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Tytuł:
An assessment of the susceptibility of bacterial cellulose films to fouling by mold fungi
Autorzy:
Betlej, Izabela
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Borysiuk, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200174.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
bacterial cellulose
degree of fouling
kombucha
mold fungi
Opis:
An assessment of susceptibility of bacterial cellulose films to fouling by mold fungi. The article presents the results of research on the degree of fouling of films made of bacterial cellulose by selected mold fungi. The degree of fouling of the cellulose film was compared with the degree of fouling of pine wood samples. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the cellulose film is covered by mold fungi. At the same time, it was found that T. viride grows on wood much faster than bacterial cellulose.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań stopnia porastania folii wytworzonych z celulozy bakteryjnej przez wybrane grzyby pleśniowe. Stopień porastania folii celulozowej porównano ze stopniem porastania próbek drewna sosny. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że folia celulozowa ulega porastaniu przez grzyby pleśniowe. Jednocześnie ustalono, że grzyb T. viride znacznie szybciej porasta drewno niż celulozę bakteryjną.
Źródło:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology; 2020, 110; 103--109
1898-5912
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza wybranych problemów biopsji węzła wartownika u chorych z rakiem piersi
Analysis of selected problems of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer
Autorzy:
Nowikiewicz, Tomasz
Biedka, Marta
Krajewski, Edward
Koper, Krzysztof
Windorbska, Wiesława
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
breast cancer
lymphoscintigraphy
nodal metastases
sentinel lymph node biopsy
sentinel node
biopsja węzła wartownika
limfoscyntygrafia
przerzuty węzłowe
rak piersi
węzeł wartownik
Opis:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage breast cancer is an example of a surgical procedure which, despite its long history, has had no uniform standard of performance implemented. This is a problem which concerns both the indications and limitations of this method as well as many of the technical aspects connected with the procedure. This paper is an attempt to resolve some of the controversies mentioned above based on the clinical experience of the authors. Material and method: The group consisted of 974 patients suffering from breast cancer and treated from January 2004 through October 2011 in the Clinical Department of Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery of the Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz who were also scheduled for sentinel lymph node removal. Data regarding the preoperative diagnosis of the primary tumor, such as minimally invasive methods (FNAB, core biopsy, and mammotome biopsy) or open surgical biopsy (tumorectomy, quadrantectomy, or past breast operations with no relation to the current treatment) of the location of the lesion and the sentinel lymph node identification method (combined isotope-dye, isotope, or dye method) was analyzed. Results: Ninety-four point five percent of all sought nodes were detected. The detection rate for the combined SLN marking and isotope methods amounted to 94.4% each, whereas in the case of the dye method, it amounted to 100%. Of all the patients who underwent surgery for the first time, 95.0% had the sentinel lymph node location isolated during the operation, whereas in the case of patients who had previously undergone surgical treatment of the breast or surgical biopsy of a tumor it was 92.1%. Moreover, the location of the tumor within the breast did not have a significant impact on the success of the sentinel lymph node biopsy. Conclusions: The surgical biopsy of the primary lesion preceding the removal of the sentinel lymph node does not have a significant impact on the possibility of the detection of the node sought. The situation is similar with regard to the selected method of sentinel lymph node detection and the location of the primary tumor. As a result, it is possible to extend the usage of the sentinel lymph node biopsy into a wider range of cases.
