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Wyszukujesz frazę "AZ91 alloy" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Investigation of Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable AZ91 Alloy Produced by Cold Chamber High Pressure Casting Method
Autorzy:
Urtekin, Levent
Arslan, Recep
Bozkurt, Fatih
Er, Ümit
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
die casting
AZ91 magnesium alloy
cold chamber high pressure casting method
mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy
wear of AZ91 alloy
tribological properties of AZ91 alloy
Opis:
In this study, AZ91 Magnesium alloy is produced by cold chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) method. Different combinations of the cold chamber HPDC process parameters were selected as; in-mold pressure values of 1000 bar and 1200 bar, the gate speed of 30 m/s and 45 m/s, the casting temperatures of 640°C and 680°C. In addition, the test samples were produced by conventional casting method. Tensile test, hardness test, dry sliding wear test and microstructure analysis of samples were performed. The mechanical properties of the samples produced by the cold chamber HPDC and the conventional casting method were compared. Using these parameters; the casting temperature 680°C, in-mold pressure 1000 bar and the gate speed 30 m/s, the highest tensile strength and the hardness value were obtained. Since the cooling rate in the conventional casting method is slower than that of the cold chamber HPDC method, high mechanical properties are obtained by the formation of a fine-grained structure in the cold chamber HPDC method. In dry sliding wear tests, it was observed that there was a decrease in friction coefficient and less material loss with the increase of hardness values of the sample produced by the cold chamber HPDC method.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 1; 205-216
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AZ91 Laser Welded Joint
Autorzy:
Dziadoń, Andrzej
Musiał, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106559.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 alloy
laser welding
heat treatment after welding
Opis:
Plates of AZ91 magnesium alloy were butt-welded using a CO2 laser. The non-equilibrium solidification of the laser-melted metal caused fragmentation of the weld microstructure as well as the supersaturation of a solid solution of aluminium in magnesium, which enabled the T5 ageing of the weld. The weld proved to be a mechanically stable part of the joint; all the tensile-tested specimens, both as-welded and post-weld T5 aged, fractured outside it. During the ageing of the supersaturated joint, which involved heat treating it to the T6 condition, the weld was the region where discontinuous precipitation was observed and this was the location of fracture in the tensile specimens. Thus, the strength properties of welded, supersaturated and aged AZ91 were much worse than when the non-welded material was T6 tempered.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 2; 435--440
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dependence of Room Temperature Tensile Properties on Volume Fraction of Discontinuous Precipitates in Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Jun, Joong-Hwan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351338.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
discontinuous precipitates
microstructure
AZ91 alloy
aging
tensile properties
Opis:
The objective of this study was to investigate the dependence of the room temperature tensile properties on the volume fraction of discontinuous precipitates (DPs) in a cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. In order to obtain various volume fractions of DPs, the solution-treated alloy was aged at 428 K for up to 48 h. The volume fraction of DPs increased from 0% to 72% with an increase in the aging time up to 24 h; for aging times longer than 24 h, discontinuous precipitation was substantially inhibited owing to the occurrence of significant continuous precipitation within the α-(Mg) grains. YS and UTS of the alloy increased with the volume fraction of DPs, whereas the elongation showed a reverse trend. A relatively rapid change in the tensile properties with increasing volume fraction of DPs up to ~40% was noted, which would be due to the reduction of the effective α grain size in response to the formation of DPs along the grain boundaries.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 3; 1183-1186
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Gas Pressure on Powder Size and Morphology in The Production of AZ91 Powder by Gas Atomization Method
Autorzy:
Akkaş, M.
Çetin, T.
