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    Tytuł:
    Challenges facing forest production value addition and implication on economic development
    Autorzy:
    Oke, Razaq Ajibola
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1076684.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Forest Economics
    Forest products
    Marketability
    Value Addition
    Opis:
    There is need for forest policies to include value addition in the production and marketing of timber forest products, TFPs and non-timber forest products, as well as NTFPs to promote forest activities and to improve the livelihood of both rural and urban people and further enhance the trade and marketability of these products. Processing of forest products is imperative to their marketability. This review identifies the challenges facing forest products production and their implications on the economy. It draws upon different case studies from around the world. The paper concludes that value addition will go a long way in enhancing its acceptability.
    Źródło:
    World News of Natural Sciences; 2019, 25; 130-140
    2543-5426
    Pojawia się w:
    World News of Natural Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Owoc borówki czernicy (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) jako farmakopealny surowiec antocyjanowy
    Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus/em> L.) fruit as a pharmacopoeial anthocyanin raw material
    Autorzy:
    Bilek, M.
    Dudek, T.
    Czerniakowski, Z.
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/978891.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    non−wood forest products
    bilberry
    anthocyanins
    Opis:
    Bilberry, the most commonly collected fruit of Polish forests, has not only culinary values, but also proven therapeutic and preventive effects. It is a valuable forest raw material for herbal, pharmaceutical and food companies producing dietary supplements and drugs. The range of applications for bilberry is very wide, and the most important feature of this raw material is the high antioxidant potential associated with anthocyanins content. The aim of the study was to analyze the anthocyanins content in bilberry fruit, determine the time−related variability of this feature and relate the obtained results to pharmacopoeial standards. On selected sample plot, ripe bilberry fruits were collected at five−day intervals. As a preliminary test, dry matter and refractometric index measurement were carried out. Moreover, spectrophotometric determination of anthocyanins content expressed as chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3−O−glucoside chloride) was examined, both in fresh and dried fruits. We found that regardless of the harvesting time, the bilberry fruits with 0.3035−0.7403% anthocyanins content meet the pharmacopoeial norm (0.3%). Furthermore, dried bilberry fruits, containing from 1.0151 to 2.0164% anthocyanins, can also be considered as a valuable anthocyanin raw material, however, the loss in anthocyanins content is 48.956% on average. The period of full usefulness of bilberry fruit in the context of anthocyanins content coincides with the period of their consumption attractiveness, so there is no need to apply separate recommendations for obtaining fruits of this species for medicinal purposes. We found however, that in the second half of the harvesting period, this raw material has a much more stable anthocyanins content than in the first, when it increases significantly.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2020, 164, 09; 783-792
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to Livelihood of People in Mokwa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria
    Autorzy:
    Fajobi, E. A.
    Fingesi, U. I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1055275.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Humans
    Livelihood
    Mokwa
    Non-Timber Forest Products
    Opis:
    This study focused on the contribution of NTFPs species to the livelihood of Mokwa people, Niger state. It was undertaken to ascertain the proportion of humans involved in the exploitation of NTFPs in the study area, to determine the types of NTFPs exploited and their roles in the lives of the communities and to determine the actual contribution of NTFPs species to the livelihood of the Mokwa people. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and oral interviews to acquire information from sampled members of the Mokwa LGA communities. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables, chart, and graphs). The findings from this study indicate that NTFPs are abundant in the study area and are found in all the forested land areas within the communities. NTFPs collection for utilization is usually carried out throughout the year. All the respondents in Ja’agi, Kudu, Kpaki, and Mokwa town collect and use the NTFPs in food preparation for the family and for other purposes. The number of households involved in the collection of NTFPs was highest in the Ja’agi community (95%), while only (28%) households were involved in Mokwa town. The chi-square test revealed that there were high significant differences (P>0.05) between the number of respondents involved in the collection and non-collection of NTFPs in Mokwa LGA. Twenty (20) plant by-products and fruits were the major types of NTFPs being collected. Most NTFPs species were of medicinal plants, while some supplement everyday meals. It should be noted that Mokwa LGA communities earn some money from the collection of NTFPs - especially from plants such as Vitellaria paradoxa (73%) Pakia biglobosa (16%), and Mangifera indica (4%). Lack of jobs in the government established institutions is the major problem facing the communities. It is, therefore, recommended that provision of jobs and business opportunities will help improve the living standard of the people and hence reduce their effect on the forest resources.
