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Tytuł:
Characterization of soil aggregate stability using low intensity ultrasonic vibrations
Autorzy:
Schomakers, J.
Mentler, A.
Steurer, T.
Klik, A.
Mayer, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24235.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN
Tematy:
soil aggregate
stability
low intensity vibration
ultrasonic vibration
cavitation limit
carbon distribution
tillage
ultrasonic dispersion
ultrasonic method
Źródło:
International Agrophysics; 2011, 25, 2
0236-8722
Pojawia się w:
International Agrophysics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of soil aggregate breakdown dynamics under low dispersive ultrasonic energies with sedimentation and X-ray attenuation
Autorzy:
Schomakers, J.
Zehetner, F.
Mentler, A.
Ottner, F.
Mayer, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24254.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN
Źródło:
International Agrophysics; 2015, 29, 4
0236-8722
Pojawia się w:
International Agrophysics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measurement Accuracy Investigation of Touch Trigger Probe with Five-Axis Machine Tools
Badania dokładności pomiarów elektrostykową sondą przełączającą na obrabiarkach pięcioosiowych
Autorzy:
Rahman, M. M.
Mayer, J. R. R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/139534.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
probing
machine tool
touch probe
repeatability
measurement inaccuracy
sondowanie
obrabiarka
sonda stykowa
powtarzalność
niedokładność pomiaru
Opis:
The touch trigger probe plays an important role in modern metrology because of its robust and compact design with crash protection, long life and excellent repeatability. Aside from coordinate measuring machines (CMM), touch trigger probes are used for workpiece location on a machine tool and for the accuracy assessment of the machine tools. As a result, the accuracy of the measurement is a matter of interest to the users. The touch trigger probe itself as well as the measuring surface, the machine tool, measuring environment etc. contribute to measurement inaccuracies. The paper presents the effect of surface irregularities, surface wetness due to cutting fluid and probing direction on probing accuracy on a machine tool.
Elektrostykowe sondy przełączające grają istotną rolę we współczesnej metrologii z uwagi na ich zwartą i silną konstrukcję, odporność na uszkodzenia, długowieczność i doskonałą powtarzalność. Obok zastosowań we współrzędnościowych maszynach pomiarowych (CMM), sondy te są wykorzystywane do wyznaczenia położenia przedmiotu obrabianego na obrabiarce i oceny dokładności obrabiarek. Tak więc, dokładność pomiaru jest sprawą istotną dla użytkowników. Do powstawania niedokładności pomiaru przyczynia się sama sonda, a także powierzchnia pomiarowa, obrabiarka, środowisko pomiarowe itp. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ nierówności powierzchni, wilgotności powierzchni powodowanej obecnością chłodziwa i kierunku sondowania na dokładność pomiaru na obrabiarce.
Źródło:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering; 2016, LXIII, 4; 495-510
0004-0738
Pojawia się w:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fast Stochastic Reorientations in Nematic PAA and PAP
Autorzy:
Podsiadły, R.
Mayer, J.
Janik, J. A.
Krawczyk, J.
Stanek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963251.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
35.20.Yh
24.50.Fq
61.30.Eb
Opis:
Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering spectra were measured for nematic para-azoxyanisole (PAA) and para-azoxyphenetole (PAP) with the energy resolution of ca. 30 μ eV, at Dubna IBR-2 reactor. Data processing contained a careful background subtraction and the multiple scattering correction. The corrected spectra were subjected to a reorientational model fitting procedure. For PAA, a model of two convoluted reorientations - that of benzene rings coupled with the terminals and that of the whole molecule around the long molecular axis - gave a fairly good description of the quasielastic neutron scattering spectrum. For PAP, introducing a third motion - interconformational jumps in the ethoxy terminals - in addition to motions suggested for PAA, gave a good agreement with the measured quasielastic neutron scattering spectrum.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 1997, 91, 3; 513-518
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Design of Honeycomb Structures Produced by Investment Casting
Autorzy:
Naplocha, K.
Dmitruk, A.
Mayer, P.
