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Tytuł:
Saturation in the principal (excited) channel of four-level medium as an effective two-level configuration
Autorzy:
Addasi, Jihad S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1835796.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
optical properties
saturation
four-level
effective two-level
Opis:
Saturation of complex molecules affects the nonlinear processes occurring in the medium. The medium can be described by two-, three-, and four-level configurations. The principal singlet-singlet and excited triplet-triplet channels of a four-level, N-type, configuration were used to study a nonlinear medium, which was excited by radiation with two frequencies. Under weak population of energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (a small ratio of the total probability of spontaneous and irradiate transitions for both channels p23/p31), the principal (singlet-singlet) channel is similar to a two-level configuration. At the same time, the effective population of the energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (the ratio p23/p31 is large and the radiation intensity in the principal channel is high) makes the excited (triplet-triplet) channel coincide with the two-level configuration. The saturation intensity of radiation in principal (excited) channel, as effective two-level configuration, and nonlinear processes in this channel can be controlled by external radiation acting on excited (principal) channel. Finally, the average excitation of molecules into the energy levels in the triplet-triplet channel (ratio p23/p31 ≈ 1) makes the four-level configuration similar to the three-level configuration with effective level as a result of combination between second singlet level S2 and first triplet level T1.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2021, 51, 2; 235-244
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Internacjonalizacja klastrów
Internationalization of Clusters
Autorzy:
Jankowska, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574535.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-06-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
cluster
internationalization
micro level
meso level
competition
European Union
Opis:
The paper deals with a process known in economic theory as the internationalization of industrial clusters. According to the author, clusters are subject to internationalization at two levels: the micro level, or the level of firms taking part in clusters; and the meso level, or the cluster as a whole-through the work of organizations responsible for coordinating the cluster’s operations. Industrial clusters have entered a new stage of development in their role as projects designed to stimulate competition, Jankowska notes. They no longer limit themselves to local, regional or national markets, but are increasingly eyeing international markets in their operations. This enables them to combine the benefits of clustering with the effects of internationalization, the author says. Jankowska uses a deductive approach to investigate the cluster internationalization process. Her research methods include an in-depth, critical literature review focused on the concepts, models and indicators of the internationalization of a firm and reports on the internationalization of cluster initiatives. Another research method is based on in-depth interviews with managers and coordinators of selected clusters in Poland. On the basis of the research, the author highlights the mechanism of internationalization of clusters and shows the degree of internationalization in some Polish clusters. The main conclusion is that Polish clusters are still only marginally involved in the process of value creation in international markets, according to Jankowska. Internal structural problems caused by the attitudes and policies of managers are a principal barrier that prevents Polish clusters from taking full advantage of the benefits of internationalization, Jankowska concludes.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2010, 240, 5-6; 19-40
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The use of metonymy and metaphor in descriptive essays by intermediate and advanced EFL students
Autorzy:
Kapranov, Oleksandr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040229.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-30
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
advanced EFL level
essay
intermediate EFL level
metonymy
metaphor
Opis:
This article involves an empirical linguistic study aimed at elucidating the use of metonymy and metaphor in descriptive essays written by a group of intermediate EFL students (further referred to as ‘participants’). 20 participants were recruited at Stockholm University, Sweden and matched with a control group comprised of 20 advanced EFL students at the same university. The participants and their respective controls were given five pictorial stimuli containing famous architectural landmarks in Sweden. The participants and the control group were instructed to write a one paragraph descriptive essay about each pictorial stimulus using either i) an imaginary and creative approach or ii) a non-imaginary and purely descriptive approach. The corpus of the participants’ and controls’ essays was subsequently analysed in the computer program WordSmith (Scott, 1996). Quantitative analysis in WordSmith yielded descriptive statistics involving word frequencies. Then, the corpus was analysed manually for the presence of metonymy and metaphor. Qualitative findings seem to support previous research (MacArthur, 2010; Haghshenas & Hashemian, 2016), which suggests that the use of metonymy tends to be associated with the intermediate level of EFL writing, whilst both metonymy and metaphor are predominantly found in the writing by advanced EFL learners.