    Źródło:
    World News of Natural Sciences; 2018, 21; 77-89
    2543-5426
    Pojawia się w:
    World News of Natural Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy metodyczne analizy dochodów z innych źródeł niż sprzedaż drewna Państwowego Gospodarstwa Leśnego Lasy Państwowe
    Methodical foundations for the analysis of income from sources other than the sale of timber by the State Forests National Forest Holding
    Autorzy:
    Lotz, D.
    Kocel, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979076.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    diversification
    income analysis method
    non−wood forest products
    state forest
    Opis:
    The State Forests National Forest Holding (PGL LP) run business on the basis of financial independence, i.e. it covers the costs of this activity from its own revenues. In 2015, 92% of the revenues of forest districts came from the timber sale. Periods of slump in the timber market may threaten the financial stability of PGL LP, which is why one must seek and use additional revenues not related to the timber sale. The paper presents methods for determining the impact of income from sources other than the timber sale on the financial situation of PGL LP. We developed a) methods for determining the profitability of activities not related to the timber sale, b) an indicator determining the degree of utilization of the economic potential of forest districts with the intensification of activities not related to the timber sale, and c) statistical methods to group forest districts and PGL LP regional directorates with a similar degree or structure of diversification of activities not related to the timber sale and the amount of additional income in this respect. Data on revenues and costs of activities not related to the timbersale for all forest districts and regional directorates for the years 2005−2015 were taken from the State Forests databases. We analysed 11 types of activities not related to the timber sale. 58 types of revenue sources as well as 50 types of costs were investigated. Revenues and logging costs were also determined. An indicator of the share of costs in revenues from the non−timber activities of PGL LP, regional directorates or forest districts was developed to determine the total profitability not related to the timber sale. This indicator informs about the hypothetical financial situation of PGL LP, regional directorates or forest districts, i.e. what would be the ratio of costs incurred for total operations to the revenues of PGL LP organizational units if they were deprived of income from the timber sale. To examine the regional diversity in 2015 in terms of all incomes from activities other than the timber sale, we used principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward method. We can distinguish the activities that forest districts should develop in the future and the ones that should ‘quench’. The division carried out with cluster analysis allow to identify groups of forest districts or regional directorates distinguished by features significant from the perspective of PGL LP financial practice.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2020, 164, 08; 628-636
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ wybranych czynników na zawartość składników mineralnych w soku brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula Roth)
    Influence of selected factors on the content of minerals in the silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) tree sap
    Autorzy:
    Staniszewski, P.
    Bilek, M.
    Szwerc, W.
    Gostkowski, M.
    Osiak, P.
    Żurek, N.
    Kocjan, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/978941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    non−wood forest products
    silver birch sap
    minerals
    Opis:
    The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected minerals in silver birch sap, and to examine whether the tree thickness (DBH), the obtained daily volume of sap and the date of collection have an impact on their content. The study was carried out in central−eastern Poland, in the Garwolin Forest District, in a stand with a dominant share of silver birch at the age of 65, which grows on a moist mixed broadleaved forest habitat type. Sap from the selected trees was taken after 24 hours of leakage, four times, at weekly intervals. In each case, the daily sap volume was measured and the content of zinc, copper, and manganese was determined. As a result, no effect of tree diameter on the content of the studied elements was found. However, a negative relationship was stated between copper content and daily sap volume. Moreover, birch sap was characterized by increasing concentration of zinc and copper over time. The obtained results of the determination of the content of minerals in birch sap testify to the fact that it is characterized by high nutritional value. However, the large variability in its composition means that in order to obtain such benefits it is necessary to combine sap taken from as many trees as possible, while sap collected from only one tree may have a negligible nutritional value.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2020, 164, 05; 424-431
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w soku brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula Roth) oraz dobowa objętość pozyskanego soku w zależności od pierśnicy drzew
    Content of heavy metals in the silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) tree sap and the daily volume of sap depending on tree diameter
    Autorzy:
    Staniszewski, P.
    Bilek, M.
    Szwerc, W.
    Gostkowski, M.
    Osiak, P.
    Poleszak, J.