Boz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351517.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
gas atomization
AZ91 alloy powder
gas pressure
powder morphology
Opis:
In this study, the effect of gas pressure on the shape and size of the AZ91 alloy powder produced by using the gas atomization method was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at 820°C constant temperature in 2-mm nozzle diameter and by applying 4 different gas pressures (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 MPa). Argon gas was used to atomize the melt. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the shape of produced AZ91 powders, XRD, XRF and SEM-EDX analysis to determine the phases forming in the internal structures of the produced powders and the percentages of these phases and a laser measuring device for powder size analysis were used. Hardness tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the produced powders. The general appearances of AZ91 alloy powders produced had general appearances of ligament, acicular, droplet, flake and spherical shape, but depending on the increase in gas pressure, the shape of the powders is seen to change mostly towards flake and spherical. It is determined that the finest powder was obtained at 820°C with 2 mm nozzle diameter at 3.5 MPa gas pressure and the powders had complex shapes in general.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 4; 1587-1594
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Solution Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Cast AZ91-(Ca) Alloys
Autorzy:
Jun, Joong-Hwan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356249.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 alloy
calcium
mechanical properties
microstructure
solution heat treatment
Opis:
Effects of solution treatment on room temperature mechanical properties were studied in cast AZ91 (Mg-9%Al-1%Zn-0.2%Mn) and AZ91-0.5%Ca alloys. In as-cast state, the Ca addition contributed to the suppression of discontinuous β phase precipitation and the formation of Al2 Ca phase. After solution treatment, the AZ91 alloy had only a small amount of Al8 Mn5 particles, while β and Al2 Ca phases were still present in the Ca-containing alloy. In as-cast state, the AZ91-0.5%Ca alloy showed better yield strength and hardness than the AZ91 alloy. The solution treatment increased the elongation in both alloys, which eventually led to the increase in ultimate tensile strength. The solution treatment resulted in a marked decrease in yield strength and hardness in the AZ91 alloy, whereas the decrements in those values were relatively negligible in the Ca-containing alloy due to the residual phases and solution hardening effect of Ca.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 1; 265-269
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Non-Equilibrium Solidification on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of AZ91 Alloy
Autorzy:
Dziadoń, A.
Bucki, T.
Porzucek, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 alloy
microstructure
mechanical properties
heat treatment
Stop AZ91
mikrostruktura
właściwości mechaniczne
obróbka cieplna
Opis:
AZ91 alloy was cast in a steel mould pre-exposed to three different temperatures: -196 ºC, 20 ºC and 650 ºC. The aim of the study was to determine the difference in the microstructure and mechanical properties between the castings formed in a cold mould and those solidifying under near-equilibrium conditions in a mould pre-heated to 650 ºC. Solidification at a low temperature led to dispersion of the structure elements as well as supersaturation of the solid solution of aluminium in magnesium. The heat treatment results indicate that the alloy solidified in the mould pre-exposed to 20 ºC can be successfully aged (heat treated to the T5 temper). It was found that the effect of the ageing process (T5 temper) was greater than the effect of the microstructure fragmentation, which was due to rapid solidification. The ageing results were assessed by comparing the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 brought to the T5 condition with those obtained for the material in the T6 condition.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 3; 120-125
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of Output Responses during EDM of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using Grey Relational Analysis and TOPSIS
Autorzy:
Tajdeen, A.
Megalingam, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 magnesium alloy
EDM
TOPSiS
GRA
ANOVA
Opis:
Unconventional machining of magnesium alloys through die sinking and Wire electrical discharge Machining (WEDM) processes are preferred over conventional machining processes to overcome the rapid loss in strength and affinity that occurs with tool materials at high temperatures. in the present study, AZ91 magnesium alloy is machined in EDM using a prepared alloy tool (copper alloyed with titanium diboride). Based on Taguchi’s l27 orthogonal array, a total of 27 experiments have been conducted by varying the process parameters such as pulse on time (Ton), gap voltage (Vg) and current (Ip) with three different levels. Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity to ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) have been applied to optimize the response parameters of EDM to obtain maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) and minimum Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Surface Roughness (SR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out based on F-test at a confidence interval of 95% to confirm the significant influence of individual parameters. From the above two optimization techniques, the obtained optimal values are current 15 A, gap voltage 55 V, pulse on time 30 μs and an error of less than 5% is observed from the confirmation experiments. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed that there is no formation of cracks but micro pits and holes are observed.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 4; 1105-1113
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structure and Mechanical Properties of the CO2 Laser Welded Joint of AZ91 Cast
Autorzy:
Dziadoń, A.