Kaczmar, J. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
investment casting
3D printing
honeycomb design
light structure
odlewnie
drukowanie 3d
projekt plaster miodu
plaster miodu
lekkie konstrukcje
Opis:
Investment casting combined with the additive manufacturing technology enables production of the thin-walled elements, that are geometrically complex, precise and can be easy commercialized. This paper presents design of aluminium alloy honeycombs, which are characterized with light structure, internal parallel oriented channels and suitable stiffness. Based on 3D printed pattern the mould was prepared from standard ceramic material subjected subsequently to appropriate heat treatment. Into created mould cavity with intricate and susceptible structure molten AC 44200 aluminium alloy was poured under low pressure. Properly designed gating system and selected process parameters enabled to limit the shrinkage voids, porosities and misruns. Compression examination performed in two directions showed different mechanisms of cell deformation. Characteristic plateau region of stress-strain curves allowed to determine absorbed energy per unit volume, which was 485 or 402 J/mm3 depending on load direction. Elaborated technology will be applied for the production of honeycomb based elements designated for energy absorption capability.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2019, 4; 76-80
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Axis location and scale factors estimation for three-axis machines from periodic performance checks with laser distance measurements - risks and opportunities
Autorzy:
Nafi, A.
Łoś, A.
Mayer, J.R.R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/99577.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
CMM
calibration
performance
diagnostic
Opis:
Users of coordinate measuring machine and large gantry machines need to ensure the volumetric performance of their machines in order to inspect, or machine, mechanical parts with precision. In the case of CMMs, the ASME B89.4.10360.2-2008 document imposes seven directions for a volumetric check. These directions offer some redundancy for axis location (out-of-squarenesses) and scale factor estimation. The paper looks at the opportunity of using the data for immediate machine correction and the risks involved. In particular, the fact of using test data for calibration and verification, the potential contamination from non-modelled motion errors and the representativity of the estimated parameters are considered. Experimental results obtained using laser interferometry on a LEGEX CMMs are used to present the main concepts.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2010, 10, 4; 89-99
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Udarność kompozytowych powłok z tkaniną aramidową na podłożu stalowym
Autorzy:
Mayer, P.
Pach, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1190016.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
powłoka kompozytowa
powłoka polimerowa
podłoże stalowe
odporność na uderzenia
powłoka wielowarstwowa
composite coating
polymer coating
steel
impact resistant of coatings
multilayer coating
Opis:
The article presents the results of impact composite coatings on the thermoplastic matrix with varying amounts of aramid fabrics. To prepare composite coatings applied thermoplastic copolymer of SBS (styrenebutadiene- styrene) with a linear chain, trade name Kraton. To reinforcement selected aramid fabric (Twaron 1210 fiber), a plain weave and a weight of 175 g / m2. As the base polymer coatings used steel sheet with a thickness of 1.0 mm marked with DC01 according to EN 10027-1: 2007. It is a quality steel alloy designed for cold-rolled products. Steel substrate were washed in a solution of water and detergent, and then degreased with acetone. First step was compressed at 180 ° C for 3 minutes without load, and then three minutes with a load of 2 MPa. SBS copolymer film having a thickness of 800 μm. The films again were compressed with fabrics on steel substrate, using the same compression parameters as in the case of a single film. Obtained four reinforced with fabric layers differing in number of layers of fabric and two SBS copolymer coating with different thickness. Impact resistance test consisted of placing the sample of 100 x 100 mm in the base device, and then leaving from the height of 1 meter, a weight of 2 kg terminated spherical indenter having a diameter of 20 mm. All samples from a single impact energy of 19.62 J were subjected to microscopic analysis. The first step was to determine the number of impact, after which the steel substrate coating has been without a break. Then carried out research on coatings by measuring the amount of impact, which was interrupted after the structure of the coating and the steel substrate. As a result of the study, there was no linear relationship between the thickness of coatings and their impact resistance. A significant influence on the resulting damage after an impact is the amount of fabric coating.
Źródło:
Interdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Sciences; 2016, 4, 1; 6--10
2300-5874
Pojawia się w:
Interdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Particle filter test procedure and quality standard for diesel engines
Autorzy:
Mayer, A.
Czerwinski, J.
Kasper, M.
Leutert, G.
Heeb, N.
Ulrich, A.