    Kocjan, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/978960.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    non−wood forest products
    silver birch sap
    daily leak
    heavy metals
    Opis:
    The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected heavy metals in birch sap, and to examine whether the tree diameter, the obtained daily sap volume and the date of collection have an impact on their content. Moreover, it was decided to check whether the tree diameter could affect the intensity of the sap leak. The study was carried out in central−eastern Poland, in the Garwolin Forest District, in a stand with a dominant share of silver birch at the age of 65, which grows on a moist mixed broadleaved forest habitat type. Sap from the selected trees was taken after 24 hours of leakage, four times at weekly intervals. In each case, the daily sap volume was measured and the content of lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium was determined. No effect of tree diameter on the content of the studied elements was found. We also proved that the tree thickness had an impact on the daily sap volume. However, a negative relationship was stated between lead and cadmium content and daily sap volume. In turn, over time, birch sap was characterized by increasing concentration of lead and cadmium, while in the case of nickel downward trend was shown for two diameter classes. The obtained results of the determination of the con− tent of heavy metals in birch sap testify to the fact that for most of samples it is characterized by health safety. However, few exceedances of the most restrictive potable water as well as fruit juices and nectars standards are encountered, confirming the susceptibility of birch sap to heavy metal pollution. Therefore, in order to guarantee the safety of consumers, primarily it is necessary to select the collection points taking into account potential industrial and agricultural pollution and secondly – combining birch sap taken from as many trees as possible in order to average a very large variation in the content of heavy metals, both between individual trees and over time. It should also be noted that consum.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2020, 164, 05; 432-440
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Udostępnienie lasów do zbioru płodów runa leśnego w świetle przepisów i zwyczajów niektórych krajów Europy
    Forest availability for the harvesting of forest by−products in the light of regulations and traditions of the selected European countries
    Autorzy:
    Barszcz, A
    Sisak, L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026353.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2003
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    uboczne uzytkowanie lasu
    runo lesne
    przepisy prawne
    lesnictwo
    zbior
    Polska
    Europa
    forest accessibility
    non−wood forest products
    harvesting
    Opis:
    The paper is a review of regulations and principles concerning forests availability for the harvesting of non−wood forest products. The approach to this issue in the European countries is not uniform; account is taken of nature conservation, an interest of forest owners or local communities and sanctioned tradition. The need for the studies on the resources and control of harvesting volume are underlined.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2003, 147, 03; 89-93
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza możliwości implementacji certyfikacji w systemie użytkowania leśnych surowców i produktów niedrzewnych. I. Założenia metodyczne i przegląd literatury
    Analysis of the possibility of implementing certification system for utilisation of non-wood forest products. I. Methodological assumptions and literature review
    Autorzy:
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973897.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    certyfikacja
    leśnictwo
    uboczne użytkowanie lasu
    surowce leśne
    leśne surowce niedrzewne
    non−wood forest products
    forest resources
    certification
    forest use regulation
    forest use principles
    Opis:
    The article presents an analysis of selected conditions of certification in forestry in relation to the non−wood forest products utilisation. They were the basis for presenting selected governmental and international organisations concerned with the development, implementation and monitoring of standards relating to the forest−timber industry and environmental issues. The main categories of certification schemes were identified and analysed: certification of forest management, social certification, organic certification and certification of product quality. The analysis of both global and regional problems related to certification of non−wood products, as well as a thorough analysis of the relevant regulations and legislation, demonstrated the need to treat certification as an important tool in the general concept of non−wood forest products utilisation.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2011, 155, 04; 253-260
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Geneza, cel i synteza wyników badań nad znaczeniem leśnictwa w rozwoju obszarów wiejskich
    Autorzy:
    Płotkowski, L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022294.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    gospodarka zrownowazona
    obszary wiejskie
    rozwoj obszarow wiejskich
    gospodarka lesna
    lesnictwo
    land use
    sustainable forest management
    rural development
    forest products
    non−market forest values
    Opis:
    This paper deals with the author's research results on the current situation and future prospects concerning the value of forestry in rural development presented in various reports and papers including columns of Sylwan. Forestry forms a substantial part of the rural economy. Wood ad other forest products and their processing secure a number of jobs in rural areas increasing socio−economic stability and development. Apart from the economic aspects, forestry has a lot of non−market values. It is necessary to analyse potential economic and social benefits of forestry to rural areas and their development of both market and nonmarket values and to include those benefits in rural conceptions.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2005, 149, 02; 60-72
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza możliwości implementacji certyfikacji w systemie użytkowania leśnych surowców i produktów niedrzewnych. II. Wyniki badań
    Analysis of the possibility of implementing certification system for utilisation of non-wood forest products. II. The results
    Autorzy:
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973660.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    certyfikacja
    certyfikacja PEFC
    leśnictwo
    uboczne użytkowanie lasu
    surowce leśne
    leśne surowce niedrzewne
    non−wood forest products
    certification
    regulation of forest utilisation
    forest utilisation principles
    Opis:
    The article presents the research findings concerning the concept of forest management with regard to forest utilisation in the PEFC system. A set of developed rules of procedure in the use of non−wood forest products was presented, the observance of which was to enable the unit audited by the PEFC to meet the requirements set by the PEFC and obtain a certificate. The rules were analysed with a particular emphasis on aspects such as allowing access to stands and harvest of non−wood forest products and the factors limiting their use, harvest of forest utility plants and edible mushrooms, birch sap extraction and production of charcoal in retorts. Certification should be viewed as an integral part of the new strategy of non−wood forest use, as a tool whose effectiveness influences and will influence the development of the forest goods market and consequently the rural development.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2011, 155, 05; 313-321
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Galasy rodzimych gatunków dębu jako potencjalny surowiec garbnikowy
    Gall-nuts of native oak species as a potential tannin raw material
    Autorzy:
    Bilek, M.