Źródło:
Linguistics Beyond and Within; 2017, 3; 87-101
2450-5188
Pojawia się w:
Linguistics Beyond and Within
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Are the Europarties Real Political Parties? National Parties’ Involvement in Multi-level Structures of European Political Parties
Autorzy:
Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
Europarties
multi-level approach
multi-level organization
vertical integration
Opis:
Europarties are regarded as multi-level organizations, like parties operating in federal or devolved states. Examined is whether they can even be treated as political parties sensu stricto and whether the concepts used to test the relations between the national and regional party structures (vertical integration, influence) could be used to study relationships between the national and European structures. It was indicated that Europarties can be considered both as the additional arenas of national parties’ activity and independent political actors consisted of national parties (multi-level parties). The second perspective was used to research 13 existing Europarties. In result, the similarities between the PES and PEL, but differences between the EPP and PES in term of vertical integration and influence were shown. Hence, in the article was proven that there is no one model of relations between the national and European party structures and the parties differ from each other as far as their internal structures are concerned.
Źródło:
Historia i Polityka; 2017, 20(27); 9-29
1899-5160
2391-7652
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Position of OLAF in a multi-level governance system of the European Union
Autorzy:
Janusz, Ruszkowski,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895176.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
OLAF
multi-level governance
supra-suprantional level
European Union
Opis:
Pozycja OLAF w systemie wielopoziomowego sprawowania rządów w Unii Europejskiej Celem artykułu jest zbadanie miejsca jakie zajmuje OLAF w systemie wielopoziomowego zarządzania Unii Europejskiej ze specyficznymi inter-instytucjonalnymi konsekwencjami tego miejsca, przy założeniu, że OLAF nie jest klasyczną instytucją ponadnarodową. Istotną rolę w przedmiocie badań odgrywa Komisja Europejska (KE), która ustanowiła OLAF i nadała jemu kompetencje do działania. Ramy te są ważne i mają wpływ na precyzję usytuowania OLAF w systemie wielopoziomowego zarządzania. Jeżeli OLAF jako agent i nadzorca ma kompetencje kontrolne nad ponadnarodowymi instytucjami, włącznie ze swoim mocodawcą − Komisją Europejską − to nie jest on podobny do innych instytucji ponadnarodowych. Pomocnymi w badaniu narzędziami teoretyczno-metodolo gicznymi są, z jednej strony teoria mocodawca-agent (Principal/Agent Theory, PAT) oraz jej mutacja − teoria mocodawca-agent-nadzorca (Principal/Agent/Supervisor Theory, PSAT), a z drugiej strony koncepcja wielopoziomowego zarządzania (Multi-level Governance − MLG).
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2019, 3; 103-120
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Metrologiczne i eksploatacyjne aspekty pomiaru poziomu metodą radarową i ultradźwiękową
Metrological and exploitation aspects of level measurement with radar by ultrasonic method
Autorzy:
Banaczyk, E.
Błotnicki, W.
Kozyra, A.
Matyja, B.
Waluś, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/152763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
pomiar poziomu
poziomomierz ultradźwiękowy
poziomomierz radarowy
eksploatacja poziomomierzy
level measurement
ultrasonic level meter
radar level meter
exploitation of level meters
Opis:
Istnieje wiele kryteriów podziału metod pomiaru poziomu. W referacie przestawiono najbardziej ogólny podział na metody bezpośrednie i pośrednie. Wyprowadzono model matematyczny pomiaru objętości materiału sypkiego, który tworzy stożek nasypowy, przy zastosowaniu poziomomierza radarowego z falowodem i obliczono błędy metody takiego pomiaru. Na podstawie badań laboratoryjnych oraz danych literaturowych dokonano porównania przepływomierzy ultradźwiękowych z radarowymi z falowodem. Korzystając z doświadczeń laboratoryjnych i danych literaturowych z obiektów polowych podano wskazówki odnośnie doboru poziomomierza.
