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Tytuł:
Spór o archipelagi na Morzu Południowochińskim a bezpieczeństwo Azji Wschodniej
the South China Sea Archipelagos Dispute and East Asian Security
Autorzy:
Modzelewski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
South China Sea
East Asian security
Opis:
The South China Sea archipelagos dispute, which concerns the four archipelagos - the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, influences East Asian security. There aren’t natural resources on islands, rocks, atolls, reefs, cays and shoals which constitute these archipelagos and in principle they cannot be inhabited. However, the four archipelagos are the subject of dispute and all parties use different arguments to substantiate their claims to these territories and make efforts to establish sovereignty over them. They take action which poses a threat to security of sea lanes of communication, freedom to flow and other parties« energy security, food security, ecology security and military security. Undetermined status of the disputed territories and - what is the most important - their economic and strategic importance creates a great number of threats to East Asian security. The Spratly Islands dispute is the most burning question, but efforts which have been made by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the Post-Cold War Era had some positive effects. The People’s Republic of China s attitude will be the key to solve the archipelagos problem in the future. Presently Beijing s attitude to- ward the Spratly Islands is not so implacable like it was in the middle of the 90. However, the People’s Republic of China didn’t resign to establish sovereignty over the whole archipelago.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 221-262
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bulldoze and rebuild: Modifying cratonic lithosphere via removal and replacement induced by continental subduction
Autorzy:
Meng, Lingtong
Chu, Yang
Lin, Wei
Mitchell, Ross N.
Zhao, Liang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202141.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
lithosphere
China
Opis:
Establishing the mechanisms for craton modification is critical for understanding cratonic stability and architecture. Both plate tectonics and mantle plumes can cause weakening, mechanical decoupling, and even lithospheric removal. But craton modification  – craton destruction accompanied or followed by craton rejuvenation  – has received less attention. It is well-known that oceanic subduction dominantly destroys cratonic lithosphere with replacement to a lesser degree, and mantle plumes have been related to both destruction and rejuvenation. The role of continental subduction in craton modification, however, remains a comparatively open question. The North China Craton, as a previously stable continent with a lithosphere of more than 200 km since the Paleoproterozoic, was reworked and substantially destroyed since the Mesozoic, with intensive destruction occurring in the Early Cretaceous. Earlier in the Mesozoic, North China Craton experienced a continent-continent collision (as the upper plate) with the South China Block, forming the Sulu orogenic belt, providing an opportunity to understand the potential for craton modification due to deep continental subduction In the North China craton, we report the presence of material (i.e., Yunshan unit) sourced from the underlying subducted plate. It is composed of foliated monzonitic granite and metamorphic sedimentary rocks that locally experienced crustal anatexis. Through detailed zircon U-Pb dating, it formed at latest Triassic (ca. 212 Ma). Importantly, the 800–700 Ma inherited zircons from the Yunshan foliated granite resemble those from the South China Block rather than the North China Craton. According to structural and magnetic data, the fabrics of the Yunshan foliated granite, characterized by gentle magnetic/mesoscopic foliations and conspicuous NW-SE-trending magnetic/mesoscopic lineations with a top-to-the-NW shearing. Its geometry, kinematics, and timing all compare favorably with the latest Triassic extensional structure accounting for the exhumation of the Sulu orogenic belt. We thus interpret the Yunshan unit to have been sourced from the subducted South China Block, then exhumed and emplaced into the overriding North China Craton (Fig. 1A). Combining our new results with previous geological and geophysical data, we argue that from 250–220 Ma a 200-km-long tract of North China Craton lithosphere was bulldozed by the subducted South China Block, resulting in a lithospheric suture far from the suture zone at the surface. This lithospheric removal occurred at mid-lower crustal levels (16–20 km depth)  – much shallower than previously thought possible. The bulldozed North China Craton lithosphere was simultaneously replaced by the reworked underlying South China Block plate. Such a “bulldoze and rebuild” lithospheric modification process minimized asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction, thus preventing the North China Craton from further modification (Fig. 1B–1D). Because there was essentially no net loss of lithosphere during deep continental subduction, the North China Craton largely maintained its stability for the time and did not suffer intensive destruction until later Early Cretaceous palaeo-Pacific oceanic subduction. This “bulldoze and rebuild” model can thus account for how a craton can maintain its stability during a collision with another continental plate.