Jaussi, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242255.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engines
diesel engines
particle filters
quality air standards
air pollution
Opis:
A new approach is needed to test particle filters for retrofitting Diesel engines. Considering the toxicity of the particles as also the physical and chemical attributes of particle filters, the optimal scheme is to test the components themselves independent of the deployment. That scheme ensures the highest effectiveness with least effort. It also enables evaluation of worst-case situations and assesses the hazards of secondary emissions. The Swiss standard SNR 277 205, which mandates the VERT test procedure, is a first step in that direction. Occupational health specialists have studied the toxicity of ultraflne particles for more than 100 years. Extremely toxic are the particles intruding into the lung. Larger particles, which are always naturally present, are intercepted in the upper respiratory paths. The body then expels these larger particles rapidly via the mucus and cilia. The new manmade particles less-than l mi m, however massively intrude into the fine pulmonary alveoli, which do not have the cleansing mechanism. The targeted efficiencies for evaluating modern filters are evident from the progress achieved. Many filters have filtration rates exceeding 99.9%, albeit the directives [4] only require 97%.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 2; 305-314
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vert particle filter test procedure and quality standard for new and in-use diesel engines
Autorzy:
Mayer, A.
Czerwinski, J.
Kasper, M.
Leutert, G.
Heeb, N. V.
Ulrich, A.
Jaussi, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247808.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
internal combustion engines
diesel engines
ecology
filters
particulates
Opis:
A new approach is needed to test particle filters for retrofitting Diesel engines. Considering the toxicity of the particles as also the physical and chemical attributes of particle filters, the optimal scheme is to test the components themselves independent of the deployment. That scheme ensures the highest effectiveness with least effort. It also enables evaluation of worst-case situations and assesses the hazards of secondary emissions. The Swiss standard SNR 277 205, which mandates the VERT test procedure, is a first step in that direction. The solution is derived from the physics of the filter media. The filtration of fine particles essentially depends on the particle size and the space velocity. The attributes of the emitting engine are only insignificantly relevant. Hence the physics and chemistry of particle filters can be investigated independent of the engine and its deployment duty. This concept facilitates a very thorough investigation of the size-dependent filtration, aging susceptibility, secondary emissions and extreme situations. Filter systems, which pass this detailed test, perform equally well in every retrofit configuration. This filter test concept was implemented 1998 in the VERT project and is successful for assessing retrofltting [4]. VERT approved fllter systems are already deployed in the Low Emission Zones of Europe, North and South America.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 313-322
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Positron Annihilation in Cotton Cellulose
Autorzy:
Golonka, P.
Mayer, J.
Dryzek, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2024232.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
78.70.Bj
42.70.Jk
Opis:
The changes of the cotton fibre microstructure as a result of annealing at temperatures from 20ºC to 300ºC were investigated by positron lifetime spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The aim of the paper was to examine the cotton cellulose thermal degradation process.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2001, 99, 3-4; 363-367
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes of the 2-stroke aerosol in the exhaust sampling system
Autorzy:
Czerwinski, J.
Comte, P.
Mayer, A.
Reutimann, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247914.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
scooters
two-stroke direct injection
carburettor
2-stroke aerosol
nanoparticulate emissions
Opis:
Nanoparticle emissions of two 2-stroke scooters were investigated along the exhaust- and CVS-system (Constant Volume Sampling) with closed and with open line (cone). Due to their technology, the scooters produce different kind of aerosol (state of oxidation & SOF-content) and in addition to that they were operated with and without oxidation catalyst. The scooters represent a modern technology with direct injection TSDI* ) (two stroke direct injection) and with carburettor. The tests were performed at two constant speeds of the vehicles (20 km/h & 40 km/h) according to the measuring procedures, which were established in the previous research in the Swiss Scooter Network. The nanoparticulate emissions were measured by means of SMPS (CPC) and NanoMet (abbreviations see at the end of this paper). The most important results are: - the changes of the PSD's of the aerosol along the exhaust and CVS-system are connected to the average gas temperature and PC-concentration, which result after the different dilution steps and cooling down in the connecting pipe, - in the "open" variant of exhaust gas extraction there is a dilution step with unfiltered ambient air directly after tailpipe. This causes a stop of agglomeration, reduction of diffusion loses and increased background NPconcentration. There is also lower post oxidation of CO & HC. In some cases spontaneous condensates due to the temperature drop are supposed, - with the "closed" variant there is a stronger reduction of SMPS PC's along the gas way, than with the open variant. This is to explain with the higher temperatures and concentrations in the closed system, which enable more intense thermophoresis - and diffusion losses, - the NP-concentrations measured with "open" variant are always higher, - most intense oxidation is observed with Peugeot Carb: due to the SAS, rich tuning and a relatively high temperature level there are oxidation effects already without catalyst (temp. approx. 350 centigrade). With catalyst the temperature is in the range of 400centigrade and the oxidation is so intense, that the particles are nearly eliminated. The type of sampling: "open", or "closed" as well as the sampling position in the exhaust installation have significant influence on the measured nanoparticles emission results.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 109-119
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Combined DPF+SCR systems for retrofitting in the VERT quality verification tests
Autorzy:
Czerwinski, J.
