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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 93
Tytuł:
The nature and norms of scientific explanation: Some preliminaries
Autorzy:
Peña, Abel
Wright, Cory
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28763410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
scientific explanation
ontic conception of explanation
epistemic conception of explanation
nature of explanation
norms of explanation
Opis:
There are at least two deep and related debates about explanation: about its nature and about its norms. The aim of this special issue of Philosophical Problems in Science/Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce (ZFN) is to survey whether or not a consensus is at hand in these debates and to help settle what it can. The overarching foci are twofold: (i) the nature of scientific explanation, with special attention to the debate between ontic and epistemic conception of explanation, and (ii) the norms of scientific explanation, with special attention to so-called ‘ontic’ (or better, ‘alethic’) norms like truth and referential success and epistemic norms like intelligibility and idealized understanding. It called for advocates of various conceptions to articulate the current state of these debates. Researchers and scholars from around the globe—including Poland, Canada, Korea, The Netherlands, the United States, Greece, Austria, and Belgium—contributed. The special issue also attempts to provide an opening for new work on the norms of explanation, such as truth or model-based accuracy, information compression, abstraction, and generalization.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2023, 74; 5-17
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dimensions of explanation
Autorzy:
Hochstein, Eric
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28763416.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
evaluative dimension
communicative concept of explanation
representational concept of explanation
ontic conception of explanation
mechanistic explanation
Opis:
Some argue that the term “explanation” in science is ambiguous, referring to at least three distinct concepts: a communicative concept, a representational concept, and an ontic concept. Each is defined in a different way with its own sets of norms and goals, and each of which can apply in contexts where the others do not. In this paper, I argue that such a view is false. Instead, I propose that a scientific explanation is a complex entity that can always be analyzed along a communicative dimension, a representational dimension, and an ontic dimension. But all three are always present within scientific explanations. I highlight what such an account looks like, and the potential problems it faces (namely that a single explanation can appear to have incompatible sets of norms and goals that govern it). I propose a solution to this problem and demonstrate how this account can help to dissolve current disputes in philosophy of science regarding debates between epistemic and ontic accounts of mechanistic explanations in the life sciences.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2023, 74; 57-98
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Explanation, representation and information
Autorzy:
Karadimas, Panagiotis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28763413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
scientific explanation
representation
optimization process
ontic conception of explanation
epistemic conception of explanation
Opis:
The ontic conception of explanation is predicated on the proposition that “explanation is a relation between real objects in the world” and hence, according to this approach, scientific explanation cannot take place absent such a premise. Despite the fact that critics have emphasized several drawbacks of the ontic conception, as for example its inability to address the so-called “abstract explanations”, the debate is not settled and the ontic view can claim to capture cases of explanation that are non-abstract, such as causal relations between events. However, by eliminating the distinction between abstract and non-abstract explanations, it follows that ontic and epistemic proposals can no longer contend to capture different cases of explanation and either all are captured by the ontic view or all are captured by the epistemic view. On closer inspection, it turns out that the ontic view deals with events that fall outside the scientists’ scope of observation and that it does not accommodate common instances of explanation such as explanations from false propositions and hence it cannot establish itself as the dominant philosophical stance with respect to explanation. On the contrary, the epistemic conception does account for almost all episodes of explanation and can be described as a relation between representations, whereby the explanans transmit information to the explanandum and that this information can come, dependent on context, in the form of any of the available theories of explanation (law-like, unificatory, causal and non-causal). The range of application of the ontic view thus is severely restricted to trivial cases of explanation that come through direct observation of the events involved in an explanation and explanation is to be mostly conceived epistemically.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2023, 74; 21-55
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moja autobiografia duchowa: powołanie teologa naturalnego
My Spiritual Autobiography: The Vocation of a Natural Theologian
Autorzy:
Swinburne, Richard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/607356.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
natural theology
scientific explanation
personal explanation
Christian doctrine
probability of truth
Opis:
