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Tytuł:
Consistency examination of linear inequality system
Autorzy:
Brzeskwiniewicz, Henryk
Kłaczyński, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/747539.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Linear inequalities
Opis:
.
An investigation of the consistency of a linear inequality system is considered. It is proven that the system of linear inequalities Ax≥b is consistent if and only if for any generalized inverse A− of a matrix A the system of equations (I−AA−)v=−(I−AA−)b has a nonnegative solution for the vector v. Consistency of the above system does not depend on the choice of the matrix A−. The paper also presents methods for investigating the existence of nonnegative solutions of systems of linear equations.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1997, 26, 40
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uwarunkowania redukcji nierówności dochodowych w Polsce
Determinants of the Reduction of Income Inequalities in Poland
Autorzy:
Bartak, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/548150.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
nierówności dochodowe
źródła nierówności
zwalczanie nierówności
income inequalities
sources of inequalities
tackling inequalities
Opis:
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy Polska ma szansę na ograniczenie nierówności dochodowych przy jednoczesnym realizowaniu postulatów modernizacyjnych. W początkowym fragmencie pracy przedstawiony został poziom nierówności dochodowych oraz płacowych za pomocą współczynnika decylowego i Giniego oraz indeksu Theila. Na podstawie danych statystycznych wywnioskowano, że nierówności dochodowe w Polsce od roku 2005 maleją, jednak nierówności płacowe, w szczególności nierówności między regionami kraju, są coraz większe. Wysoka korelacja nierówności dochodowych i wartości Warszawskiego Indeksu Giełdowego świadczy o fakcie, że spadek nierówności dochodowych, przy jednoczesnym wzroście nierówności płacowych spowodowany był kryzysem finansowym i redukcją części spekulacyjnych dochodów kapitałowych. W dalszej części pracy zidentyfikowane zostały źródła dysproporcji dochodowych. Zostały one podzielone na te o charakterze mikroekonomicznym – związane z nierównomiernym wyposażeniem jednostek w kapitał ludzki, brakiem równości szans i preferencji oraz z paradoksami rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego, oraz instytucjonalnym – związane z odmiennymi instytucjami aglomeracji miejskich i pozostałych terenów kraju oraz Polski Wschodniej i Zachodniej. Jako ostatnia grupa przyczyn nierówności dochodowych ukazane zostały źródła makroekonomiczne – związane z liberalizacją finansów, postępem technologicznym oraz rosnącą rolą transnarodowego kapitału w gospodarce światowej. Odwołując się do wcześniej opisanych źródeł dysproporcji dochodowych przedstawione zostały możliwości ich niwelowania wraz z towarzyszącymi im trudnościami. Wykazano, że obniżenie nierówności dochodowych uwarunkowane jest przezwy-ciężeniem paradoksów rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego, zmianą polityki edukacyjnej, prowadzeniem polityki zwalczającej nierówności frustrujące oraz uzyskaniem międzynarodowego konsensusu na rzecz przejrzystości transakcji finansowych i ograniczania wyprowadzania zysków do rajów podatkowych.
The article claims to answer the question whether Poland has a chance to reduce income inequalities without charming modernization processes. The beginning of the paper presents the level of income and wage inequalities in Poland. For that purpose Gini coefficient, deciles ratio and the Theil index were used. On the basis of statistical data, it was concluded that income differences in Poland since 2005 have declined, however, wage inequalities, in particular inequalities between regions of the country have increased. The high correlation between income inequalities and the Warsaw Stock Exchange Index suggests that the decline in income inequalities accompanied by increasing wage inequality is caused by the financial crisis which triggered the reduction of the speculative capital income. The next part of the article investigates the sources of income inequalities. They were divided into microeconomic, institutional and macroeconomic ones. The former are related to uneven endowment with human capital, lack of equal opportunities and preferences, and the paradoxes of human capital development. The next group of sources was associated with different institutions prevailing in urban areas and other areas of the country and the Eastern and Western Poland. The latter group of causes was related to the liberalization of finance, technological change and the increasing role of transnational capital in the global economy. Referring to the previously described sources of income disparities, the possibilities of leveling income inequality (along with the accompanying difficulties) were presented. It has been shown that a reduction of income inequalities is conditioned by overcoming the paradoxes of human capital development, changes in educational policy, maintaining policies that combat frustrating inequalities and obtaining international consensus on the transparency of financial transactions and limitation of profits shifting to tax havens.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2014, 37; 220-238
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nierówności społeczne i wykluczenie cyfrowe w społeczeństwie informacyjnym
Autorzy:
Olejniczak, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1397322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-01
Wydawca:
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koninie. Wydawnictwo
Tematy:
social inequalities
information socjety
digital inequalities
digital exlusion
Opis:
Social inequalities and digital exclusion in the information society The article presents selected topics on social inequalities in the information society. The concept of digital stratification was introduced along with the causes of digital inequalities. The second part of the article presents the problem of social exclusion in the digital age, to which seniors are particularly exposed. Współczesne społeczeństwa w krajach rozwiniętych coraz bardziej nabierają charakteru poprzemysłowego. Równolegle w celu ich charakterystyk używane się odniesienia do dominujących w nim sił - wiedzy, informacji, mediów, sieci. O ile w społeczeństwie agrarnym, zdaniem D. Bella, kluczowe problemy gospodarowania wiązały się z transportem materiałów, w społeczeństwie przemysłowym z transportem energii, tak w erze postindustrialnej dotyczą one transportu informacji (za: Michalczyk, 2008, s. 38). Informacje (choć nie zawsze wiedza) sprzężone są z technologiami dystrybuującymi, w związku z czym kluczowe sfery aktywności człowieka ulegają mediatyzacji. Obiegi informacyjne, kreowanie