The paper presents the division of level measurement methods taking into account various criteria: principle of operation, contact with the process material, open or closed tank and art of measure-ment: direct and indirect. The mathematical model of measurement of volume of solid in the tank by radar level meter with wave-guide for some typical situations is introduced. It enables volume of material calculation on the base of the result of actual level measurement and the information of previous level. Also the method error as a function of distance between the probe and tank axis and the function of the mound cone angle is calculated. Introducing special algorithm of volume calculation or using two probes for level measurements can give decreasing of systematic error of volume calculation. On the base of laboratory tests and literature data from field objects the comparative analysis of ultrasonic level meter and radar level meter with wave-guide is introduced. Some guidelines for choosing proper level meter for various measurement conditions are presented.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 8, 8; 659-862
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of economic studies on students’ morality level
Autorzy:
Klimczak, Bożena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/652933.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
morality level
experimental research of students’ morality level
impact of microeconomic curricula on students’ morality level
Opis:
Since the beginning of the 1980s, a study has been conducted among students of economics in the United States regarding their propensity for cooperation, philanthropy and keeping promises. Regardless of the methods used, the research results have shown lower readiness for cooperation among students of economics in comparison to students of other disciplines. Moreover, the results are even worse after completing a microeconomics course. Based on these findings, two hypotheses have been formulated: the auto-selection hypothesis and the indoctrination hypothesis. The aim of the paper is to formulate implications regarding the indoctrination hypothesis. A massive attendance at economic studies in Poland is an argument against the auto-selection hypothesis. However, unless the research is completed, this hypothesis cannot be rejected. The indoctrination hypothesis is more attractive due to the special cognitive and moral condition of post-communist society which economic studies lecturers are members of and due to the economic situation of higher education institutions. These circumstances which accompany the studying of economics in Poland favour, firstly, the introduction of highly specialised curricula which do not prepare students for understanding economic activity as a means for good life. Secondly, economic knowledge is interpreted by lecturers as a set of instructions to manipulate market players. Thirdly, lecturers’ attitudes and activities reflecting the principle that what is not legally prohibited is allowed are “awarded” with a higher financial status. These implications will be made probable by the analysis of the curricula and content of lectures in economic schools. Attention will be mostly focused on microeconomics; the main “defendant” accused of indoctrination in the American studies.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2018, 21, 6; 71-87
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation stable over the last 150 years
Autorzy:
Parker, Albert
Ollier, Clifford
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051199.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
sea level rise
sea level acceleration
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Opis:
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) describes the northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper layers, and the southward flow of colder water in the deep Atlantic layers. AMOC strength estimates at 41°N latitude based on satellite sea surface height (SSH), and ARGO ocean temperature, salinity and velocity, and finally the difference in between the absolute mean sea levels (MSL) of the tide gauges of The Battery, New York, 40.7°N latitude, and Brest, 48.3°N latitude. Results suggest that the AMOC has been minimally reducing but with a positive acceleration since 2002, has been marginally increasing but with a negative acceleration since 1993, and has not been reducing but only oscillating with clear periodicities up 18 years, 27 years and about 60 years since 1856.
Źródło:
Quaestiones Geographicae; 2019, 38, 3; 31-40
0137-477X
2081-6383
Pojawia się w:
Quaestiones Geographicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computationally-Efficient Design of a Dynamic System-Level LTE Simulator
Autorzy:
Munoz, P.
Bandera, I. de la
Ruiz, F.
Luna-Ramirez, S.
Barco, R.
Toril, M.
Lázaro, P.