The author describes his intellectual development and academic pursuits starting from his undergraduate studies at Oxford University in mid-1950s up to the present day, in the perspective of his attempts to resolve the conflict between a materialistically oriented scientific worldview and the worldview of traditional Christianity. In time, he came to recognize the conflict as a problem of distinguishing between levels of explanation or points of terminating an explanation. To deal with this problem adequately, he adopted as his own the program of natural theology laid down by St. Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae, where Aquinas provided good arguments in favor of the Christian doctrine taking as his starting point the most general phenomena of experience and using the best secular knowledge of his day. Thus Swinburne’s program of natural theology consisted in using the criteria used in modern natural science and historical inquiry for the probable truth of a suggested explanation, analyzed with the careful rigor of modern philosophy, to show the meaningfulness and probable truth of Christian theology. Scientific explanation explains phenomena in terms of prior states of affairs and natural laws; whereas personal explanation explains phenomena in terms of the powers and purposes of agents. Christian metaphysics explains the operation of scientific explanation in explaining why there are states of affairs at all and why the most fundamental natural laws have the character they do, in terms of the power and purposes of God, and in particular his purpose that humans should have a free choice of the kind of persons they are to be. Swinburne extends this model of explanation to show that our historical evidence about the life of Christ makes it very probable that Christ was (and so is) God Incarnate who rose from the dead.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne; 2011, 25; 239-268
0209-3472
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of categorization in understanding
Autorzy:
Piłat, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703064.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
categorization
understanding
explanation
hermeneutics
Opis:
In this article, I am examining the role of categorization in understanding. The problem arises from well-known distinction between explanation and understanding, which has been for a century pursued in hermeneutic tradition. Categorization belongs to explanatory endeavor and its role in understanding is unclear. In order to delimit the scope of inquiry I am focusing on the weakest kind of categorization, so called categorization ad hoc. I am examining the hypothesis to the effect that categorization plays its role in hermeneutic circle as some sort of pre-understanding. Eventually, however, I reject this hypothesis. It is because it leads to hermeneutic paradox: The notion of pre-understanding has a meaning only in the context of full-fledged understanding, which is an unattainable ideal. Such ideal cannot be used as a personal criterion of the quality of one’s understanding. There is a tension between the feeling of understanding and the scarcity of personal means to justify this feeling. I am suggesting that similar, albeit weaker effect occurs also in more elaborate, scientific categorizations. What is really wrong in the passage from categorization to understanding is some form of self-understanding: We do not know whether we understand better, or at all when we put some categorical order onto our experience. We do not seem to have the required meta-understanding.
Źródło:
Nauka; 2017, 3
1231-8515
Pojawia się w:
Nauka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Deliberation and Automaticity in Habitual Acts
Autorzy:
Douskos, Christos
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
habit
deliberation
automaticity
action explanation
Opis:
Most philosophers and psychologists assume that habitual acts do not ensue from deliberation, but are direct responses to the circumstances: habit essentially involves a variety of automaticity. My objective in this paper is to show that this view is unduly restrictive. A habit can explain an act in various ways. Pointing to the operation of automaticity is only one of them. I draw attention to the fact that acquired automaticity is one outgrowth of habituation that is relevant to explanation, but not the only one. Habituation shapes our emotional and motivational make up in ways that affect deliberation itself. Hence mentioning a habit might be indispensable in explaining an act which nevertheless ensues from deliberation. The view that habitual acts are direct responses to the circumstances implies an impoverished conception of habit, which fails to do justice to its rich explanatory potential in theoretical and pre-theoretical contexts, as well as to its role in the history of philosophy.
Źródło:
Ethics in Progress; 2018, 9, 1; 25-43
2084-9257
Pojawia się w:
Ethics in Progress
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A conventionalist account of distinctively mathematical explanation
Autorzy:
Povich, Mark
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28763422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
scientific explanation
philosophy of science
philosophy of mathematics
mathematical explanation
ontic conception
conventionalism
Opis:
Distinctively mathematical explanations (DMEs) explain natural phenomena primarily by appeal to mathematical facts. One important question is whether there can be an ontic account of DME. An ontic account of DME would treat the explananda and explanantia of DMEs as ontic items (ontic objects, properties, structures, etc.) and the explanatory relation between them as an ontic relation (e.g., Pincock, 2015; Povich, 2021). Here I present a conventionalist account of DME, defend it against objections, and argue that it should be considered ontic. Notably, if indeed it is ontic, the conventionalist account seems to avoid a convincing objection to other ontic accounts (Kuorikoski, 2021).
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2023, 74; 171-223
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Understanding without Explanation: A Still Open Issue
Autorzy:
David-Rus, Richard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142959.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Filozofii
Tematy:
scientific understanding
understanding without explanation
Opis:
This paper takes a stance in the debate concerning scientific understanding. It claims that the case for a specific type of understanding, understanding without explanation (UwE), is still open, despite the tendency in the current literature that might suggest otherwise. The paper begins by situating the distinction between an explanatory and non-explanatory understanding in the debate on understanding by introducing Lipton’s account of UwE. The paper then discusses the significance of Lipton’s proposals for the debate and argues that Kelp’s interpretation does not exhaust the challenge they pose to any theory of understanding. The paper then examines the best articulated critique of Lipton’s account provided by Khalifa and rejects it as inadequate. It ends by sketching out a list of positive reasons that support the continued examination of UwE.