Zimmerli, Y.
Mayer, A.
Bunge, R.
Heeb, N.
Lemaire, J.
Jauss, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/248088.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diesel emission reduction
diesel particle filter
SCR
limited and unlimited emissions
deNOx
Opis:
New Diesel exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, with DPF*) and deNOx (mostly SCR) inline application are very important step towards zero emission Diesel fleet. Solid quality standards of those quite complex systems are urgently necessary to enable decisions by several authorities. The Swiss Federal Office of the Environment BAFU and the Swiss Federal Roads Office ASTRA decided to support further activities of VERT to develop appropriate testing procedures and to define the quality criteria. The present report informs about the international network project VERT *) dePN (de-activation, de-contamination, disposal of particles & NOx), which was started in Nov. 2006 with the objective to introduce the SCR-, or (DPF+SCR)-systems in the VERT verification procedure. Examples of results with some investigated systems are given. The most important statements are: - the investigated combined aftertreatment systems (DPF+SCR) for dynamic engine application efficiently reduce the target emissions with deNOx-efficiency up to 92% (if operated in the right temperature window) and filtration efficiency based on particle count up to 100%, - the average NOx conversion rate at transient operation (ETC) depends strongly on the exhaust gas temperature profile and the resulting urea dosing control, - the NP filtration efficiency, which is verified at stationary engine operation is perfectly valid also at the transient operation. The present results will be confirmed in the further project activities with other systems and with different testing cycles. A special attention will be paid to the operational profiles, which are representative for low emissions zones LEZ.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 3; 89-101
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of fuel tracing on nanoparticles from a Diesel engine
Autorzy:
Czerwinski, J.
Mayer, A.
Wischer, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134232.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
diesel
emissions
nanoparticles
size distribution
composition of particles
silnik spalinowy
emisja
nanocząstki
rozkład wielkości
skład cząstek
Opis:
Nanoparticles from a HD-Diesel engine and their composition were investigated in the present paper. Three variants of fuel additivities were applied to allow the balances of certain tracer-substances after the tests: 2% of additives-free lube oil; 2% of market lube oil with additive package and Fe-based regeneration additive (FBC) with 40 ppm Fe. The analysed SMPS particle size distributions indicated that by blending of the market lube oil to the fuel the combined effects of metals or metal oxides from the additive packages and of the heavy HC’s from the lube oil matrix contribute the most to the increase of nuclei mode. From the masses of Fe, Zn and Ca, which were introduced with the fuel, only parts were found as integral masses at all ELPI-stages – Fe 43.5%, Zn 36.6%, Ca 65.5%. The majority of mass of some metals, or metal oxides emissions on ELPI-stages (up to 80%) is in the size ranges below 100 nm.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2015, 54, 1; 3-10
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigations of emissions of reactive substances NO2 and NH3 from passenger cars
Autorzy:
Czerwinski, J.
Comte, P.
Güdel, M.
Lemaire, J.
Mayer, A.
Heeb, N.
Berger, H.