Rodriguez, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226262.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
LTE
simulator
RRM
network
link-level
system-level
E-UTRAN
Opis:
The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation of current mobile telecommunication networks. LTE has a new flat radio-network architecture and a significant increase in spectrum efficiency. In this paper, a computationally-efficient tool for dynamic system-level LTE simulations is proposed. A physical layer abstraction is performed to predict link-layer performance with a low computational cost. At link layer, there are two important functions designed to increase the network capacity: Link Adaptation and Dynamic Scheduling. Other Radio Resource Management functionalities such as Admission Control and Mobility Management are performed at network layer. The simulator is conceived for large simulated network time to allow evaluation of optimization algorithms for the main network-level functionalities.
Źródło:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2011, 57, 3; 347-358
2300-1933
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Current issue of functional safety and cybersecurity analysis of industrial and critical infrastructures
Autorzy:
Śliwiński, Marcin
Kosmowski, Kazimierz, T.
Piesik, Emilian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1955259.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska
Tematy:
cybersecurity
functional safety
safety integrity level
security level
evaluation assurance level
industrial control system
safety instrumented system
Opis:
This article addresses some functional safety assessment procedures with cybersecurity aspects in critical industrial installations with regard to the functional safety requirements specified in standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. The functional safety management includes hazard identification, risk analysis and assessment, specification of overall safety requirements and definition of safety functions. Based on the risk assessment results, the safety integrity level (SIL) is determined for consecutive safety functions. These functions are implemented within the industrial control system (ICS) and/or the distributed control system (DCS) that consists of the basic process control system (BPCS) and/or the safety instrumented system (SIS). The determination of the required SIL related to the required risk mitigation is based on the semi-quantitative evaluation method. Verification of the SIL for the considered architectures o fthe BPCS and/or the SIS is supported by probabilistic models with appropriate data and model parameters including cybersecurity related aspects. The proposed approach is illustrated on the example of critical industrial installations.
Źródło:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk; 2019, 23, 2; 209-232
1428-6394
Pojawia się w:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Comparison of Small Area and Calibration Estimators via Simulation
Autorzy:
Hidiroglou, Michael A.
Estevao, Victor M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/465930.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
area level
unit level
calibration estimates
small area estimates
simulation
Opis:
Domain estimates are typically obtained using calibration estimators that are direct or modified direct. They are direct if they strictly use data within the domain of interest. They are modified direct if they use both data within and outside the domain of interest. An alternative way of producing these estimates is through small area procedures. In this article, we compare the performance of these two approaches via a simulation. The population is generated using a hierarchical model that includes both area effects and unit level random errors. The population is made up of mutually exclusive domains of different sizes, ranging from a small number of units to a large number of units. We select many independent simple random samples of fixed size from the population and compute various estimates for each sample using the available auxiliary information. The estimates computed for the simulation included the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, the synthetic estimator (indirect estimate), calibration estimators, and unit level based estimators (small area estimate). The performance of these estimators is summarized based on their design- based properties
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2016, 17, 1; 133-154
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testate Amoebae as Proxy for Water Level Changes in a Brackish Tidal Marsh
Autorzy:
Ooms, Marijke
Beyens, Louis
Temmerman, Stijn
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/763455.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
Testate amoebae, elevation, sea-level change, water-level change, estuary
Opis:
Few studies have examined testate amoebae assemblages of estuarine tidal marshes. This study investigates the possibility of using soil testate amoebae assemblages of a brackish tidal marsh (Scheldt estuary, Belgium) as a proxy for water level changes. On the marsh surface an elevation gradient is sampled to be analyzed for testate amoebae assemblages and sediment characteristics. Further, vegetation, flooding frequency and soil conductivity have been taken into account to explain the testate amoebae species variation. The data reveal that testate amoebae are not able to establish assemblages at the brackish tidal marsh part with flooding frequencies equal to or higher than 36.5%. Further, two separate testate amoebae zones are distinguished based on cluster analysis. The lower zone’s testate amoebae species composition is influenced by the flooding frequency (~ elevation) and particle size, while the species variability in the higher zone is related to the organic content of the soil and particle size. These observations suggest that the ecological meaning of elevation shifts over its range on the brackish tidal marsh Testate amoeba assemblages in such a brackish habitat show thus a vertical zonation (RMSEP: 0.19 m) that is comparable to the vertical zonation of testate amoebae and other protists on freshwater tidal marshes and salt marshes.
