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Wyszukujesz frazę "Chen, C. C." wg kryterium: Autor


Tytuł:
2D Structural Acoustic Analysis Using the FEM/FMBEM with Different Coupled Element Types
Autorzy:
Chen, L.
Zhao, W.
Liu, C.
Chen, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/176330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
boundary element method
finite element method
discontinuous boundary elements
acoustic fluid-structure interaction
fast multipole method
Opis:
A FEM-BEM coupling approach is used for acoustic fluid-structure interaction analysis. The FEM is used to model the structure and the BEM is used to model the exterior acoustic domain. The aim of this work is to improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of the conventional FEM-BEM coupling approach. The fast multipole method (FMM) is applied to accelerating the matrix-vector products in BEM. The Burton-Miller formulation is used to overcome the fictitious eigen-frequency problem when using a single Helmholtz boundary integral equation for exterior acoustic problems. The continuous higher order boundary elements and discontinuous higher order boundary elements for 2D problem are developed in this work to achieve higher accuracy in the coupling analysis. The performance for coupled element types is compared via a simple example with analytical solution, and the optimal element type is obtained. Numerical examples are presented to show the relative errors of different coupled element types.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2017, 42, 1; 37-48
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
3D laser scanning technique for the inspection and monitoring of railway tunnels
Technika skanowania laserowego 3D do kontroli i monitorowania tuneli kolejowych
Autorzy:
Chen, H-M.
Ulianov, C.
Shaltout, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/375282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
railway tunnel
inspection of railway tunnels
monitoring of railway tunnels
laser scanning
tunel kolejowy
inspekcja tuneli kolejowych
monitorowanie tuneli kolejowych
skanowanie laserowe
Opis:
Railway tunnel inspection and monitoring has predominantly been a visual and manual procedure, which is time-consuming and subjective, giving rise to variance in standards and quality. Thus, alternative, novel, automated techniques need to be developed, for more efficient and reliable tunnel examination. The reported research aimed to investigate the application of a laser scanning technique for the inspection of tunnel degradation and structural integrity. The proposed method may either substitute or supplement traditional survey techniques, being more efficient, and contributing thus to the standardisation of tunnel inspections. For the purpose of investigating the applicability and accuracy of laser scanning in tunnels, a set of tunnel lining models was constructed for laboratory tests, with the objective of determining the quality of the imaging. Initial tests were carried out using a performant laser scanner and demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. As a result, refined laboratory models were built, and experiments conducted, to establish the quality and precision of laser scanning imaging, for condition monitoring of tunnels. The experimental results indicate that the laser scanning technique used in this research has high potential for detecting the tunnel condition, monitoring the depth of weathered mortar, spalling bricks etc. with high accuracy in static scanning mode.
Kontrola i monitoring tuneli kolejowych w przeważającej mierze to procedura, która jest czasochłonna i subiektywna, co powoduje zróżnicowanie standardów i jakości badań. Stąd też muszą być opracowane alternatywe, nowoczesne, zautomatyzowane techniki do bardziej skutecznych i rzetelnych badań. Przedstawione badania miały na celu wskazanie zastosowania techniki skanowania laserowego do kontroli degradacji tunelu i integralności strukturalnej. Proponowana metoda może zastąpić, bądź uzupełnienić, tradycyjne techniki pomiarowe. Jest ona bardziej wydajna i może przyczynić się do standaryzacji kontroli tuneli. Aby zbadać przydatności i dokładności skanowania laserowego w tunelach, skonstruowano zestaw modeli do testów labolatoryjnych, w celu określenia jakości obrazów. Wyniki doświadczalne wskazują, że technika skanowania laserowego zastosowana w badaniu ma wysoki potencjał do charakteryzowania stanu tunelu, monitorowania głębokości zwietrzenia zaprawy, odpryskiwania cegieł itp., z dużą dokładnością w trybie statycznym skanowania.
Źródło:
Transport Problems; 2015, T. 10, z. spec.; 73-84
1896-0596
2300-861X
Pojawia się w:
Transport Problems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A design approach based on a correlative relationship between maintainability and functional construction
Podejście projektowe oparte na korelacyjnym związku między konserwowalnością a funkcjonalną budową produktu
Autorzy:
Guo, C.
Lyu, C.
Chen, J.