Źródło:
Geotourism / Geoturystyka; 2023, 1-2 (72-73); 47--48
1731-0830
Pojawia się w:
Geotourism / Geoturystyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modernizacja Sił Zbrojnych Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej
Chinese Military Modernization
Autorzy:
Adamiec, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566782.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
Army
Opis:
It is beyond doubt that contemporary China is a superpower in many aspects. China's economic growth has been increasing for many years now, some experts say that is also becoming a military superpower that may soon dominate the world and challenge America. Is this true? My task will be to answer this question during my research through comprehensive analysis of all basic areas connected with the power of the modern army. My research shows the changes that took place in the Chinese army throughout the last decade: ranging from changes in the officer corp, through changes affecting the army as a whole, to changes that are directly connected with the approach to a common soldier. My research is especially focused on analyzing the technological revolution that took place in the PLA over the last few years in the fields of army, air forces, as well as marine and strategic forces. Moreover, my goal was to compare all the mentioned changes with the trends that one can observe worldwide. All this gives the opportunity to build a correct view of the actual PLA potential, which in fact is still quite low, in spite of all the fast modernization. It seems that the PLA still remains a «paper tiger» that will not be able to threat the global position of the US, at least over next decade.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Authoritarian Advance or Creating Room for Manoeuvre? The Case of Hungarys China Policy
Autorzy:
Salát, Gergely
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2092260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
China-CEE
Opis:
Hungary is one of the most active proponents of cooperation with China in Europe. Sino-Hungarian political relations are thriving and Hungary participates enthusiastically in activities related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 17+1, and other Chinese initiatives. Hungary is regularly pictured in Western media as an advocate of Chinese interests and a Trojan Horse for China in the old continent. The Chinese influence in Hungary, however, is overestimated, and data shows that China plays a very limited role in Hungarian affairs. It is true that Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's government frequently makes friendly gestures towards China, but this reflects the ambitions and calculations of the Hungarian side more than China's efforts to build up influence. This article discusses the context, the motivations, and the aims of Hungary with regard to China and the BRI in order to assess the real impact of Chinese ties with the country.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2020, 56, 2; 125-143
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Subnational actors in the relations between China and Central and Eastern European countries
Autorzy:
Gu, Hongfei
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041597.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
China-CEE Relations
Local Government
China-Poland Relations
Opis:
While much discussion centres on China’s engagement with Central and Eastern European countries, few studies investigate the role of subnational actors in the relations between the two sides. This paper brings China’s cooperation with Central and Eastern European (CEECs) countries, centred around what is popularly known as the “16 + 1” mechanism. It aims to unravel the link between local governments and the “16 + 1” cooperation mechanism. Local governments’ external cooperation is a new attempt in China’s diplomatic layout. It argues that the exchanges between local governments are a useful supplement to the in-depth cooperation between the two sides, and the cooperation between the two sides has formed a relatively stable pattern. At present, it has entered the stage of an in-depth integration focusing on optimization and upgrading. The further development of local cooperation mainly depends on whether it can play a sufficient leading role in the economic development of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Źródło:
Eastern Review; 2019, 8; 101-121
1427-9657
2451-2567
Pojawia się w:
Eastern Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chinas Regional Policy and the Influence of the EU Assistance
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623735.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-09-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
China regional development
EU development aid
EU-China Regional Policy Dialogue
EU projects in China
Opis:
Firstly, a short outlook has been given on regional inequalities in China. Secondly, the EU assistance programmes and sectoral dialogue have been analysed. Finally, the major research problem - what are the limitations of the EU's assistance influence on China - has been investigated.