Biopsja węzła wartownika u chorych z niezaawansowanym rakiem piersi jest przykładem procedury chirurgicznej, dla której mimo upływu długiego czasu od jej wprowadzenia nie przyjęto ujednoliconego standardu wykonania. Problem dotyczy zarówno wskazań i ograniczeń do zastosowania tej metody operacyjnej, jak i wielu aspektów technicznych. W prezentowanej pracy podjęto próbę rozstrzygnięcia niektórych spośród wspomnianych kontrowersji na podstawie zebranych doświadczeń klinicznych autorów. Materiał i metoda: Badaniami objęto grupę 974 chorych z rakiem piersi zakwalifikowanych do wycięcia węzła wartownika, leczonych na Oddziale Klinicznym Nowotworów Piersi i Chirurgii Rekonstrukcyjnej Centrum Onkologii im. prof. Franciszka Łukaszczyka w Bydgoszczy w okresie od 1.01.2004 do 31.10.2011 roku. Przeanalizowano dane dotyczące sposobu diagnostyki przedoperacyjnej guza pierwotnego – obejmującej metody małoinwazyjne (BAC, biopsja gruboigłowa, biopsja mammotomiczna) lub otwartą biopsję chirurgiczną (tumorektomia, kwadrantektomia bądź przebyte w przeszłości operacje gruczołu piersiowego – bez związku z obecnym leczeniem), lokalizacji zmiany oraz rodzaju metody identyfikacji węzła wartownika (skojarzonej izotopowo-barwnikowej, izotopowej lub barwnikowej). Wyniki: Poszukiwany węzeł zidentyfikowano ogółem u 94,5% badanych. Odsetek zidentyfikowanych węzłów za pomocą metody skojarzonej oznaczania węzła wartownika oraz metody izotopowej wyniósł po 94,4%, w przypadku użycia tylko barwnika – 100%. U chorych operowanych pierwszorazowo śródoperacyjnie węzeł wartownika wyizolowano u 95,0% pacjentek, u chorych po wcześniejszym leczeniu operacyjnym piersi bądź biopsji chirurgicznej guza – w 92,1% przypadków. Powodzenie biopsji węzła wartownika również nie zależało istotnie od umiejscowienia guza w obrębie piersi. Wnioski: Poprzedzająca wycięcie węzła wartownika biopsja chirurgiczna zmiany pierwotnej nie wpływa istotnie na możliwość odnalezienia poszukiwanego węzła. Podobna zależność dotyczy także metody identyfikacji węzła wartownika oraz lokalizacji guza pierwotnego. Umożliwia to rozszerzenie niektórych wskazań do zastosowania biopsji węzła wartownika.
Źródło:
Current Gynecologic Oncology; 2012, 10, 4; 296-306
2451-0750
Pojawia się w:
Current Gynecologic Oncology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bacterial cellulose synthesis by Kombucha microorganisms on a medium with a variable composition of nutrients
Autorzy:
Betlej, Izabela
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24072065.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
bacterial cellulose
Kombucha
carbon and nitrogen sources
Opis:
Bacterial cellulose synthesis by Kombucha microorganisms on a medium with a variable composition of nutrients. The paper presents the results of the assessment of the impact of various sucrose contents and the presence of various sources of nitrogen compounds in the growth medium of Kombucha microorganisms on the synthesis efficiency and the obtained bacterial cellulose mass. The analysis of obtained research results revealed that the efficiency of cellulose synthesis by Kombucha microorganisms depends on the quantity and quality of nutrients available in the growth medium.
Synteza celulozy bakteryjnej przez mikroorganizmy Kombucha na podłożu przy zmiennym udziale składników pokarmowych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oceny wpływu różnych zawartości sacharozy oraz obecności różnych źródeł związków azotu w podłożu wzrostu mikroorganizmów Kombucha na wydajność syntezy oraz uzyskaną masę celulozy bakteryjnej. Analizując uzyskane wyniki badań, stwierdzono, że wydajność syntezy celulozy przez mikroorganizmy Kombucha jest zależna od ilości i jakości składników pokarmowych dostępnych w podłożu wzrostu.
Źródło:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology; 2019, 108; 53--57
1898-5912
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Carbon and oxygen isotopic survey of diagenetic carbonate deposits in the Agardhfjellet Formation (Upper Jurassic), Spitsbergen: preliminary results
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052060.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
Agardhfjellet Formation (Jurassic)
diagenetic carbonate deposits
carbon and oxygen isotopes
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2004, 25, 1; 27-44
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Catagenic ankerite replacing biogenic calcite in the Marhřgda Bed (Jurassic), Sassenfjorden, Spitsbergen
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052128.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
Jurassic
Marhøgda Bed
ankerite
palaeotemperatures
burial diagenesis
hydrocarbon generation
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2002, 23, 1; 1-15
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diagenetic origin of carbonate in the Marhøgda Bed (Jurassic) in Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Łącka, Bożena
Kuźniarski, Michał
Orłowski, Ryszard
Prejbisz, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Svalbard
Spitsbergen
Jurassic
Marhegda Bed
early diagenesis
burial diagenesis
carbonate minerals
palaeotemperatures
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2001, 22, 2; 89-128
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Early diagenetic siderite in the Panorama Point Beds (Radok Conglomerate, Early to Middle Permian), Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Gonzhurov, Nikolai A.