Źródło:
Acta Protozoologica; 2012, 51, 3
1689-0027
Pojawia się w:
Acta Protozoologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
About the influence of temperature and humidity level on pulse shape parameters of positive DC corona discharges in air
Autorzy:
Lühring, Ulrich
Wienold, Daniel
Jenau, Frank
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/136198.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
EEEIC International Barbara Leonowicz Szabłowska
Tematy:
corona discharge
DC voltage
humidity level
pulse shape parameter
temperature level
Opis:
The increasing importance of HVDC transmission systems requires the development and evaluation of suitable basic approaches regarding the partial discharge diagnosis. Although diverse promising approaches are identified, recent research is focused on standard atmospheric conditions. Due to the fact that this is just partly consistent to real operating conditions, additional research is required. Focusing on the time domain analysis of corona discharges, occurring under positive DC voltage stress in air, a measurement method for investigating the influence of varying atmospheric quantities is presented. Measurements are carried out for five different relative humidity levels in the range of 20 % to 95 % and for four different temperature levels in the range of 20°C to 65°C. As characterizing pulse shape parameters, the rise time, the pulse width and the fall time are determined as well as the apparent charge. The gained values are compared to each other and reconciled with physical processes.
Źródło:
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering; 2019, 3, 1; 1-8
2450-5730
Pojawia się w:
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Non-invasive measurement of chemical compounds levels in human body
Autorzy:
Kossowski, T.
Kossowska, K.
Stasiński, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114236.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
glucose level measurement
NIR spectroscopy
non-invasive diagnosis
ethanol level measurement
Opis:
The paper presents a system for measuring substances in human body by a combined technique: using visible light and near infrared spectroscopy. The approach is non-invasive, attenuation of radiation by tissues is evaluated. Measurement of two chemical compounds levels is described: that of glucose and of ethylic alcohol (ethanol). The presented measuring system is self-calibrating. Due to this, it is possible to measure changes of compound concentrations in different parts of body, e.g. wrist, arms or legs. The main measurement is done in infrared light (up to 1000 nm), auxiliary ones are performed in visible light (narrow band between 600-680 nm and wide spectrum from around 420 nm to 780 nm - white light). This allows for measurement not only a compound level, but also characteristic properties of tissues in place where measurement is done. Results of measurements are provided and advantages of multi-wavelength measurements discussed.
Źródło:
Measurement Automation Monitoring; 2017, 63, 6; 200-202
2450-2855
Pojawia się w:
Measurement Automation Monitoring
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Colonization of wheat grain by Fusaria in two crop management systems varying in intensity of production technology.
Autorzy:
Czaban, J.
Wróblewska, B.
Sułek, A.
Podolska, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-12-20
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
wheat
grain infection level
fusarium species
crop management system
rainfall level
Opis:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two cropping systems (intensive and integrated) on infection level of winter and spring wheat kernels by Fusarium species. Field experiments were conducted with winter wheat ‘Tonacja’ and spring wheat ‘Bombona’ during two consecutive growing seasons (2007/2008 and 2008/2009 - winter wheat, and 2008 and 2009 - spring wheat). A rainfall level in 2009 from the last decade of May to the first decade of July was 2.5-times higher than that in 2008. After the harvest, kernels were surface disinfected with 1.5% NaOCl solution for 2 min and then analysed for the infection level by different species of Fusarium. Fusaria were isolated on CZID medium and identified on the basis of macro - and micro-morphology on three media (PDA, SNA and a medium containing tannin). Our results demonstrate that the wheat grain infection by Fusarium depended mainly on a rainfall level. The intensive cropping system was more conducive to the grain infection by fusaria in comparison to the integrated one. The most frequent species were F. avenaceum in 2008, and F. graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. poae in 2009.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2011, 64; 3-14
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 1663

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