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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Relations between the Republic of Turkey and the United States at the Present Stage and Their Impact on Georgia
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Makaradze, Beka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048214.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-14
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Turkey
    USA
    Georgia
    Opis:
    At the beginning of the 21st century, Turkish-American relations attracted serious attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, relations between the Turkish Republic and the United States have focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries from time to time pursued common and sometimes very different goals. In parallel with this, periods of ups and downs were observed in economic relations. It was the goal of achieving security that determined the cooperation between these two countries. On the one hand, there was the leader of one of the two poles during the Cold War – the United States, and on the other – Turkey, a country with significant influence in the Middle East, but strongly dependent on the United States. In the 2000s, disagreements between Turkey and the United States, two NATO members, were not in Georgia’s interests. Turkey and the United States are Georgia’s partner countries. The United States is Georgia’s strategic partner and Turkey is one of its largest trading partners. Despite tensions between Turkey and the United States, the latter is not expected to harm Georgia’s bilateral relations. According to Washington, Georgia’s rapprochement with Iran will be a more serious problem than the issue with Turkey, especially if Georgia violates sanctions against Iran.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2021, 38 (45); 65-70
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Issues of Democratization in Relations between Turkey and the USA in the Post-War Period
    Zagadnienia demokratyzacji w stosunkach Turcji z USA w okresie powojennym
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Beka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048229.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    modern Turkey
    Turkeu-US politics
    democratization
    Opis:
    At the end of the 20th century and in the first decade of the 21st century, the relations between Turkey and the United States of America attracted the attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the Republic of Turkey and the United States has been mainly focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries, from time to time, was conducted at counterpurposes. Parallel to this, the periods of ups and downs in political relations had an impact on economic relations as well. It was the matter of security that determined the acceptance of mutual cooperation between the two countries. On the one side stood the USA – one of the leaders of the Western bloc in the Cold War, and on the other Turkey – a state very important in its region, but the most dependent on the US. Despite being in the NATO bloc together with the USA, Turkey has never felt secure itself. Assessing Ankara’s domestic and foreign policy, it is necessary to take into account the relationship with the United States, as it had the biggest impact on the overall shape of Turkey’s policy. Although the real and potential power of these two countries was not equal, during the Cold War Turkey became a stronghold of NATO and the Western bloc against the Soviet Union. Turkey was one of the countries that appeared on the border between the eastern and western hemispheres. Perhaps due to the peculiarities of its geographical location, Turkey became a country with equally special role in the world politics. The relations with the United States evolved precisely in this direction.
    Pod koniec XX i w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku relacje między Turcją a Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki zwróciły uwagę społeczności międzynarodowej. Od zakończenia zimnej wojny stosunki między Republiką Turcji a Stanami Zjednoczonymi koncentrowały się głównie na kwestiach bezpieczeństwa. Polityka zagraniczna obu krajów w niektórych okresach prowadzona była w zupełnie innych kierunkach. Momenty wzlotów i upadków w stosunkach politycznych wpływały również na stosunki gospodarcze. Zasadniczo kwestia bezpieczeństwa determinowała gotowość obu krajów do wzajemnej współpracy. Z jednej strony stały Stany Zjednoczone – jeden z liderów zachodniego bloku w okresie zimnej wojny, z drugiej Turcja – kraj bardzo ważny w swoim regionie, ale też najbardziej zależny od USA. Pomimo przynależności do bloku NATO razem z USA Turcja nigdy nie czuła się bezpieczna. Oceniając politykę wewnętrzną i zagraniczną Ankary, należy przede wszystkim wziąć pod uwagę jej stosunki ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi, które miały największy wpływ na całość polityki Turcji. Chociaż rzeczywista i potencjalna siła tych dwóch krajów nie była równa, w czasie zimnej wojny Turcja stała się bastionem NATO i bloku zachodniego przeciwko Związkowi Radzieckiemu. Turcja była jednym z krajów na pograniczu półkul wschodniej i zachodniej. Być może ze względu na specyfikę położenia geograficznego Turcja stała się krajem o szczególnej roli w polityce światowej. Właśnie w tym kierunku ewoluowały jej stosunki ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2021, 36 (43); 153-162
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Foreign Policy Issues of the Republic of Turkey and the United States in the Period after the End of the Cold War until the 2020
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Makaradze, Beka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28411137.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Turkey
    USA
    Armenia
    Russia
    Israel
    Iran
    foreign policy
    Opis:
    At the beginning of the 21st century, in 2002, a new political era began with the arrival of Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islam-oriented Justice and Development Party (AKP) at the head of the Republic of Turkey, which was gradually followed by changes in both foreign and domestic policy of the country. The main ideologist of modern Turkey’s foreign policy is one of the founders of the Justice and Development Party and Erdogan’s ally, former Foreign Minister and Prime Minister Professor Ahmet Davutoglu, who outlined the strategic priorities of Turkey’s foreign policy in his pioneering work Strategic Depth. In his doctrine, Ahmet Davutoglu argues that Turkey has “strategic depth” that allows it to pursue an independent foreign policy and claims to be the leading state in the region. As we know, the Republic of Turkey is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. According to the doctrine, precisely because of its geographical position and historical ties, it has a desire to influence all these regions (the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf, and the Black Sea), what is considered the core of neo-Ottoman ideology. Neo-Ottomanism implies a shift of the Turkish political vector from West to East. Since the beginning of the 21st century, neo-Ottomanism as an ideology has become a force responsible for the shape of political life of Turkey. According to the ideology of neo-Ottomanism, the Republic of Turkey must get rid of the subordination of the United States, which will allow it to put itself on a par with such states as Britain, France, Russia, and China. Neo-Ottomanism is the main ideological direction of the new foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. One of the arguments used by Erdogan and his party in moving from a parliamentary to a presidential model is the fact that the country needs a government that is almost as strong and centralized as the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, the president himself and his entourage constantly emphasize that the Turks are the “heirs of the Ottomans” and that the country must return to its former glory and strengthen its political, economic and cultural influence in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, neo-Ottomanism is part of the official ideology of the Justice and Development Party and the basis of the country’s new identity, shaped by the political elite over the years. Although there is no direct indication of Turkish regional hegemony in the “strategic depth”, most analysts, especially in the West, believe that the expansion of spheres of influence mentioned in the doctrine is, in fact, nothing more than the restoration of Turkey’s monopoly hegemony in the region, but this times by means adapted to the modern era, in particular through the use of political, economic and cultural expansion and other “soft power” tools.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2023, 46 (53); 121-147
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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