Laiba, Anatoly A.
Tatur, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Antarctica
Prince Charles Mts
Radok Conglomerate
Permian
siderite
fresh−water environment
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2010, 2; 169-194
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Eocene age of the Baranowski Glacier Group at Red Hill, King George Island, West Antarctica
Autorzy:
Mozer, Anna
Pécskay, Zoltán
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2047140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Antarctica
King George Island
Red Hill
Eocene
volcanogenic succession
K−Ar dating
flora
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2015, 4; 307-324
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
First Cenozoic glaciers in West Antarctica
Autorzy:
Birkenmajer, Krzysztof
Gaździcki, Andrzej
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Przybycin, Andrzej
Solecki, Andrzej
Tatur, Andrzej
Yoon, Ho Il
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052037.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Antarctica
King George Island
Eocene
mountain glaciers
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2005, 26, 1; 3-12
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Immunosuppressory activity of the cyclodimeric peptide with RGD-sequences.
Autorzy:
Szewczuk, Zbigniew
Buczek, Paweł
Stefanowicz, Piotr
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Wieczorek, Zbigniew
Siemion, Ignacy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
dimeric analog
chemical synthesis
homodetic cyclization
histocompatibility antigen
HLA-DQ
RGD-sequence
MHC class-II
Opis:
Our previous studies showed that the nonapeptide fragment of HLA-DQ of the sequence H-Thr-Pro-Gln-Arg-Gly-Asp-Val-Tyr-Thr-OH, located in the β164-172 loop, strongly suppresses the humoral and cellular immune responses, while its shorter analogs, H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Val-OH, H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Val-Tyr-OH and H-Gln-Arg-Gly-Asp-Val-Tyr-OH show only a weak stimulatory activity in respect to the humoral immunological response. These fragments contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, known for its importance for cellular association phenomena. Based on the crystal structure of HLA-DR1, we also designed and synthesized a cyclic analog H-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Val-Tyr-Cys-OH with restricted conformation, which strongly suppresses the immune response and selectively inhibits the αvβ3 integrin, suggesting that the mechanism of the immunosuppressory action of the peptide is associated with inhibition of the integrin. In this paper we present the design and synthesis of the cyclodimeric peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-Arg-Gly-Asp, which is also known as a selective αvβ3 inhibitor. The synthesized peptide strongly suppresses both the humoral and cellular immune response. The results support our hypothesis that the immunomodulatory activity of HLA-DQ fragments may be connected with their interactions with some particular integrins on the cell surface.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2001, 48, 1; 121-130
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
K−Ar dating of basic intrusions at Bellsund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Autorzy:
Birkenmajer, Krzysztof
Pécskay, Zoltán
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Lorenc, Marek W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
dolerite intrusions
Mesozoic
Late Palaeozoic
K−Ardating
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2010, 1; 3-16
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja podkultury przemocy a wyjaśnianie przestępczości agresywnej
The subculture of violence thesis and explaining violent criminal behavior
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699216.pdf
Data publikacji:
1987
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
subkultura
przestępczość agresywna
pojęcie kulturowe
zachowanie
przemoc
brutalny przestępca
zachowanie jednostek
teoria
koncepcja
subculture
aggressive crime
concept cultural
behaviour
violence
violent criminal
individuals behavior
theory
concept
Opis:
This article dears with some problems related to application of Wolfgang’s and Ferracuti's subculture of violence theory explanation of violent criminal behaviour. Wolfgang and Ferracuti adopted in their concept cultural  approach to explanation of crime in general, and violent crime in  particular. Doing so, they rejected openly usefulness in this particular area of Merton’s anomie theory. They adopted so-called normative theory of culture, when means that they understand under the term culture a normative system consisting of values, norms and behavioral patterns, which exert pressure over individuals being under their influence, what results in uniformity of human behaviour. Application of this concept in criminology means that there may exist specific normative systems containing such values and norms which may lead individuals influenced by them to criminal behaviour. In other words it means, that when we observe within certain social group high criminality rates, higher than the average ones in a given society we may explain  them in terms of  the specific features of the culture of this group. This way of thinking is not totally new in American criminological literature. The best example of it