Źródło:
European Spatial Research and Policy; 2009, 16, 1
1231-1952
1896-1525
Pojawia się w:
European Spatial Research and Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Deterrence, resilience, and engagement: Tokyo’s response to the Ukraine war and Russia-China alignment
Autorzy:
Nagy, Stephen
Nguyen, Hanh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
The Ukraine invasion
Japan
Russia
China
Russia-China alignment
Opis:
Russia’s unprovoked attack against Ukraine entails significant implications to Japan’s security and its surrounding environment. How is Japan responding to Russia’s use of force? What are the drivers of its responses? This case study examines official speeches by Japanese leaders and government senior officials, government announcements, opinion polls, and analyses by Japan experts to understand Tokyo’s perceptions and responses to Moscow’s military attack against Kiev. Seen from Tokyo, the invasion of Ukraine is not only an attack against the rules-based international order but also a manifestation of Japan’s security concerns regarding China’s growing military capabilities and closer Russia-China alignment, especially the potential use of military force to change the Indo-Pacific region’s power balance. This article also finds that Tokyo’s response to Russia-China alignment and the Ukraine invasion continues to be wedded to an approach is characterized by a mixture of engagement, resilience, and deterrence, aiming at both Russia and the growing Russia-China alignment.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2022, 58; 180-198
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Learning and Teaching Opportunities of Ethnic Minorities in Multicultural China. Unity, Diversity or Critical Pluralism?
Autorzy:
Mańkowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/644946.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
minority education
China
school in China
religion
language
minzu
Opis:
This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations.
Źródło:
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2019, 15, 1; 69-81
2300-0422
Pojawia się w:
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
China in the South China Sea. Can China’s presence in the South China Sea lead to war?
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
the South China Sea
China
competition
navy
naval forces
Opis:
China has been expanding its presence on the South China Sea, which causes tensions in the region. However, when different aspects of the situation are analysed, an open armed conflict seems hardly possible. Looking at China’s activity in this body of water, it appears the Chinese state strives to safeguard its interests, primarily the economic ones, nonetheless it should be emphasized that it pursues its superpower ambitions at the same time.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2018, 9; 15-29
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Potencjały informatyczne Republiki Indii i Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej - Próba porównania
Autorzy:
Dawidowski, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567066.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
India
IT
Opis:
Information Technology (IT) Potentials of the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China - Comparative Analysis
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2010, 11 - Chiny i państwa azjatyckie - karty z historii i wyzwania współczesności; 349-370
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strategia regionalna Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej
Chinese Regional Stategy
Autorzy:
Sokala, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566824.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
Regional strategy
Opis:
With a staggering growth of Chinese economy seeming a permanent feature of the years to come, the question of enhancement of the People’s Republic of China regional posture and its influence over the whole international system is becoming one of the major challenges of our time. In recent years many notable authors have observed a success of Chinese official’s efforts to improve the relations with the neighbours and all the major world powers. Starting from the role played by China in the regional security architecture of East Asia and its historical background, this paper analyses the latest developments in Chinese policy towards the region in the broader context and tries to identify the China's strategy and its potential risks and benefits for the international community. The author argues that in spite of potential drawbacks the process of gradual integration of PRC into the existing world order have moved dramatically ahead and tries to explain the intentions hidden behind Beijing's regional and global political initiatives.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 15-46
