the second decade of XXI century
Autorzy:
Marsz, A. A.
Pastusiak, T.
Styszyńska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
lód morski
zmiany pokrywy lodowej
Północna Droga Morska
Arktyka Rosyjska
sea ice
changes of sea ice extent
Northern Sea Route
Russian Arctic
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki szczegółowej analizy zachodzącej współcześnie (1979-2013) ewolucji pokrywy lodowej na morzach Arktyki Rosyjskiej, przez które prowadzą trasy Północnej Drogi Morskiej (PDM) oraz analizę długości sezonu żeglugowego (okresu, w którym koncentracja lodów nie przekracza 15%). Stwierdzono występujące w ostatnich latach (2002-2013) wyraźne polepszenie się potencjalnych warunków żeglugi, choć na morzach Łaptiewów i Wschodniosyberyjskim warunki te pozostają nadal bardzo trudne i labilne, nawet w okresie najmniejszego rozwoju pokrywy lodowej (druga połowa sierpnia – pierwsza połowa października). Przeprowadzona analiza długości okresu „bezlodowego”, w którym warunki lodowe dopuszczają względnie swobodną żeglugę statków nieposiadających najwyższych klas lodowych wykazuje, że w obecnych, wyjątkowo łagodnych warunkach lodowych, trasy na morzach Łaptiewów i Wschodniosyberyjskim nie gwarantują corocznej swobodnej żeglugi bez pomocy lodołamaczy nawet w sezonie nawigacyjnym, stanowiąc „wąskie gardła” całego szlaku PDM. Dla okresu od lipca do listopada podano orientacyjne ryzyko żeglugi na poszczególnych morzach dla statku samodzielnie pokonującego trasę PDM.
The paper presents the results of the detailed analysis of the evolution of the ice cover occurring currently (1979-2013) on the Russian Arctic seas (Fig. 2-19), through which leading the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as well as the results of the detailed analysis of the length of the navigation season (the period in which the ice concentration does not exceed 15%). In recent years (2002-2013) was noted a clear improvement of potential navigation conditions, although these conditions on the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea are still very difficult and labile, even during periods of the smallest development of the ice cover (second half of August – the first half of October). The analysis of the length of the "ice-free" period, during which an ice conditions allow for relatively free navigation of vessels without a high ice class shown that in the current, very mild ice conditions, routes leading through the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea do not guarantee ”ice-free” navigation without assistance of icebreakers in the navigation season each year, being the "bottlenecks" of the entire route NSR. An approximate risk to navigation of the ship overcoming the NSR alone in the period from July to November has been determined for each sea (Table 1).
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2014, 24; 73-99
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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