constitutes W.B. Miller’s concept of flower-class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Wolfgang and Ferracuti claim that disproportionately high rates of violent crimes among and members of American lower-class (especially members of ethnic minorities) result from specific subculture existing within this social group, which they call subculture of violence. This subculture is the specific normative system which is characterized by tolerance and permissiveness which respect to the use of violence in interpersonal relations. The use of violence is  perceived by members of such subculture as something normal and natural, they do not consider it as either illegal or immoral. On the contrary, violent people showing physical prowess and readiness of high enjoy many social rewards, high social status and prestige. People who do not conform to the requirements of such subculture face many troubles within their groups, including even possible ostracism.             Wolfgang's and Ferracuti's concept contains evidently two separate layers. The first one, sociological, deals with subculture of violence as a social phenomenon and the problems related to the existence, functioning and transmission of violence related norms and values within society. The concept of subculture itself plays here a key role. The second one, psychological, deals with psychological consequences for the individuals of being under influence of such subcultural ethos. The main concern here are changes in attitudes and ways of perceiving environment resulting from the adoption of subcultural values, which one observes among violent people. These two layers are connected by very important thesis that aggression and violence constitute learned behaviour deeply internalised in the personalities of individuals. As it was said before subculture of violence thesis was conceived by Wolfgang and Ferracuti primarily to explain excessively high rates of violent crime among members of American lower class. But they point out as well to other examples of such subcultures as for example barbaricino code in Sardinia, customary vendetta in Albanova district in Italy, Colombian violencia or ,,criminal tribes'' in India. All  this means that they treat their concept as a broader integrated criminological theory of violent criminal behaviour not limited to specific American context.      One can point out to many attempts in the USA at empirical verification of the violent subculture thesis. First of all it is necessary to mention researches done by S. Ball-Rokeach and H. Erlanger. They attempted to verify Wolfgang's and Ferracuti's claims that there must exist significant differences in value systems and attitudes towards the use of violence between violent and non-violent persons, and that people who engage very often in violent incidents enjoy within their communities many social rewards including high status and prestige. The subculture of violence thesis was also used to explain a well-known in the American literature phenomenon of excessively high rates of violent crimes, especially homicides in the southern states. Among attempts at cultural explanations of this phenomenon one can point out first of all to contributions by Hackney, Gastill and Erlanger as well. All mentioned above researches hardly brought conclusive results. They involve many methodological shortcomings' and generally speaking seem to be too simply conceived, using too crude tools to pretend to be real tests of the subculture of violence thesis. This concept still awaits real, comprehensive attempt at empirical verification.             When evaluating Wolfgang's and Ferracuti's concept from the theoretical point of view one has to start from the proposition which seems - as it was said before-to constitute the core of the entire concept: aggression and violence constitute learned behaviour. At this moment it is easy to observe similarity with E. D. Sutherland's differential association theory. Sutherland was speaking about conflict between criminal and non-criminal cultures. Existence of this conflict made it possible for an individual to have contacts with patterns of both criminal and law-abiding behaviour.  Prevalence of one of them in the immediate environment of the individual decided about its future behavior. Very similarly Wolfgang and Ferracuti speak about the conflict between dominant culture (which they call non-violent culture) and subculture (which they call subculture of violence). This conflict makes possible differential association in the Sutherland’s meaning of the term. There is however one important difference. Sutherland, as it is well know, was strongly influenced in his thinking by G. H. Mead’s symbolic interactionism and sociology of Ch. H. Cooley, what resulted in particular attention paid to the primary social groups  and direct interaction. For Sutherland the process of learning criminal behaviour could take place only by means of direct interaction within primary social groups. It is not easy to interpret Wolfgang’s and Ferracuti’s theory with respect to this problem, as they are not very explicit within the subculture. It makes it necessary to  carry out a more detailed analysis of what they understand under the term subculture. They say on the one hand that the concept of subculture is strictly connected with the concept of social group. It seems however that this last concept they understand very