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Tytuł:
Kopolimery akrylowe skrobi otrzymywane metodą reaktywnego wytłaczania
Starch graft acrylate copolymers obtained by reactive extrusion
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/277914.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Inżynierii Materiałów Polimerowych i Barwników
Tematy:
wytłaczanie reaktywne
akryloamid
kwas akrylowy
skrobia ziemniaczana
kopolimery skrobi
reactive extrusion
acrylamide
acrylic acid
potato starch
starch copolymers
Opis:
W pracy opisano otrzymanie kopolimerów skrobia-g-poli(akryloamid-co-kwas akrylowy) metodą reaktywnego wytłaczania przy stałej prędkości obrotowej ślimaków - 90 obr./min. Jako inicjator reakcji zastosowano AAPH [dichlorowodorek 2,2’-azodi(2-amidyniopropanu] oraz trzy środki sieciujące: N,N’-metylenobisakryloamid (MBA), mieszaninę tri- i tetraakrylanu pentaerytrytu (PETIA ) oraz akrylowy związek wielofunkcyjny o nazwie handlowej EBECRYL 40. Przedstawiono parametry pracy wytłaczarki oraz wpływ użytych środków sieciujących na wodochłonność wytłoczy i ich wygląd. Charakterystykę fizykochemiczną otrzymanych kopolimerów szczepionych skrobi przeprowadzono metodą spektroskopii w podczerwieni i skaningowej kalorymetrii różnicowej. Otrzymane kopolimery szczepione skrobi posiadają zdolność absorbowania wody; zdolne są do 10-krotnego powiększenia swojej masy w porównaniu do masy wyjściowej absorbenta. Najlepszym środkiem sieciującym dla testowanych akrylowych kopolimerów skrobi okazała się PETIA.
The work describes starch-g-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) copolymers obtained during the reactive extrusion processes with constant extrusion screw speed rotation - 90 rpm. 2.2’-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used as a reaction initiator and three crosslinking agents were applied: N’N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), mixture of pentaerythritol tetracrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETIA ) and acrylic multifunctional compound trade name EBECRYL 40. The parameters of the extruder during reaction and the impact of used crosslinking agents for water absorption of starch copolymers and their appearance have been shown. Physicochemical characteristics of the starch graft copolymer have been done by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The starch grafted copolymers have the ability to absorb water; they are capable of a 10-fold increase their weight compared to the initial absorbent mass. The best crosslinking agent for the tested starch graft acrylate copolymers has been proved PETIA.
Źródło:
Przetwórstwo Tworzyw; 2017, T. 23, Nr 1 (175), 1 (175); 46-52
1429-0472
Pojawia się w:
Przetwórstwo Tworzyw
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Flocculation efficiency of hybrid polymers with trivalent metal cations
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/779472.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
polyacrylamide copolymers
starch
hybrid polymers
trivalent metal cations
flocculants
Opis:
Acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymers (AAm/AA) have been synthesized by microemulsion polymerization in absence and presence of trivalent cations Al+3  and Fe+3 . Starch materials were obtained by introducing cations Al+3  and Fe+3 , in the form of aqueous solutions of sulphates(VI) (modif. starch/Me+3 ), into the oxidized starch (modif. starch). The flocculation performance of obtained polyacrylamide copolymers and the one based on the natural polymer was compared with the performance of the commercial AAm/AA flocculant (CF). All materials were characterized by capillary viscometry, FTIR and DSC methods. An aqueous suspension of talc was used for the flocculation studies. The flocculation effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of reduction of suspension extinction and the sludge volume. It was found that synthesized AAm/AA/Me+3  copolymers and modif. starch/Me+3  materials exhibit better flocculation properties for a model talc suspension than a commercially available floculant.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2018, 20, 4; 96-101
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ rodzaju środka sieciującego na szczepione kopolimery akryloamidowe skrobi ziemniaczanej i ich właściwości sorpcyjne względem wody oraz kationów Fe3+ i Cu2+
Effect of crosslinking agent on potato starch grafted acrylamide copolymers and their sorption properties for water, Fe3+ and Cu2+ cations
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/947529.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Chemii Przemysłowej
Tematy:
superabsorbenty
kopolimery szczepione skrobi
akryloamid
kwas akrylowy
akrylowe środki sieciujące
superabsorbents
starch grafted copolymers
acrylamide
acrylic acid
acrylic crosslinking agents
Opis:
Otrzymano akryloamidowe kopolimery szczepione skrobi ziemniaczanej o stosunku masowym akryloamidu do kwasu akrylowego równym 2 : 1, sieciowane trzema akrylowymi związkami stosowanymi w różnym stężeniu. Jako inicjator reakcji wykorzystano dichlorowodorek 2,2’-azobis(2-metylopropionamidyny). Kopolimery skrobi scharakteryzowano za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej oraz reowiskozymetrycznie. Właściwości sorpcyjne w stosunku do kationów Fe3+ i Cu2+ analizowano metodą spektrofotometryczną, a w wypadku wody określano w testach wodochłonności i pęcznienia.