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reappraisal of the Changning-Menglian Belt as a Suture Zone for the Tethys in Western Yunnan, China: Late Paleozoic faunal and sedimentary evidence
Autorzy:
Huang, Hao
Zeng, Jianbing
Jin, Xiaochi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202111.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
Tethys
China
Paleozoic
Opis:
The Changning-Menglian Belt in western Yunnan, China has long been considered a major Tethyan suture in SE Asia, based mainly on fragmented Paleozoic ophiolites, slices of Devonian-Triassic radiolarian cherts and possible seamount limestones of Permo-Carboniferous age (Fig. 1). However, some students also argued for a setting of passive continental margin for this belt and a cryptic suture further east representing the vanished Tethyan Ocean (Ridd, 2015). To evaluate this hypothesis, we have been studying late Paleozoic strata and fusulinids in this belt for years. We recently collected late Carboniferous to Middle Permian fusulinids from various sections in this belt, including ascendingly Triticites assemblage, Sphaeroschwagerina sphaerica assemblage, Eoparafusulina assemblage, Chalaroschwagerina solita assemblage and Neoschwagerina assemblage. Further comparison reveals that the fusulinid taxonomy in this belt still differs from that in S China. For instance, the Early Permian fusulinids in this belt generally lack Pseudoschwagerina, a typical Cathaysian element. Moreover, quantitative analysis (Rarefaction) confirms that the generic diversity in this belt remains lower than in S China. These results supports that a substantial portion of the Permo-Carboniferous limestones in this belt originated from seamounts located far from the northern Gondwana margin, meanwhile slightly south of the equatorial region, also considering the couplet of carbonates and underlying basalts (OIB type). Furthermore, petrographic and geochemical analyses of the Carboniferous siliciclastic Nanduan Formation demonstrate a mature continental provenance and two peaks of detrital zircon ages (ca. 950 Ma and ca. 550 Ma) (Zheng et al., 2019). Notably, these two peaks are also shared by metasedimentary rocks (e.g., the Ximeng and Lancang Groups) widespread in this belt as well as peri-Gondwana blocks. These data suggest that the Paleozoic siliciclastics covering this belt’s eastern and western parts were derived from the Gondwana margin. Therefore, significant siliciclastic inputs from the Gondwana margin over much of this belt contradict the implied vast Paleozoic ocean in this belt. In contrast, the siliciclastic Nanpihe Group (Devonian-early Carboniferous) in the central part demonstrates a detritus source from continental arcs and clusters of detrital zircon ages of ca. 435 Ma and ca. 950 Ma, which correlates well to Silurian magmatism in the Simao and S China blocks. In conclusion, we propose that the Changning-Menglian Belt was part of the passive continental margin on the eastern flank of the Baoshan-Shan Block during the late Paleozoic, while and tectonostratigraphic slices of seamount limestones, Nanpihe Formation or even ophiolites are allochthonous and were displaced to their present position during the Late Triassic closure of the Tethys.
Źródło:
Geotourism / Geoturystyka; 2023, 1-2 (72-73); 27--28
1731-0830
Pojawia się w:
Geotourism / Geoturystyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania sinologiczne oraz studia nad konfucjanizmem i taoizmem w Polsce
Sinological Research with Confucianism and Taoism Studies in Poland
Autorzy:
Sakowicz, Eugeniusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06-01
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum
Tematy:
Chiny
globalizacją
„made in China”
taoizm
konfucjanizm
sinologia
China
globalisation
“Made in China”
Taoism
Confucianism
sinology
Opis:
Cywilizacja chińska szczyci się dostojną historią i bezprecedensowym wkładem w dzieje świata. Katalog wynalazków made in China jest imponujący. Jaki jest wkład polskich badaczy w opisywanie Chin? Autor opracowania koncentruje się na drugiej połowie XX wieku i na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Celem prezentacji jest zwrócenie uwagi na Chiny będące przedmiotem prac naukowo-badawczych, działalności dydaktyczno-pedagogicznej w polskich uniwersytetach oraz przez wybranych uczonych. W punkcie pierwszym, który ma charakter wprowadzenia, autor uzasadnia, na jaki sposób „dzisiaj Chiny są wszędzie”. W drugim punkcie omawia zinstytucjonalizowane (uniwersyteckie) badania nad chińską cywilizacją, kulturą, historią, językiem. W trzecim punkcie prezentuje syntetycznie polskie studia nad konfucjanizmem i taoizmem. Punkt czwarty stanowi podsumowanie opracowania; autor wskazuje też kolejne pola badawcze. Opracowanie – oparte na aktualnych danych (do lipca 2013 roku) – uświadamia niebanalny wkład polskich naukowców w badania sinologiczne. Dzięki nim możemy interpretować obecność Kraju Środka w globalnej przestrzeni kulturowej według kryteriów wolnych od banalnych stereotypów marketingowych.