broadly, when they say that individuals  sharing certain values, norms and behavioral patterns constitute social  groups. This means that under the term subculture they understand just individuals sharing particular norms and values, at least partly distinct from those existing in the dominant culture. This means as well that such sharing of values does not require direct interaction between individuals. It leads finally to a very important statement that subculture may exist widely dispersed spatially. It is necessary to underline that such understanding of the term subculture is not totally alien even to the contemporary adherents  of symbolic interactionism. An article by A. Fine and S. Kleinman constitutes clear example. The essence of this approach is an attempt to avoid ,,reification’’-as above authors call it-of the concept of subculture, what means equaling it with certain social structure, in other words social group. It seems however that one should not press this point of view to the extreme. Interpretation of the meaning of the term culture in terms of individuals behaviour is quite popular in social anthropology, to mention only R. Linton. But it may lead also to certain consequences absurd from sociological and behaviour point of view. It may mean that if somebody behaves in a certain way, he adheres to certain norms and values of which his behaviour is a result. If not, it means that he  does not adhere to them. In fact, it is a great simplification from the point of view of the mechanisms of human behaviour. In such a situation the concept of subculture lacks clear empirical meaning and loses its explaining potential. It seem  that Wolgang's and Ferracuti's stance results from a very individualistic approach paying attention only to the relation culture-individual, while neglecting a very important one: culture-social group.  Very helpful in solving presented above problems may be more detailed analysis of the psychological mechanisms of learning. What is interesting is that Wolfgang and Ferracuti do not go into details with respect to this, and mention only eventual usefulness of either Eysenck's or Bandura’s concepts. This lust one seems to be particularly suitable for the purposes of interpreting subculture of violence concept. Bandura's concepts of observational learning, as well as clear distinction between learning and performance, and analysis of the process of learning from three separate points of view, i.e. acquisition mechanisms instigation mechanism and maintenance mechanisms may be here particularly useful. It means that subculture of violence supplies to individual patterns of violence and aggression which are observed, memorized and in this way learned. It is also obvious that these patterns are not supplied by abstract subculture itself, but by behaviour of other individuals in the immediate environment. It is clear however that there are no people who behave constantly violently, what Wolfgang and Ferracuti admit, but do not elaborate on it. Learned violent patterns may result in violent behaviour only sometimes, when they meet necessary instigating stimuli. They may become more consistent and durable behavioral patterns only when necessary maintaining mechanisms come into being. It is obvious that subculture of violence may, serve as the supplier of both instigating and maintaining mechanisms. Especially these last may be very important. Bandura provides a very important distinction between internal and external control of human behaviour .Internal control means rewards, reinforcements coming from the individual's self. Here internalized values and norms come into action and play on important role. Behaviour, being in accordance with them brings satisfaction to the individual. This aspect of maintaining mechanisms constiutes main subject for Wolfgang and Ferracuti. But there is another one: external control, reinforcements, rewards coming from social environment, from social groups. Wolfgang and Ferracuti pay less attention or almost none to this aspect, because to analyse it one has to connect the meaning of the term subculture with the term social group, what they refuse to do. External control can not be an attribute of subculture itself. It is the function of groups. When one recognizes that subcultural system may be analysed only as a normative system of given- social groups, the possible influence of it becomes much broader. In such an interpretation subcultural influence is not limited only to mechanisms of internal control. Individuals may behave violently because they receive many external rewards for such behaviour. Because of this violent behaviour does not have necessarily to bring special satisfaction to the individual. Such behaviour may result from well known in social psychology mechanisms of group pressure and conformity with group standards.    In sum, it seems to be very profitable to use Bandura’s social learning theory to interpret and to broaden Wolfgang's and Ferracuti’s subculture of violence thesis. It is necesary of course to modify their use of the term subculture and connect it strictly with social structures and groups. In such a situation subcultural influence from the psychological point of view may not be limited to the mechanisms of internal control but extended to the external control by social groups, -what makes possible application of the theory as a theory of violent behaviour in general.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 7-42