Źródło:
Filozofia Nauki; 2021, 29, 3; 89-106
1230-6894
2657-5868
Pojawia się w:
Filozofia Nauki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wyjaśnianie empiryczne a wyjaśnianie interpretacyjne działań politycznych
Empirical Explanation and Interpretive Explanation of Political Activities
Autorzy:
Czajowski, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195288.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
wyjaśnianie empiryczne
wyjaśnianie interpretacyjne
wyjaśnianie integralne
działania polityczne
naturalizm
antynaturalizm
wnioskowanie abdukcyjne / empirical explanation
interpretive explanation
integral explanation
political actions
naturalism
anti-naturalism
abductive reasoning
Opis:
Artykuł porządkuje kwestie dotyczące wyjaśniania zjawisk społecznych, przede wszystkim działań politycznych. W literaturze wymienia się trzy rodzaje wyjaśnień: wyjaśnienie przyczynowe, wyjaśnienie interpretacyjne (humanistyczne, rozumiejące) oraz wyjaśnienie integralne, łączące te dwa. Autor omawia rodzaje wyjaśniania, przy czym termin „wyjaśnianie przyczynowe” zastępuje terminem „wyjaśnianie empiryczne”. Następnie charakteryzuje działania polityczne i ich rezultaty jako przedmiot wyjaśniania. W ostatniej części, na dwóch przykładach analizuje praktykę wyjaśniania empirycznego i interpretacyjnego. W odniesieniu do przykładu wyjaśniania interpretacyjnego przywołuje wnioskowanie abdukcyjne, czyli wnioskowanie do najlepszego wyjaśnienia. W procesie interpretacji, przy braku niezbitych dowodów, nie da się potwierdzić prawdziwości żadnej z hipotez. Można je tylko uprawdopodabniać lub uatrakcyjniać. Biorąc pod uwagę niedoskonałości wyjaśniania empirycznego i interpretacyjnego, należy dążyć do stosowania ich komplementarnie.
The article arranges issues related to explaining social phenomena, primarily political activities. Three types of explanation are mentioned in the literature: a reason explanation, an interpretative explanation (humanistic, understanding) and an integral explanation combining these two. The author discusses the types of explanation, where he replaces the term “causal explanation” with the term “empirical explanation”. Then he characterizes political activities and their results as an object of explanation. In the last part, on two examples, he examines the practice of empirical and interpretive explanation. With reference to the example of interpretive explanation, he recalls abductive reasoning, i.e. inference to the best explanation. In the interpretation process, in the absence of irrefutable evidence, none of the hypotheses can be confirmed. They can only be enhanced or made more attractive. Considering the imperfections of empirical and interpretive explanation, one should strive to use them complementarily.
Źródło:
Teoria Polityki; 2020, 4; 43-60
2543-7046
2544-0845
Pojawia się w:
Teoria Polityki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O PEWNEJ PRÓBIE OBRONY WYJAŚNIANIA TELEOLOGICZNEGO
ABOUT AN ATTEMPT TO DEFENSE THE TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
Autorzy:
Wróblewski, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
teleologia
wyjaśnianie naukowe
wyjaśnianie teleologiczne
cele naukowe
antropomorfizm
teleology
scientific explanation
teleological explanation
scientific aims
anthropomorphism
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present the strategy of rehabilitation of the teleology in the conception of Robert Spaemann, Reinchard Löw and Hans Jonas. That strategy takes into account a few aspects: (1) the analysis of general conception of explanation in which the character of questions activating the process of explanation is taking into consideration, (2) the analysis of the conception of the teleological and causal explanations (according to the Hempel-Oppenheim model), (3) determination of the pragmatic background of the controversies concerning teleology, (4) determination of the domain and aims of teleological and causal interpretations.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja strategii rehabilitacji teleologii w ujęciu: Roberta Spaemanna, Reincharda Löwa oraz Hansa Jonasa. Strategia ta uwzględnia kilka aspektów: (1) analizę ogólnej koncepcji wyjaśniania, w której jest uwzględniony charakter pytań uruchamiających proces wyjaśniania, (2) analizę koncepcji wyjaśniania teleologicznego i przyczynowego (według modelu Hempla- Oppenheima) (3) określenie pragmatycznego tła sporu o teleologię, (4) określenie domeny i celów interpretacji teleologicznych i przyczynowych.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2012, 60, 4; 339-359
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Systemic Analysis of Politics in the Light of Reconstruction of Structural Functionalism of Jeffrey C. Alexander
Autorzy:
Nocoń, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2020077.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
political system
political analysis
functional explanation
Opis:
Applying systems analysis in political science research is still one of the important dimensions of political science methodology. Reconstruction of the functional model of the social system seems to be an attractive proposition for policy researchers. Signed by the name of Jeffrey Charles Alexander, the American version of neofunctionalism is one of the responses to the crisis of traditional forms of structural functionalism. The main purpose of the reconstruction of T. Parsons’s theory was its revitalization consisting in restoring the possibility of its application in contemporary social research. The reinterpretation of the classical approach was to a large extent “forced” by harsh criticism of the current approach and focused especially on attempts to overcome the limitations contained therein, which manifested in the impossibility of correlation of functional theorems with newly developing research currents Jeffrey Alexander restored relevance and emphasizes suitability for interpreting and explaining political processes and phenomena. Understanding the concept of functions and functional relations in the political environment allows for effective application in the analysis of contemporary political systems. Therefore, changing the method of functional analysis is a useful methodological tool in developing a political theory.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 3 (50); 7-20