    Kozlowska-Tylingo, K.
    Gostkowski, M.
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/980195.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    uboczne uzytkowanie lasu
    dab
    Quercus
    galasy
    garbniki
    taniny
    zawartosc garbnikow
    forest utilisation
    non−wood forest products
    oak
    oak gall−nuts
    tannins
    Opis:
    Oak gall−nuts are pathological excrescences on the leaves of oaks (in Poland: Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl.) created by the Cynips quercusfolii L. The potential medical use of these non−wood forest products should be taken under consideration because of widespread use in folk medicine, but also because of the presence of gall−nuts of Middle Eastern oak species Quercus infectoria in the current Farmakopea… [2017]. The aim of this study was the preliminary analyzes of Quercus robur L. galls in the context of the diversity of the raw material and its possible consequences for the variability in tannin content, and therefore for the therapeutic value. The galls were collected in September 2018 from five living trees forming compact mid−field tree plantation in Podkarpackie Region (SE Poland). To determine the tannin content, hide powder method was used, while mass spectrometry was used for determining the identity of the raw material. The tannin content was found to be between 10.02 ±0.2% and 15.47 ±0.07%. There were no statistical differences between the tannin content of four weight groups of tested gall−nuts. The analysis of mass spectra showed the presence of gallic acid and tannin disintegration products. The results indicate that the tannin content in domestic oak galls is lower than in Quercus infectoria ones, for which less than 20% is required, however Polish galls are still the richest native tannin raw material. It was not proved that the content of tannins in oak galls was influenced by their size. A large variation in tannin content depending on the sample suggests that it might be possible to identify i.e. forest sites or climatic zones, where the obtained gall−nuts will be characterized by the high tannin content.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 09; 746-753
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki badań nad naturalnymi stymulatorami wycieku żywicy sosnowej
    Natural stimulators of pine resin tapping – research results
    Autorzy:
    Głowacki, S.
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026338.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2003
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    wycieki zywicy
    uboczne uzytkowanie lasu
    lesnictwo
    zywicowanie
    stymulatory
    forest utilisation
    forest by−products
    resin tapping
    Opis:
    The objective of the study was to establish the effectiveness of natural stimulators in the harvesting of resin from pine trees. Among three stimulators used in the study the concoction from nettle and the sugar solution proved most effective.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2003, 147, 03; 35-39
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ hodowlanego zagospodarowania lasu na produkcyjność jadalnych grzybów leśnych
    Impact of silviculture on the productivity of edible fungi in the forest
    Autorzy:
    Gil, W.
    Hilszczańska, D.