Reutimann, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133799.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
exhaust emissions
reactive substances
NO2
NH3
emisje spalin
substancje reaktywne
Opis:
Public concern and complaints regarding ambient air in zones of dense traffic pertains to two compounds of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3); both are toxic and strongly irritant, such that legal limitations are under discussion. This paper contributes to measuring methods as already in part proposed by GRPE subgroup WLTP-DTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedures – Diesel Test Procedures) for NO2. Despite legally lowered NOx emission levels, lumping both, NO2 and NO, levels of NO2 have risen in cities and agglomerations as a result of both, deployed catalytic exhaust after-treatment devices and low sulphur Diesel fuels. In present tests two different combinations of NO2 measuring methods as proposed by WLTP were checked on Diesel cars for practicability in handling and accuracy. These integral, indirect methods (NO2 = NOx – NO) have been found as useful tools for estimate of NO2 and with use of appropriate analyzers a satisfactory accuracy was attained. Furthermore, attention was brought to ammonia (NH3) emitted by gasoline engines with three way catalysts (TWC) which ought not to be ignored while on the other hand SCR systems for Diesel engines are strictly regulated. Emission levels of more recent TWC turned out to be mostly below 20 ppm NH3. Vehicle of older technology exhibited significantly higher levels, about 10 times more. As chemical reactions depend on pressure and temperature (= i.e. flow condition in CVS-tunnel) as well as concentrations, doubts need to be considered on accuracy of results based on chemical reactive substances. Nevertheless, clear tendencies regarding changes of concentrations of NO2 and NH3 along the path-way could not be observed.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2016, 55, 3; 24-33
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigations of nanoparticle emissions of two gasoline cars MPI & DI at stationary part load operation
Emisja nanocząstek z dwóch pojazdów wyposażonych w silniki ZI – MPI i DI w warunkach stacjonarnych przy częściowym obciążeniu
Autorzy:
Czerwiński, J.
Comte, P.
Keller, A.
Mayer, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
nanoparticles
emission standards
ambient air limits
health benefits
nanocząstki
limity emisji
normy jakości powietrza
korzyści zdrowotne
Opis:
Starting from Euro 6 not only for diesel but also for gasoline vehicles, with direct injection technology (GDI) a solid particle number emissions limit of 6 × 1011#/km becomes effective. The limit was temporary extended for GDI to 6 x 1012#/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the project GasOMeP (Gasoline Organic & Metal Particulates) metal-nanoparticles (including sub 20 nm) from gasoline cars are investigated for different engine technologies. In the present paper some results of basic investigations of nanoparticles from two gasoline cars – an older one with MPI and a never one with DI – are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe, with varying sampling conditions and with different SMPS-systems, which enabled the mobility scanning in different size ranges. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. In this case, the particle counting below 10 nm yields important information. The emissions of the newer vehicle with DI show no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. A sampling with a strongly increased primary dilution has a clear influence on the indicated (higher) particle concentrations.
Począwszy od normy Euro 6 wprowadzone zostanie ograniczenie emisji cząstek stałych do 6 × 1011#/km nie tylko dla pojazdów wyposażonych w silniki ZS, ale także dla pojazdów z silnikami ZI z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa (GDI). Dopuszczalna liczba cząstek stałych emitowanych przez pojazdy wyposażone w silniki GDI była tymczasowo zwiększona do 6 × 1012#/km. Cząstki metali, jak również substancje organiczne prawdopodobnie są powodem emisji bardzo małych cząstek stałych, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia liczby emitowanych cząstek stałych. W projekcie GasOMeP (cząstki organiczne i metalowe z silników benzynowych) badana jest emisja nanocząstek metali (również o średnicy < 20 nm) z samochodów wyposażonych w silniki benzynowe różnych generacji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań emisji nanocząstek z dwóch samochodów wyposażonych w silniki benzynowe – starszy z wtryskiem MPI i nowszy z wtryskiem DI. Spaliny pobierano z układu wylotowego pojazdu przy różnych warunkach pomiarowych i z wykorzystaniem urządzeń do pomiaru emisji cząstek stałych o różnych zakresach pomiarowych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że stężenie cząstek stałych w spalinach starszego pojazdu z wtryskiem MPI jest duże. Rozkłady wielkości mają charakter bimodalny z dużymi wartościami w fazie nukleacji. Wtedy istotny jest pomiar liczby cząstek stałych o średnicy mniejszej niż 10 nm. Emisja z pojazdu z wtryskiem typu DI nie wykazuje typowego jednolitego kształtu rozkładu wymiarowego, również liczba cząstek stałych jest mniejsza niż z pojazdu starszego. Nie zauważono znaczącej emisji cząstek w fazie nukleacji, a stężenia cząstek najmniejszych o średnicy poniżej 10 nm są nieznaczne. Pobór próbki spalin przy zastosowaniu dużego współczynnika rozcieńczenia ma zauważalny wpływ na zwiększenie stężenia cząstek stałych.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2014, 53, 3; 3-11
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 26

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