Źródło:
Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne; 2021, 7, 1; 97-105
2391-8632
Pojawia się w:
Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On coefficient inequalities in the Carathéodory class of functions
Autorzy:
Lecko, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1207925.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
Carathéodory class
coefficient inequalities
Opis:
Some inequalities are proved for coefficients of functions in the class P(α), where α ∈ [0,1), of functions with real part greater than α. In particular, new inequalities for coefficients in the Carathéodory class P(0) are given.
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 2000, 75, 1; 59-67
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niebez pieczeństwo wykluczania społecznego wśród gimnazjalistów z Lubelszczyzny
Autorzy:
Wójcik, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/700447.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
social exclusion, inequalities, adolescents
Opis:
Danger of Social Exclusion among Secondary School Students from the Lublin VoivodeshipTh e author presents the results of the survey conducted among nearly 900 secondaryschool students in the spring of 2011. Respondents were randomly selected fromschools located in the Lublin voivodeship. Th e diagnosis of threat of social exclusionhas been made using original questionnaire. To assess the range of danger of socialexclusion, there were used the shares of respondents characterized by values of individualindicators that point to the unfavorable situation in each of the dimensions(structural, fi nancial, social, emotional, educational). Moreover, author checked theintensity of danger (shaped by the coexistence of positive values of exclusion indicators)and explored whether gender and type of residence are important determinants.Analysis of the collected data showed that in some areas of social exclusion,there are threats to life chances of young people.
Źródło:
Jagiellońskie Studia Socjologiczne; 2014, 4
000000
Pojawia się w:
Jagiellońskie Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ zbyt małych i zbyt dużych nierówności płac na wzrost gospodarczy
The Impact of Too Little and Too Big Earnings Inequalities on Economic Growth
Autorzy:
Kumor, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964232.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-05-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
earnings inequalities
economic growth
Opis:
In political economics coexist two thoughts of income (earnings) inequalities. First, motivating, which postulates bigger earnings inequalities and second, egalitarian, which postulates less earnings inequalities. In the earlier research we tried to reconcile these two thoughts. We confirmed the appearance of optimum, for economic growth, earnings inequalities (Gini index, 28%). From this perspective, both too little and too big earnings inequalities had equally a negative impact on growth. Now we’re putting one hypothesis that too little and too big inequalities cause different waste of economic effectiveness. On one hand, when inequalities are less than the optimum ones, their increase causes considerable economic growth. Then the whole of society accept the increase of earnings inequalities. On the other hand, when inequalities are too big, their downfall gives less economic profits. Demands of poor people to reduce too big disparities in earnings can be corrected by the necessity of using differential work and level of education. The research was conducted for Poland for period 1970–2006 on the economic growth model.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2010, 13, 1
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some new inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for GA-convex functions
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Sever S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/747264.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Convex functions
integral inequalities
GA-convex functions
Hermite-Hadamard inequalities
Opis:
Some new inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for GA-convex functions defined on positive intervals are given. Refinements and weighted version of known inequalities are provided. Some applications for special means are also obtained.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2018, 72, 1
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Isoperimetric problem for uniform enlargement
Autorzy:
G. Bobkov, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1220147.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
isoperimetric inequalities
uniform enlargement
Opis:
We consider an isoperimetric problem for product measures with respect to the uniform enlargement of sets. As an example, we find (asymptotically) extremal sets for the infinite product of the exponential measure.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1997, 123, 1; 81-95
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social inequalities – theoretical considerations from an interdisciplinary perspective
Autorzy:
Kiniorska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1945626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
Tematy:
social inequalities
exclusion
poverty
Opis:
Contemporary considerations on social inequalities are more and more often of an interdisciplinary character. Particular interest in the above-mentioned issues becomes noticeable in sociological and economic sciences and is also gradually increasing in geographical disciplines. The aim of this study is to present the problem of social inequalities from an interdisciplinary perspective. The analysis highlights the contribution of research conducted by representatives of sociology, economics, and geography. The methods of classification and identification of factors shaping social inequalities were also discussed.