Potato starch grafted acrylamide copolymers with weight ratio of acrylamide (AAm) to acrylic acid (AA) of 2 : 1, crosslinked with three acrylic compounds at various concentrations, were prepared. 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride was used as a radical initiator. Starch copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and rheoviscometry. The Fe3+and Cu2+ cations sorption properties were analyzed using spectrophotometric method. Also, water absorption and swelling tests were performed.
Źródło:
Polimery; 2018, 63, 5; 347-352
0032-2725
Pojawia się w:
Polimery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diel Vertical Migration observed by acoustic doppler current profiler
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Szczucka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/331981.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Opis:
This paper presents the results of continual 17-week ADCP measurements applied to investigate the migratory behaviour of the Baltic animals. The velocities of vertical migration are determined in different ways and the results are compared. Strict correlation of the moments when downward or upward migration starts with sunrise and sunset times, is confirmed. Additionally, vertical and horizontal movements of water content are examined. Even though quite slow in comparison with horizontal flow, vertical migration exists independently of other factors.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2010, 13; 235-242
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bioacoustic measurements by use of acoustic doppler current profiler
Autorzy:
Szczucka, J.
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/332129.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Opis:
Nowadays, each oceanographic vessel is equipped with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. Its task is to determine the value and direction of the vector of water current. It measures the Doppler shift in the frequency of the acoustic wave backscattered by neutrally floating particles suspended in the sea water. A by-product of such measurement is proportional to backscattering strength SV. Starting with the pilot work by Flagg and Smith [3], an ADCP becomes a useful tool for the investigations of the distribution and migration of zooplankton. It enables current and zooplankton abundance to be obtained simultaneously. The presented paper is an attempt to exploit the data collected in a routine way by the ADCP mounted on r/v ‘Oceania’ to characterise the biological aggregations, and especially to estimate the distribution of zooplankton and to observe their diel vertical migration.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2004, 7; 209-216
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Echosounder and ADCP investigation of Baltic fauna
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Szczucka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/332586.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Opis:
The Baltic fauna is rather meagre, what is connected with their miserable habitat. The area of our investigation is a specific basin because of its land-locked location, brackish water and small depth. It is characterised by enormous diversity of time-variable hydrological conditions. All species of fauna are subjected to the continuous stress of having to adapt to rapid changes in the temperature and salinity of the surrounding water and are exposed to highly variable environment during their every-day vertical migration between the food-rich sea surface and safer deep. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of acoustic investigations of the live interior of the Baltic Sea by means of various acoustic instruments (echosounders and acoustic Doppler current meters). The interpretation of our acoustic images helps to understand the nature and behaviour of the sound scatterers.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2007, 10; 175-182
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of the ADCP geometry on the results of measurement
Autorzy:
Szczucka, J.
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/332628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Opis:
The problem of verification of the fundamental rule of operation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler assuming the uniform current field within the four acoustic beams is studied. Analysis of scattering differences observed in four beams allows us to conclude about the homogeneity or inhomogeneity of the flow field. Geometry of the measurement performed by the ADCP is presented. The distance between beams, sampling volume and vertical resolution are studied in connection with the system parameters and depth of beam penetration. The so called anomaly index is invented in order to find the areas of the strongest variability. Examples of the inhomogeneity of the acoustic field within the measuring setup are presented and analysed. Differences observed in the strength of echosignal obtained by ADCP (150 kHz) and ELAC echosounder (30 kHz) are also analysed. Some reasonable explanations are examined, like the resonance of gas bubbles included inside the bodies and directional response of animals.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2005, 8; 227-232
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The J₁-J₂ Model on the Anisotropic Triangular and the Square Lattice: Similarities and Differences
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Thalmeier, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1385520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
75.10.Jm
75.30.Cr
75.30.Ds
Opis:
The Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice is a prime example for a geometrically frustrated spin system. However most experimentally accessible compounds have spatially anisotropic exchange interactions. As a function of this anisotropy, ground states with different magnetic properties can be realized. On the other hand, the J₁-J₂ model on the square lattice is a well-known example for frustration induced by competing exchange. The classical phase diagrams of the two models are related in a broad range of the control parameter ϕ=$tan^{-1}$(J₂/J₁). In both cases three different types of ground states are realized, each model having a ferromagnetic and an antiferromagnetic region in the phase diagram, and a third phase with columnar magnetic order for the square lattice and an in general incommensurate spiral structure for the triangular lattice. Quantum effects lift degeneracies in the non-FM phases and lead to additional nonmagnetic regions in the phase diagrams. The contribution of zero point fluctuations to ground state energy, wave vector, and ordered moment is discussed.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2015, 127, 2; 324-326
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Magnetic Field Effects in Frustrated Low-Dimensional Magnets
Autorzy:
Schmidt, B.