Musiał, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/947599.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 alloy
laser welding
porosity
microstructure
mechanical properties
stop AZ91
spawanie laserowe
porowatość
mikrostruktura
właściwości mechaniczne
Opis:
Plates of AZ91 cast magnesium alloy with a thickness of 3.5 mm were butt-welded using a laser power of 2000 W and helium as the shielding gas. The effect of the welding speed on the weld cross-sectional geometry and porosity was determined by microscopic analysis. It was found that to avoid the formation of macropores, welding should be carried out at a speed of 3.4 m/min or higher. Non-equilibrium solidification of the laser-melted metal causes fragmentation of the weld microstructure. Joints that were welded at optimal laser processing parameters were subjected to structural observations using optical and scanning microscopy and to mechanical tests. The mechanical properties were determined through Vickers hardness measurements in the joint cross-section and through tensile testing. The results indicate that the hardness in the fusion zone was about 20 HV (30%) higher than that of the base material. The weld proved to be a mechanically stable part of the joint; all the tensile-tested specimens fractured outside the fusion zone.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2020, 20, 3; 9-14
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using Electrochemical Noise Technique to Evaluate the Corrosion Performance of a Reinforcement Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Gobara, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/412023.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
EN
Composite materials
corrosion
AZ91D alloy
Harrison solutions
Opis:
AZ91D magnesium alloy was reinforced by titanium and boron carbides under an inert environment using in-situ reactive infiltration technique. The corrosion properties of the reinforced magnesium alloy were investigated using Electrochemical noise (EN) techniques in dilute Harrison solutions. The moving average removal (MAR) method was used as trend removal methods. The frequency of pitting events (ƒn) and the average charge in each pitting events (q) were calculated for each EN measurements. EN results shows that the addition of reinforcement improved the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy (R-Mg) and no signs of corrosion were observed during 10 days of immersion in the corrosive solution.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2015, 40; 61-72
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Surface modification of AZ91 magnesium alloy using GTAW technology
Autorzy:
Iwaszko, J.
Strzelecka, M.
Kudła, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/201803.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
remelting treatment
GTAW technology
AZ91 magnesium alloy
przetapianie
technologia GTAW
stop magnezu AZ91
Opis:
In this study, surface remelting treatment of the AZ91 magnesium alloy by means of welding using a non-consumable electrode in an inert gas shield was carried out. Three variants of surface treatment were used, i.e. the single torch variant with a single heat source without cooling down the samples, the single torch variant with a single heat source and a cooling system with liquid nitrogen, and the double welding torch variant with a double heat source in the torches operating in a tandem configuration. Experimental verification of the applied apparatus solutions was based on both macro- and microstructural assessment of the obtained effects. Comparative analysis of the variants used and the obtained microstructural results allowed the authors to indicate the deficiencies and limitations of particular solutions and to single out the best solution that would be useful for modifying the surface layers of magnesium alloys, as well as other materials having a strong oxygen affinity.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2017, 65, 6; 917-926
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
High Temperature Mechanical Properties of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Weld Joint
Autorzy:
Stopyra, M.
Adamiec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382357.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
mechanical properties
AZ91 magnesium alloy
welding method
właściwości mechaniczne
stop magnezu AZ91
metoda spawania
Opis:
Magnesium alloys are widely applied in aircraft and automotive industry, due to their low density and high specific strength. Welding methods can be used to join Mg alloy elements and to repair or regenerate defective or worn-out castings. Therefore the influence of weld joint’s microstructure on mechanical properties needs to be studied. In present paper high temperature mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy weld joint was investigated. Tensile tests were conducted in temperature range between 20 and 200°C. Ultimate tensile strength decreased as the temperature increased from 50°C. At temperature up to 150°C rapture occurred in the base metal, at 200°C rupture location switched to the weld fusion zone. Based on metallographic and fractographic observation, the fracture mechanism was described. Macro crack formed from the merger of micro cracks occurring at massive β phase precipitates.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 1 spec.; 181-184
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formation of Structure and Properties in Casting Processes on the Example of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Augustyn, B.
Szymanek, M.
Kapinos, D.
Boczkal, S.
Korczak, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383152.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
innovative foundry technologies
innovative foundry materials
magnesium alloy
AZ91 alloy
RS process
mechanical properties
innowacyjne technologie odlewnicze
innowacyjne materiały odlewnicze
stop magnezu
stop AZ91
właściwości mechaniczne
Opis:
Contemporary materials engineering requires the use of materials characterised by high mechanical properties, as these precisely properties determine the choice of material for parts of machinery and equipment. Owing to these properties it is possible to reduce the weight and, consequently, the consumption of both material and energy. Trying to meet these expectations, the designers are increasingly looking for solutions in the application of magnesium alloys as materials offering a very beneficial strength-to-weight ratio. However, besides alloying elements, the properties are to a great extent shaped by the solidification conditions and related structure. The process of structure formation depends on the choice of casting method forced by the specific properties of casting or by the specific intended use of final product. The article presents a comparison of AZ91 magnesium alloys processed by different casting technologies. A short characteristic was offered for materials processed by the traditional semi-continuous casting process, which uses the solidification rates comprised in a range of 5 - 20⁰C/s, and for materials made in the process of Rapid Solidification, where the solidification rate can reach 106⁰C/s. As a result of the casting process, a feedstock in the form of billets and thin strips was obtained and was subjected next to the process of plastic forming. The article presents the results of structural analysis of the final product. The mechanical properties of the ø7 mm extruded rods were also evaluated and compared.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 2; 43-48
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aluminosilcate glass cenospheres as a component of cast magnesium matrix composites
Autorzy:
Kamieniak, J.