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kontrolować czy nie, ale jeśli kontrolować, to w jaki sposób? Wyzwania związane ze zjawiskiem nowych substancji psychoaktywnych
To Control or Not, But If So, Then in What Manner? Challenges Associated with the Appearance of New Psychoactive Substances
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kontrola
substancje psychoaktywne
control
psychoactive substances
Opis:
Definitions of drug offences must remain in agreement with the principle of nullumcrimen sine lege certa, which demands a precise definition of the subject of thesecrimes, namely illegal psychoactive substances. A basic legislative technique in thisregard is the creation of lists of controlled substances determined by annexes to theappropriate legal acts. Their advantage is precision, but the undoubted disadvantageis low elasticity. In the case of the appearance of a new psychoactive substance, itremains legal until it has been placed onto the appropriate list. This did not have muchsignificance when the market was dominated by well-known substances of natural orpolysynthetic character, and the appearance of new substances was rare. Already inthe 1970s, however, the phenomenon of purely synthetic substances began: so-calleddesigner drugs. They were often primarily created to avoid the existing system ofcontrol: sometimes small changes in the molecular chain of an illegal substance yieldeda new substance of similar psychoactive qualities that did not come under scrutiny.This phenomenon accelerated significantly in the 1990s. The phenomenon of so-callednew psychoactive substances (NPS) became a serious problem, specifically when theybegan to be offered for sale on a wider scale in special shops (so-called smart shops),or on the Internet as a legal equivalent of an illegal narcotic (so-called legal highs). Therace between legislators and chemists “inventing” more and more substances entereda new phase at that time.The answer for legislators in many countries of the world was so-called genericdefinitions, or analogue definitions, under which whole groups of substances cameunder control. However, in many countries these raise constitutional objections, due totheir partially-determined character. This is why the dominant method is still makinglists, which requires the phenomenon of ceaseless revision. Accompanying this isthe problem of evaluating the legitimacy of dispersing controls on new psychotropicsubstances that are provided for illegal narcotics. New psychoactive substances are mostoften poorly understood during the moment when a decision is being made about theirillegalisation: not much is clear about their psychoactive qualities, their potential tocause addiction (dependence potential), their acute toxicity, nor their chronic toxicity.This raises questions about the criteria used for making decisions about illegalisation:are these decisions based in reality on scientific evidence (evidence-based decisions), orare they also taken based on a precautionary principle. In the latter case, banning themis essentially of a political nature and is being done just in case.An example of a formalised procedure of risk assessment linked to new psychoactivesubstances is the European early warning system carried out under the supervision of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA). Therisk evaluation procedure begins with a technical report prepared by EMCDDA andEuropol, who must provide all scientific information on the subject of the givensubstance. A proper evaluation is performed by a broad scientific committee of theEMCDDA. In its report, the committee presents only the facts. On their basis, a finaldecision is taken by the European Commission. If they decide on the control option,member countries are obliged to add the substance to their national lists of controllednarcotics. Since the number of new psychoactive substances appearing in recent years hasrisen dramatically, this system has begun to reach the limits of its efficiency. Due tothis, even during the previous term of the European Parliament, work had begun ona new directive about the issue, the draft of which proposed abandoning the system ofdichotomous treatment of psychoactive substances as either illegal narcotics or as legalsubstances. It is to be replaced with a tripartite separation of psychoactive substancesinto those which present a low risk to health, society and safety (not subject to anylimiting measures), moderate risk (subject to bans on them entering the market, butnot controlled for research, medical or veterinary goals), and high risk (subject tocontrols designed for narcotics).The problem of new psychoactive substances, so-called legal highs, appeared inPoland on a wider scale around 2007-2008. The initial reaction of the legislature wasof a standard character and consisted of extending the lists of controlled substances.This was done in March 2009, June 2010, and April 2011. It was only in October 2010that new control mechanisms were introduced. Due to the concept of substitute drugs,“legal highs” were put under administrative controls differing from the control systemfor intoxicating agents and psychotropic substances. Eventually in July 2015, anotheramendment to legislation on the prevention of drug addiction, on the one hand,extended the list of intoxicating agents and psychotropic substances by another 114substances (consequently, the lists used in Poland now included 428 substances). Onthe other hand, it expanded new forms of control for these substances. Within thisframework, the Ministry of Health introduced a list of new psychoactive substancesin an annex to the regulations, which eases and speeds up the process of addingamendments. Sanctions associated with the illegal turnover of these substances havean administrative rather than criminal character and do not affect normal possession.Despite attempts to find an indirect way, the consequences of Polish politicstowards legal highs are quite paradoxical. Twice after extending the list of controlledsubstances (in June 2010 and July 2015), an increase appeared (a dramatic one in July2015) of poisoning attributed to legal highs. This was certainly a result of the marketreacting to illegalisation. It was due to the replacement of these newly-illegal substanceswith something often markedly more harmful.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 5-50
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O wpływie ustawodawstwa karnego na politykę karną
Impact of penal law on penal policy
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698822.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka karna
determinanty polityki karnej
punitywność polityki karnej
prawo zapisane
prawo w działaniu
penal policy
determinants of penal policy
punitiveness of penal policy
law on the books
law in action
Opis:
For many years, Polish penal policy has been considered to be very punitive. This is confirmed by the very high imprisonment rate which was observable even before World War Two. This raises the legitimate question of how to explain this consistent pattern. It is also appropriate to ask whether the reasons for this punitiveness can be found in punitive penal legislation, in the legal code, or in punitive sentencing practice, or at the level of the law in action. This article uses available statistical data to analyse selected trends in Polish penal policy, indicating that on many occasions attempts to diminish punitive sentencing outcomes through legislation produced absolutely opposite results. At the same time, there have been periods of real reduction in this punitiveness which occurred without any specific legislative changes made with such an intention. All of this suggests that the law on the books and the law in action may to a large extent be independent of each other.
Polityka karna w Polsce od lat uchodzi za niezwykle punitywną, o czym świadczą wysokie wartości, jakie przyjmują współczynniki prizonizacji, poczynając od okresu przed II wojną światową. Rodzi to uzasadnione pytanie o przyczyny takiego stanu rzeczy: czy leżą one po stronie punitywnego ustawodawstwa, tj. prawa zapisanego, czy też po stronie praktyki orzekania kar przez sądy, tj. prawa w działaniu. Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie w świetle dostępnych danych statystycznych wybranych zjawisk w polskiej polityce karnej, pokazujących, że w szeregu wypadków reformy zmierzające do obniżenia poziomu punitywności polskiej polityki karnej dawały rezultaty odwrotne od zamierzonych. Równocześnie wskazać można okresy jednoznacznego obniżenia tej punitywności, które nie były warunkowane jakimikolwiek zmianami ustawodawczymi. Pokazuje to względną niezależność płaszczyzn prawa zapisanego i prawa w działaniu.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/2; 41-80
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obraz przestępczości w Niemczech oraz w Polsce w okresie transformacji ustrojowej (wybrane aspekty)
Crime in Germany and Poland in the Period of Transformation (Selected aspects)
Autorzy:
Kury, Helmut
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Obergefell-Fuchs, Joachim
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699163.pdf
Data publikacji:
1996
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość
Niemcy
Polska
okres transformacji ustrojowej
statystyki policyjne
delinquency
Germany
Polska
period of transformation
police statistics
Opis:
Among the negative side-effects of the fall of "Realsozialismus" in Central and Eastern Europe and the process of political, social and economic transformations initiated in 1989 there was a deterioration of internal safety in those countries. According to a popular opinion, this was manifested, among other things, by a growth - a rapid one in many instances - in the extent and intensity of crime, and also in negative changes of its structure which consisted in a particularly fast growth of tle most serious crime or emergence of its new and very dangerous forms, hitherto unknown in those countries. From this viewpoint, criminological literature in all those countries without exception has recently been presenting an extremely pessimistic picture of a growing threat of crime which can at any moment get out of control. As a consequence, fear of crime is growing in societies involved, and appeals can be heard more and more often from politicians that “law and order” be instituted. The present paper does not aim at negating either the growth of crime in post-Communist societies itself or the negative changes of the structure of crime. It is our aim first of all to compare the state of crime that follows from the two basic modern sources of information on this area, that is oflicial statistics of crime and victimization surveys, and to point to some related problems. The