    Rosa-Gruszecka, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986645.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    zagospodarowanie lasu
    grzyby lesne
    wystepowanie
    grzyby jadalne
    grzyby dzikorosnace
    owocnikowanie grzybow
    uboczne uzytkowanie lasu
    ectomycorrhizal fungi
    edible fungi
    mycosilviculture
    non−wood forest products
    forest management
    Opis:
    Edible forest mushrooms are one of the most important non−wood products and their economic importance is constantly growing. Only in Poland, the value of collected mushroom is estimated to about 740 million PLN a year. Such species as Boletus sp., Lactarius sp. or Tuber sp. are the most valuable non−wood forest products. Wild species, a great part of which are ectomycorrhizal fungi, not only play a key role in the growth and development of forest trees, but also belong to the most used in the Polish cuisine. A new challenge is to develop a scientific basis for the production of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi. Given the fact that fructification of fungi is influenced by many environmental, ecological, orographic and anthropogenic factors, their growing is rather a tough task. So far, methods of fungi growing have been developed in case of several species and they are still to be implemented on an economic scale. Under natural conditions, both mycorrhizal and fruiting processes may be stimulated by proper silviculture treatments, which are conducive to wood and mushrooms production as well. Nowadays, the concept of ‘mycosilviculture' is gaining more and more interest. In order to implement it, the knowledge of the biology of fungi and their host−species is needed. In this article, a rich body of studies dealing with the influence of management methods on fruitification of fungi is reviewed. The critical factor that appears is the proper regulation of tree density by appropriate severity of thinnings and regeneration cuts in order to meet the requirements of targeted fungi. The other kinds of treatments, such as removal of the herb cover, litter and upper soil level also affect fungi fructification. The effect of these treatments may vary for different species. The knowledge of wild mushroom production, forest management and climate changes still requires long−term and multidimensional research in a broad spectrum of tree stands and forest habitats.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2018, 162, 03; 231-237
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmienność dobowej wydajności i wybranych parametrów fizycznych soku brzozowego
    Variability of daily productivity and selected physical parameters of birch sap
    Autorzy:
    Bilek, M.
    Sosnowski, S.
    Tomusiak, R.
    Oktaba, J.
    Staniszewski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985740.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    uboczne uzytkowanie lasu
    lesne surowce niedrzewne
    sok brzozowy
    wydajnosc dobowa
    wlasciwosci fizyczne
    non−wood forest products
    birch sap
    birch syrup
    physical properties
    Opis:
    The increasing social demand for food products collecting from the forests has beem observed currently. It should be assumed that one of the more and more important non−wood forest products in Poland is silver birch sap. Research in this area should concern not only the proper methods of its collection and yield, but also the rules of selecting forest stands and trees for its collection, as well in the context of protection of forest ecosystems, especially the quality of the obtained product and the safety of its consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of air temperature on the daily volume of collected birch sap, determine the dependence of the volume of sap obtained on the selected physical parameters of the sap, as well as determine if there are changes in the values of the parameters tested as a function of time. It was not proved that the volume of the daily sap leak is related to the parameter of the refractive value, dry matter and electrolytical conductivity. It was found that the volume of the sap obtained is not significantly affected by the temperature on the day of the collection nor at the night immediately preceding the leak, while the relation between the intensity of the leak and thermal conditions several tens of hours earlier was indicated. Moreover, it was not shown that there was an optimal, determinable term in which birch sap is characterized by the most favorable parameters in terms of suitability for the production of birch syrup. It was also found that in the case of commercial birch sap harvesting on large scale, it is advisable to harvest and combine the sap from as many trees as possible. The necessity of further studies on the food and industrial usefulness of birch sap, including geographical, habitat and age variability of birch stands was underlined as well.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 06; 443-451
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Puszcze w ekonomiach królewskich Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w drugiej połowie XVII wieku – zarządzanie i eksploatacja
    Primaeval Forests in the Royal Economies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century: Management and Exploitation
    Autorzy:
    Zawadzki, Stanisław
    Zawadzki, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832667.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-10-25
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    forests
    forest products
    beater
    forester
    royal economies
    exploitation
    Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie
    lasy
    towary leśne
    osocznik
    leśniczy
    ekonomie królewskie
    użytkowanie
    Opis:
    W artykule podjęto próbę zlokalizowania puszcz istniejących w dobrach stołowych Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w drugiej połowie XVII w. Przedstawiono sposoby eksploatacji lasów oraz obowiązki służb ochrony puszcz. Scharakteryzowano także kontrakty na obszary leśne, rozróżniając dwa ich typy: kontrakty na leśnictwa oraz na towary leśne. Zwrócono uwagę na uprawnienia oraz ograniczenia kontrahentów w zakresie eksploatacji puszcz królewskich.
    The article attempts to locate the primaeval forests in the royal domain (the so-called table lands, Polish: dobra stołowe) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the seventeenth century. It presents the methods of forests’ exploitation and the duties of forest protection services. It also characterises contracts for woodlands, the two types of which were distinguished: contracts for forests and as administrative units and those for forest products. Attention was paid to restrictions to contractors aimed at a balance between conservation and exploitation of royal forests.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Lituanistyczny; 2021, 7; 155-184
    2450-8454
    2450-8446
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Lituanistyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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