Żydek, A.
Braszczyńska-Malik, K. N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382002.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 magnesium alloy
aluminosilicate cenospheres
metal matrix composite
stop magnezu AZ91
mikrosfera glinokrzemianowa
kompozyt metalowy
Opis:
The main characteristic of aluminosilicate glass cenospheres and their possible use as a component of magnesium matrix composites were presented. The results revealed that particular parts of cenospheres differ insignificantly from each other and it depends on which power plant cenospheres come from. The characteristic of cenospheres concerned their structure and phase composition and dimensions such as: wall thickness and size of pores occurring in walls, depending on cenospheres origin. Thickness of cenospheres walls and pore size were measured by using ImageJ computer software. The structure of aluminosilicate glass cenospheres and their phase composition have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The possibility of cenospheres utilization in the fabrication of magnesium matrix composites was presented on the example of AZ91 magnesium alloy composite with fly ash cenospheres. Composite was fabricated by pressure infiltration method.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2011, 11, 2 spec.; 109-112
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of process temperature on AZ91 matrix microstructure of composites with aluminosilicate glass cenospheres
Autorzy:
Kamieniak, J.
Żydek, A.
Braszczyńska-Malik, K. N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380096.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 magnesium alloy
metal matrix composite
glass cenosphere
stop magnezu AZ91
kompozyt metalowy
cenosfera
Opis:
AZ91 magnesium alloy matrix composites with aluminosilicate glass cenospheres were fabricated successfully by the pressure infiltration method. Different parameters of the fabrication process, such as temperature of the mould and temperature of cenospheres were used. Influence of the temperature variation of particular parameters on the microstructure has been investigated. The microstructure of AZ91 magnesium alloy and fabricated composites have been investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that AZ91 magnesium alloy consists of α-Mg matrix and eutectic α-Mg17Al12 and a small amount of discontinuous precipitates of γ phase. The microstructure of matrix AZ91 in fabricated composites is characterized also by the presence of α-Mg matrix and eutectic α-Mg17Al12. However, in the composite fabricated by using the mould heated to 500 °C more discontinuous precipitates of γ phase were observed.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2011, 11, 3 spec.; 107-110
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigations on the Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of Different WC-Based Cermet Coatings Deposited by High Velocity Oxy Fuel Process onto Magnesium Alloy Substrate
Autorzy:
Jonda, Ewa
Łatka, Leszek
Maciej, Artur
Khozhanov, Aleksandr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2201928.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
AZ91 magnesium alloy
HVOF
thermal spraying
metal matrix composite coatings
microstructure
electrochemical corrosion
Opis:
In the field of surface engineering, thermal spraying is very wide adopted in many branches of the industry. The main reasons of such situation are its flexibility as well as cost effectiveness. Among others, High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) technique is dedicated for spraying hardmetal and cermet coatings, especially for wear- and corrosion resistance. Such type of coating could be a promising candidate as protective layer for magnesium alloys elements. These materials need a strong improvement in the corrosion protection as well as on the field of wear resistance in order to be widely used in the industry. In this work, different WC-based coatings, namely: (i) WC-Co, (ii) WC-Co-Cr and (iii) WC-Cr3C2-Ni manufactured by HVOF spraying, were investigated. The form of all feedstock materials was agglomerated and sintered powder. All coatings were sprayed with the same technological parameters, especially spray distance which was equal to 400 mm on the AZ91 magnesium alloy substrate. The main aim of the studies was to investigate the influence of the powder material on the corrosion resistance of obtained coatings. The manufactured coatings were examined in terms of its microstructure, using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and corrosion performance, which was assessed in the electrochemical corrosion investigations in 3.5% NaCl solution by Tafel method. The study showed that the corrosion resistance increasing in such order: AZ91 < WC-Cr3C2-Ni < WC-Co < WC-Co-Cr. It should be stressed that WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating exhibits very low corrosion performance, which could be effected by relatively high porosity (c.a. 3 vol.%) and because of that the more complex composition promotes creation of many corrosion cells.
Źródło:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal; 2023, 17, 2; 25--35
2299-8624
Pojawia się w:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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