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Four fundamental methodological problems of landscape geography
Autorzy:
Ostaszewska, Katarzyna
Mikulska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028870.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
physical geography
geoecology
landscape geography
methodology
explanation
Opis:
Fundamental methodological problems of geography as a science have been identified by Chojnicki (1999) in the following list: goal of research, separate character of research, expected results, and form of scientific explanation. This article presents methodological standpoints taken be landscape geographers towards the above problems, which proved to be as diverse as in the case of the human geography. The article highlights negative consequences of such state of affairs.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2004, 11; 13-17
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Intuitive explanations of mathematical ideas
Autorzy:
Pogonowski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1791043.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
mathematical intuition
understanding in mathematics
intuitive explanation
Opis:
This short note is devoted to the role played by intuitive explanations in mathematical education. We provide a few examples of such explanations. They are related to: verbal commentaries, perception, physical models. We recall also some examples of internal explanations, inside mathematics itself.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Mathematicae Pertinentia; 2018, 10; 123-137
2080-9751
2450-341X
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Mathematicae Pertinentia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przyczynek do krytyki statystyczno-relewantnego modelu wyjaśniania naukowego
The case for critique of statistical relevance model of scientific explanation
Autorzy:
Gorazda, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
Salmon Wesley
scientific explanation
statistical relevance model
Opis:
The statistical relevance model of scientific explanation was proposed by Wesley Salmon in 1971 as an interesting alternative to already existed models introduced by Hempel and supported by many other philosophers of science. The most important difference between the nomological models and statistical relevance model is that the latter tries not to use the very dubious term of 'law of nature'. The first part of the paper consists of the overview of the Salmon's model and of the main arguments which were raised by various authors against it. In the main part of the text all of those arguments which were meant to undermine the model are presented on an example taken from the economic practice. It is very popular among the economists and especially among valuation experts the so called 'statistical analysis of the market'. The main objective of the analysis is to discover all of the factors which influence the market value of the particular product, in other words to explain the market value of the product. The example was taken from the social science (economics) for purpose as one of the thesis in the paper is that, the SR model can work quite well in physics or chemistry, but it is dubious whether we can really deploy it in sciences which try to describe and explain the various phenomena of human activity and behavior. The final conclusions are: The practical deployment of the model in social sciences are problematic, as it is too idealistic and therefore it doesn't work properly. Against its initial presumption the model doesn't avoid the problem of laws of nature. Although the law of nature is not a required element of the explanans, it comes back at the stage of proposing the initial candidates for the relevant variables. The hypothesis on, which variables can be and which cannot be relevant to the explained phenomenon are constructed mostly according to the intuitively understood causal relationship founded on laws of nature. The important postulate of homogenous partition is in practice unachievable what causes that the explanation is bound with the enormous risk of a mistake. The risk is quantifiable and can be estimated, but the estimation is depended upon experience and intuition of a researcher.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2009, 45; 124-139
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Extending Cognitive Pragmatics: Social Mechanisms of Mind Transformation
Autorzy:
Żuromski, Daniel
Pacholik-Żuromska, Anita
Fedyniuk, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127718.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
Cognitive Pragmatics
mechanism-based explanation
transformation
metacognition
Opis:
In this article we propose an extended approach in terms of Cognitive Pragmatics (CP) to the explanation of the development of the higher cognitive processes. Therefore, we explain in terms of CP how linguistic and pre-linguistic social practices shape the mind. CP, as we understand it here presents a broader transdisciplinary position covering developmental psychology, primatology, comparative psychology, cultural psychology, anthropology and philosophy. We present an argumentation for the thesis that CP provides an explanation to the origins and developmental mechanisms of some of higher mental functions unique to humans. Thus, we want to extend the notion of CP beyond its standard definition by emphasizing the transformative component of communicative acts. In our approach, CP first and foremost examines the cognitive mechanisms underlying social pre-linguistic and linguistic communication. Secondly, it explores how this communication reorganizes and transforms cognitive abilities and processes. We would like to extend the tasks of CP as well, because its goal is to not only describe cognitive processes that enable communication, but also to explain the social mechanisms of transformation of mind and cognition. We provide an example of said mechanisms of development of higher cognitive functions through the account of metacognition.
Źródło:
Analiza i Egzystencja; 2022, 58; 65-91
1734-9923
2300-7621
Pojawia się w:
Analiza i Egzystencja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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