Siahatgar, M.
Thalmeier, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1427076.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-05
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
75.10.Jm
75.30.Cr
75.30.Ds
Opis:
We investigate the frustrated two-dimensional S = 1/2 next nearest neighbor anisotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice as described by the $J_{1a,b} - J_2$ model. We use spin-wave theory and exact diagonalization for finite tiles including a new method for the finite size scaling procedure. We present results obtained from the extension of our numerical method to finite magnetic fields as well as from spin-wave theory. The induced uniform and the staggered moment in the antiferromagnetically ordered phases in the presence of a magnetic field are calculated. They deviate strongly from classical behaviour depending on frustration ratio $J_2//J_{1a,b}$ and the $J_{1a,b}$ exchange anisotropy. The magnetization becomes strongly nonlinear and is suppressed from the classical value. This is due to enhanced quantum fluctuations already at moderate frustration.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2012, 121, 5-6; 1089-1091
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pomiar mocy mechanicznej maszyn elektrycznych poprzez pomiar kąta skręcenia wału
Measurement of electrical machinery mechanical power by measurement of angular twist of shaft
Autorzy:
Barszcz, T.
Urbanek, J
Schmidt, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
pomiar mocy mechanicznej
moc mechaniczna
maszyna elektryczna
pomiar kąta skręcania
Opis:
Mechanical power carries important information about the technical state of rotating machinery. Dynamic measurement of the mechanical power is especially important for electrical machines. The paper presents the idea of mechanical power measurement by measurement of the angular twist of the shaft. The measurement is based on analysis of pulses from two disks, installed at two ends of the machine. It gives accurate information about changes of the rotational speed as well as the twist angle of the shaft. Next, the paper presents developed data processing algorithms. It is impossible in practice to machine ideal impulse disks and thus it is necessary to apply the compensation of results based on measured innacuracies. The proposed method is discussed and shown applicable for measurement of the angular twist of the power generation turboset. The method was validated on a test rig. The design of the rig and test measurements are presented. Measured mechanical power was compared with the electric power measured by traditional methods. High correlation of these values was achieved.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2009, 82; 233-237
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Starch graft copolymers as superabsorbents obtained via reactive extrusion processing
Autorzy:
Zdanowicz, M.
Schmidt, B.
Spychaj, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/779575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
akrylowe związki sieciujące
superabsorbenty
akryloamid
kwas akrylowy
modyfikacja skrobii
przeszczep kopolimerów skrobi
superabsorbents
acrylamide
acrylic acid
starch modification
acrylic crosslinkers
reactive extrusion
starch graft copolymers
Opis:
Starch graft copolymers have been obtained via grafting of acrylic monomers i.e. acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) during the reactive extrusion processes. 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used as a radical initiator and N'N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (trade name PETIA) and alkoxylated pentaerithritol acrylate (trade name Ebecryl 40) were applied as acrylic crosslinkers. The obtained materials were characterized by FTIR and their water sorption properties investigated using swelling (vol. %) and sorption (wt. %) tests. Sorption of water into these graft copolymer samples reached values of ca. 6 – 13 g of water per g of dry materials. It was also found that water sorption values were dependent on ratio of AAm and AA as well as on a type of the applied crosslinking agent.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2010, 12, 2; 14-17
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PANI/NaTaO3 composite photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen generation under UV light irradiation
Autorzy:
Zielińska, B.
Schmidt, B.
Mijowska, E.
Kaleńczuk, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778752.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
polyaniline
NaTaO3
composite photocatalysts
hydrogen generation
Opis:
A PANI/NaTaO3  composite was successfully synthesized by an oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer in hydrochloric acid solution containing sodium tantalate. NaTaO3  at a monoclinic structure was produced via hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic activities of the unmodified NaTaO3  and PANI/NaTaO3  were evaluated for hydrogen generation from an aqueous HCOOH solution and under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the evolution rate of H2  increased significantly when NaTaO3  was modified with PANI. The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of PANI/NaTaO3  composite was ascribed to the effective charge transfer and separation between NaTaO3  and PANI, which reduced their recombination. This indicates that PANI modification of tantalate photocatalysts may open up a new way to prepare highly efficient catalytic materials for H2  generation.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2017, 19, 3; 115-119
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Frustrated Magnetism in Vanadium Oxides
Autorzy:
Thalmeier, P.