Źródło:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2021, 11, 3
2084-0497
2451-2249
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Not willing to or not able to? Teachers on their role in addressing social inequalities in education
Nie chcą czy nie mogą? Nauczyciele o swojej roli w redukowaniu społecznych nierówności edukacyjnych
Autorzy:
Zahorska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22307934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
teachers
school
educational inequalities
Opis:
Sociologists of education are often divided into those who are interested in ‘macro’ and those interested in ‘micro’ theories. This paper is an attempt to show how it is difficult to explain what is taking place in schools by concentrating only on the micro (school) level. Explanation should be sought in school system, educational politics, etc. My paper presents the initial conclusions of my research on educational inequalities, which is being conducted at primary and middle schools in several towns and villages in Poland. It is not an article on educational inequalities per se; the purpose of this paper is much more limited. The aim of the project is to present the opinions of teachers with regard to the possibilities of schools to reduce inequalities. The statements made by teachers of various classes and schools, located in both small and big towns, will be compared. The particular feature of this research lies in its methodology. We used qualitative and not quantitative methods, the latter of which are the most popular in analyzing educational inequalities. We were interested in the mechanisms involved in the categorization of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ students. Our study is based on the observation of selected classes, interviews (IDI) with teachers, school principals and school counsellors. We also talked with representatives of local governments, who were responsible for education, and representatives of social care institutions, but this paper focuses only on the interviews conducted in the schools.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica; 2014, 49; 129-146
0208-600X
2353-4850
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Weighted inequalities for monotone and concave functions
Autorzy:
Heinig, Hans
Maligranda, Lech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1388599.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
weighted integral inequalities
weighted Hardy inequalities
weighted Hardy inequalities for monotone functions
weighted Favard-Berwald inequality
reverse Hölder inequality
concave functions
Opis:
Characterizations of weight functions are given for which integral inequalities of monotone and concave functions are satisfied. The constants in these inequalities are sharp and in the case of concave functions, constitute weighted forms of Favard-Berwald inequalities on finite and infinite intervals. Related inequalities, some of Hardy type, are also given.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1995, 116, 2; 133-165
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Osteoporosis: a social problem in the elderly population
Autorzy:
Kucharska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1197955.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-02-01
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
osteoporosis
elderly
fractures
social inequalities
Opis:
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to present a broader scope on osteoporosis – both as a medical problem and as a major social burden. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass, leading to increased bone fragility and fractures. It does not only lead to major medical expenses, lower health-related quality-of-life but also strains the population with significant social burden. As modern science is intensively exploring the problem of osteoporosis, new research articles expanding our knowledge on this disease come out weekly. This growing body of research calls for an up-to-date review of the existing state of knowledge on osteoporosis. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This manuscript presents and overview on osteoporosis and associated problems such as fractures in the following order (1) Etiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis, (2) Osteoporosis risk factors, (3) Epidemiology of osteoporosis, (4) Aging of the Polish population, (5) Clinical consequences of osteoporosis, (6) Criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) for Caucasian women after menopause, (7) Morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporotic fractures, (8) Risk factors related to the collapse of the condition of osteoporotic patients, (9) Bone fragility and falls, (10) Recognizing osteoporosis, (11) Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, (12) Cost of treating fractures, (13) Fracture liaison service, (14) Senior care, (15) Purpose of modern geriatrics, (16) Social inequalities and osteoporosis. RESEARCH RESULTS: The two major determinants of risk in the development of osteoporosis are peak bone mass and rate of bone loss. These two determinants are influenced by a number of genetic (non-modifiable) and environmental (partly modifiable, and modifiable) factors. Osteoporosis is becoming increasingly prevalent with the aging of the world population. Worldwide, more than 200 million people are suffering from osteoporosis, and 1 in 2 women and 1 in 4 men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. About 5% of falls result in fractures, half of which are proximal femur fractures. Out of all falls leading to fractures, 10‑25% result in injury or requirement of specialized medical care. Falls are one of the main causes of disability and the fifth most common cause of death in people over 75 years of age. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This review provides a concise overview om osteoporosis as a linked medical and social problem. It also identified a number of knowledge gaps necessary to fill in order to progress our knowledge on osteoporosis diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Understanding patients’ preferences and needs will allow to align them with appropriate service models which are likely to optimize patient outcomes.