The Chinese civilisation takes pride in a dignified history and unprecedented contribution to the history of the world. The catalogue of inventions labelled made in China is impressive. What is the contribution of Polish researchers in describing China? The present author focuses on the second half of the 20th century and on the turn of the 21st century. The aim of the presentation is to draw the readers’ attention to China as a subject of scientific research, to the teaching and educational activities in Polish universities and by some scholars. In the first part, which is an introduction, the author justifies on how “China is everywhere today.” The second part discusses the formal (university-connected) studies of Chinese civilisation, culture, history, and language. In the third part, the author synthetically presents Polish studies of Confucianism and Taoism. The fourth part is a summary of the article; the author also points out to other research fields. The article – based on current data (till July 2013) – makes the readers aware of Polish scientists’ remarkable contribution in sinological research. Due to them, we can interpret the presence of the Middle Kingdom in the global cultural space according to the criteria that are free from banal marketing stereotypes.
Źródło:
Nurt SVD; 2014, 1; 355-369
1233-9717
Pojawia się w:
Nurt SVD
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An enigmatic, possibly chemosymbiotic, hexactinellid sponge from the early Cambrian of South China
Autorzy:
Botting, J.P.
Muir, L.A.
Li, X.-F.
Lin, J.-P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
Tematy:
Porifera
Hexactinellida
symbiosis
chemosynthesis
Early Cambrian
South China
Cambrian
China
Opis:
Six specimens of a strongly curved, cylindrical hexactinellid sponge have been recovered from the Tommotian– Atdabanian Hetang Biota of South China, and are described as Decumbispongia yuani gen. et sp. nov. The robust, thick−walled sponge shows no evidence of an osculum or basal structures, and the body form is inconsistent with an upright, filter−feeding life position. Interpretations as a detritivore feeding by amoeboid extensions, or as a facultative chemosynthetic symbiosis of sponge and bacteria are considered. The latter interpretation is preferred due to the highly constrained body shape, and the body form is interpreted from this perspective. The species indicates that Cambrian sponges occupied at least some autecological niches that appear to have been vacant since that time.
Źródło:
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2013, 58, 3
0567-7920
Pojawia się w:
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EU’s Perceptions in China: Teacher, Co-operator, Competitor and Troublemaker
Autorzy:
Zuotao, Xiang
Wengang, Ji
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091805.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-25
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
China
EU
perception
foreign policy
EU–China relations
cooperation
competition
Opis:
Chinese people have four different perceptions of the European Union (EU): of a teacher, co-operator, competitor, and troublemaker. ‘Teacher’ means that the EU is the role model for China. Nowadays, the EU is a major destination for Chinese overseas students as well as one of the destinations where Chinese officials spend their overseas investigation trips. ‘Co-operator’ means the EU and China are partners rather than opponents. The cooperation between the EU and China is diversified and China shows a stronger intention to cooperate with the EU. In the economic field, the EU has become the largest trading partner of China, while China has been the second largest trading partner of the EU. China expects to coordinate and cooperate with the EU in matters concerning global affairs and local hot issues such as climate change, the fight against terrorism, resource and food safety protection, and the facilitation of international financial system reforms and global governance to improve each other’s right of speech in global governance. ‘Competitor’ means that the EU and China should compete against each other fairly in all fields, especially in the economic field, and meanwhile seize the market by dint of technical and price advantages rather than governmental intervention. ‘Troublemaker’ means that the EU often criticizes China’s inadequate efforts in the field of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, requiring China to establish a diversified society in accordance with EU values.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2015, 51, 1; 93-106
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 1040

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