analysis is limited to two countries, Germany and Poland. Concerned in the former case is, of course, mainly analysis of phenomena found in the new federal lands of united Germany, that is the territory of former GDR, but also consequences of the union for the state of crime in Germany as a whole. One of the basic problems posed by analysis of extent, intensity and dynamics of reported crime, that is crime recorded in oflicial statistics in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, is reliability of statistical data from the period of “Realsozialismus” which serve as the point of departure of all comparisons. The growth in reported crime in the territory of former GDR has indeed been dramatic after 1990; yet the point of departure for comparisons involved here are GDR police statistics which showed the extent of reported crime as 10% of that in “old” FRG. Today, German criminologists agree that GDR crime statistics were regularly “improved” for ideological and political reasons, the real extent of crime being much higher there.             Similar problems can be found in Poland where a rapid growth in reported crime took place only once in principle, that is in 1990. Later on, the extent of reported crime became stabilized at the new level “established” in 1990. It is highly improbable that the impact of social and economic reform on crime in Poland was limited to a “big bang” in 1990 and then ceased. Also here, we dealt rather with a specific statistical artifact and not with a single rapid growth in the extent of crime. What also speaks for this thesis is the fact that crime used to be “under-recorded” in police statistics in Poland as well through a policy of extremely selective reception by the police of information about offenses. Abandonment of this practice after 1989 resulted in a serious growth of recorded crime. Appraising the dynamics of reported crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one should also bear it in mind that the growth in crime there not necessarily followed the breakdown of “Realsozialismus”. In many countries, former USSR in particular, the growth in crime actually preceded change. Also in recent years, Central and East-European statistics have by no means been showing a constant and rapid growth in reported crime. There were rather fluctuations (if quite rapid at times), followed by a recent downward trend in some of the countries involved. Still another important problem is comparison of the extent of reported crime in post-Communist and in developed Western societies. Discussing the “flood” of crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one tends to forget that in most cases, the actual extent of crime in the region is still much lower than in most countries of Western Europe. Comparison of the situation in Germany and Poland may serve as an example here. I ulated. As far as possible, the state of crime in post-Communist societies should also be appraised on the basis of sources other than the official statistics. Helpful here can be first of all data from victimization surveys, alas still a rarity in Central and Eastern Europe. Yet basing on available data for Germany and Poland (chiefly from the International Crime Survey of 1992) it can be stated that victimization surveys show an extent of real crime much higher than the one that follows from official statistical data. This means a very high dark number of crime in Poland and elsewhere in the region, caused probably by the people’s very low tendency to report facts of victimization to the police. At any rate, from data on victimization it follows that the extent of real crime in Poland is higher as compared to Germany. This is not to say, though, that crime in Poland “breaks all the records”. With some exceptions concerning chiefly offenses against property such as theft and pickpocketing, Poland has an average extent of crime judging by European “standards'” in this respect. Basing on data from victimization surveys, also the territorial differentiation of the extent of crime in Germany and Poland can be analyzed. The basic problem in Germany is the noticeable difference between southern and northern lands, the latter having a much higher extent of crime, and also the process of the new lands “catching up” with or even “outstripping” the old ones in this respect during the last five years. Quite distinct regularities can also be found in Poland; some of them are known from earlier literature. Thus first of all, there is a noticeably higher extent of crime in Western and Northern Territories of Poland and a low extent in Wielkopolska region. It is interesting to correlate those regularities with selected demographic and socio-economic data on individual regions of the two countries. In Germany, unfavorable values of those indices found in the north of “old” FRG and in former GDR are rather explicitly correlated with a higher extent of crime. In Poland where territorial differentiation of the indices is less distinct, some regularities in this respect can nevertheless be found, too. At the samo time it seems, though, that the extent of crime in Poland is the highest in regions where, due to specific local features, the social costs of reform are the greatest and most painful.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1996, XXII; 7-41
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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