Źródło:
Horyzonty Wychowania; 2017, 16, 40; 37-57
1643-9171
2391-9485
Pojawia się w:
Horyzonty Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Systems of variational inequalities related to economic equilibrium
Autorzy:
Naniewicz, Z.
Nockowska, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970931.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
optimization problem
variational inequalities
duality
Opis:
In the paper a new approach to the Walrasian general equilibrium model of economy is presented. The classical market clearing condition is replaced by suitably formulated variational inequality. It states that the market clears for a commodity if its equilibrium price is positive; otherwise, there may be an excess supply of the commodity in equilibrium and then its price is zero. Such approach enables establishing new existence results without assumptions which were fundamental for the currently used methods: (i) Dis-utility functions are not required to be strictly convex and they may attain their minima in the consumption sets (the local nonsatiation of preferences is not required). (ii) The boundary of the positive orthant is allowed for the price vector in equilibrium. It allows for investigation of certain new problems, e.g. bankruptcy conditions.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2007, 36, 4; 889-909
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura zatrudnienia a nierówności i zagrożenia społeczne w gospodarkach UE
Autorzy:
Cyrek, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434658.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
employment
sectoral structure
social inequalities
Opis:
Structural features of economies constitute disregarded aspects of relations between economic development and social issues. Economic research on inequalities are focused on connections between income disparities and economic growth. Independently, sectoral characteristics of economies are evaluated taking into account their influence on dynamics of growth. The existence of both mainstreams in research pays attention to interrelations: social inequalities and risks – sectoral structure. This is a field of discussion in the study. The aim of the paper is to verify the existence of relations between sectoral structure and social inequalities and risks. The analyses were conducted concerning EU economies, that, despite intensive integration process, are still differentiated by the level of socio-economic development. The starting hypothesis assumed positive influence of structural modernity on limiting social problems. The structure of economies was described by shares in employment of three sectors e.g. agriculture, industry and services as well as by shares in employment of the service sector sections (G-U NACE Rev. 2). Structural modernity was assessed using a model, which was adopted using Luxembourg as the most developed economy in the EU. Social issues were considered in their economic dimension. That is why they were described by the most commonly used indicators of income inequalities that are Gini coefficient and income quintile share ratio (S80/20) and by the rate of risk of poverty or social exclusion. Statistics in use were extracted from Eurostat database and cover the most up-to-date information accessible while preparing the paper that is 2011 year. The analyses were based on correlation indicators that were statistically verified at significance level of α = 0,05. Indicators that characterized total employment relationships in every economy were counted with the usage of Kukuła measure of structural differences. The results of research confirm the existence of interrelationships between structural characteristics of employment and income inequalities and social risks in the EU economies. First of all, they allow to conclude that a big scale of rural employment coexists with big income disparities and intensive problems of poverty and social exclusion. Meanwhile, a big share of employment in the service sector appears in economies with small scale of risks of poverty and exclusion. Moreover, simultaneous evaluation of total employment distribution between the three sectors shows essential relations with poverty. The EU economies which are characterized by more modern structures are experiencing less intensive social problems. The conducted analyses additionally indicate that each kind of activities realised within the service sector in a different way influences issues of income inequalities and poverty. Social problems are more intensive in economies with a big share of employment in retail and wholesale trade. In a contrary, low income disparities and social risks are present in economies with high share of employment in knowledge-intensive services (information and communication; professional, scientific and technical activities). Moreover, minimal social risks and inequalities are observed in economies with a big share of employment in human health and social work activities. General modernity of structure of employment in service sections coexists with small social problems.
Źródło:
Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu; 2013, 2 (23); 49-63
2080-5977
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On new multiple extension of Hilbert’s integral inequality (2)
Autorzy:
Sulaiman, W.T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/745879.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Inequalities
Hilbert inequality
Holder inequality
Opis:
Via Laplace transformation some new generalization of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality is given.
Źródło:
Commentationes Mathematicae; 2007, 47, 1
0373-8299
Pojawia się w:
Commentationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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