Schmidt, B.
Yushankhai, V.
Takimoto, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1810285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
75.10.Jm
75.10.Lp
Opis:
The effect of frustration in various localized and itinerant vanadium oxide compounds is discussed within next nearest neighbors Heisenberg and spin fluctuation models, respectively. In the localized moment case the S=1/2 $J_1-J_2$-model on a square lattice exhibits a rich phase diagram with magnetic as well as exotic hidden order phases due to the interplay of frustration and quantum fluctuations. Their signatures in the high field magnetization and in magnetocaloric quantities are surveyed. The possible quantum phase transitions are discussed and applied to layered vanadium oxides of the type $AA'VO(PO_4)_2$ where A, A' = Pb, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cd. In itinerant electron systems magnetic frustration may emerge as a result of electron correlations on a geometrically frustrated lattice. This mechanism causes enhanced spin fluctuations in a large region of momentum space and therefore can lead to a heavy fermion state at low temperatures as in the 3d spinel compound $LiV_2O_4$. The evidence from neutron scattering and NMR experiments is discussed within self-consistent renormalization theory based on local density approximation band structure calculations.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2009, 115, 1; 53-58
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Acoustical estimation of fish distribution and abundance in two Spitsbergen fjords
Autorzy:
Szczucka, J.
Hoppe, L.
Schmidt, B.
Fey, D.P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47822.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
Arctic region
fish
cod
Gadus morhua
Norway haddock
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
fish distribution
fish abundance
acoustics
climate change
global warming
Spitsbergen fjord
Opis:
Over recent decades, the Arctic region has been subjected to rapid climate change stemming from global warming. The advance of Atlantic waters to high latitudes is notable. The increased abundance of fish, such as cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), has been reported near the western coast of Spitsbergen and entering fjords together with Atlantic waters. This study used multifrequency acoustics to measure fish distribution and abundance in 2013–2014 in two Arctic fjords, the colder Hornsund, which is typically of Arctic character, and the warmer Kongsfjorden, which is more of Atlantic character. The study revealed a bimodal fish size distribution with larger fish in the deep parts of fjords, and smaller fish distributed in more shallow waters. An evident increase in the abundance of large fish, most probably Atlantic cod, was observed in Hornsund and especially in Kongsfjorden in 2014 in comparison to 2013. The intense inflow of Atlantic water on the shelf in 2014 is suggested as the explanation for this phenomenon.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2017, 59, 4
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Magnon and Soliton Excitations in the Carrier-Poor, One-Dimensional S=1/2 Antiferromagnet Yb$\text{}_{4}$As$\text{}_{3}$
Autorzy:
Steglich, F.
Köppen, M.
Gegenwart, P.
Cichorek, T.
Wand, B.
Lang, M.
Thalmeier, P.
Schmidt, B.
Aoki, H.
Ochiai, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2011226.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
75.30.Mb
65.50.+m
65.70.+y
Opis:
The semimetallic quasi-one-dimensional S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet Yb$\text{}_{4}$As$\text{}_{3}$ was studied by low-temperature measurements of the specific heat C(T,B), thermal expansion α(T,B), and thermal conductivity ĸ(T,B). At finite magnetic fields (B≤12 T) we observed the following distinct anomalies: (1) the magnon contribution to C(T,0), γ T, with large coefficient γ ≈ 200 mJ/(K$\text{}^{2}$mol), becomes strongly reduced with field, and (2) a broad hump in C(T,B=const) is induced at slightly higher temperatures. (3) The latter corresponds to a pronounced peak in α(T,B=const) as well as (4) to a broad minimum in ĸ(T,B= const)/ĸ(T,0). These anomalies are well described by the classical sine-Gordon solution of a one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet with a weak easy-plane anisotropy. However, the soliton-rest energy deduced from the experimental results depends on the magnetic field like E$\text{}_{S}$ ~ B$\text{}^{ν}$, with an exponent ν ≈ 0.66, while the classical sine-Gordon model requires ν=1. Thus, our results suggest an alternative description of soliton excitations in an antiferromagnetic S=1/2 Heisenberg chain in terms of the quantum sine-Gordon model, for which an exponent ν=2/3 is appropriate.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2000, 97, 1; 91-100
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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