Zhou, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/301730.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
maintainability design
correlative relationship
functional construction design factors
maintainability design factors
projektowanie konserwowalności
związek korelacyjny
czynniki konstrukcyjne dotyczące funkcjonalnej budowy
czynniki konstrukcyjne dotyczące konserwowalności
Opis:
As an important quality characteristic, maintainability is the ability of a product to be repaired efficiently and economically. Because it is mainly determined at the design stage, maintainability is mostly affected by the construction of a product. Traditional product design methods put more focus on design for function and production, neglecting design for maintainability, which causes a gap between functional construction design and maintainability design. The delay of maintainability design results in huge costs for design changes and even irrevocable design flaws. Because of the weak relationship between functional construction and maintainability in product design, the influence of maintainability design on the product is limited. To resolve this problem, this paper proposes a design approach considering the relationship between maintainability and functional construction. First, maintainability design factors (MDFs) and functional construction design factors (FCDFs) are defined and classified. Second, based on topology graphic theory, a correlative relationship model is constructed by graphically combining the MDFs and FCDFs into a network diagram. Third, to determine primary design factors, a quantization matrix is developed to perform importance evaluation of the correlative relationship. Finally, a practical case is studied by implementing the proposed approach for the lubrication system of an armoured vehicle. The results validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the approach.
Konserwowalność to ważna charakterystyka jakościowa, którą można zdefiniować jako możliwość wydajnej i ekonomicznej naprawy produktu. Ponieważ o konserwowalności produktu decydują głównie wybory dokonane na etapie projektowania, największy wpływ na nią ma budowa produktu. Tradycyjne metody projektowania produktów kładą większy nacisk na projektowanie funkcji i produkcji, zaniedbując projektowanie pod kątem łatwości konserwacji, co powoduje powstanie luki między projektowaniem funkcjonalnej budowy produktu a projektowaniem jego konserwowalności. Opóźnienie etapu projektowania konserwowalności generuje ogromne koszty związane z koniecznością zmian projektu i może nawet prowadzić do nieodwracalnych wad projektowych. Ze względu na słabą zależność między budową funkcjonalną a konserwowalnością w projektowaniu produktu, wpływ projektowania konserwowalności na produkt jest ograniczony. Aby rozwiązać ten problem, w niniejszej pracy zaproponowano podejście projektowe uwzględniające związek między konserwowalnością a budową funkcjonalną wyrobu. Po pierwsze, zdefiniowano i sklasyfikowano czynniki konstrukcyjne (projektowe) dotyczące konserwowalności (MDF) oraz czynniki konstrukcyjne związane z budową funkcjonalną produktu (FCDF). Po drugie, w oparciu o teorię graficznej reprezentacji topologii, zbudowano model zależności korelacyjnych między MDF i FCDF w postaci diagramu sieciowego. Po trzecie, w celu określenia podstawowych czynników konstrukcyjnych, opracowano macierz kwantyzacji, pozwalającą na ocenę ważności relacji korelacyjnych. Wreszcie, przeanalizowano przypadek układu smarowania pojazdu opancerzonego jako przykład zastosowania proponowanego podejścia w praktyce. Wyniki potwierdzają skuteczność omawianego podejścia oraz możliwość jego praktycznego wykorzystania.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2018, 20, 1; 115-124
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A graphical method for Great Circle Routes
Autorzy:
Hsu, T. P.
Chen, C. L.
Hsieh, T. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259336.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
transoceanic shipping
great circle route
waypoints
celestial meridian diagram
Opis:
A great circle route (GCR) is the shortest route on a spherical earth model. Do we have a visual diagram to handle the shortest route? In this paper, a graphical method (GM) is proposed to solve the GCR problems based on the celestial meridian diagram (CMD) in celestial navigation. Unlike developed algebraic methods, the GM is a geometric method. Appling computer software to graph, the GM does not use any equations but is as accurate as using algebraic methods. In addition, the GM, which emphasizes the rotational surface, can depict a GCR and judge its benefit.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2017, 1; 12-21
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A method for measuring the quality parameters of image intensifier based on projecting phase-shifting gratings
Autorzy:
Sun, S.
Cao, Y.
Chen, C.
Fu, G.
Wang, Y.
Xu, X.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/174300.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
phase measurement
phase-shifting grating
distortion
image intensifier
imaging quality parameter
Opis:
A method for measuring the quality parameters of image intensifier based on projecting phase-shifting gratings is proposed. A set of designed phase-shifting gratings are projected into the measuring system orderly to obtain the magnification parameter of the measured image intensifier, and the phase caused by the measured image intensifier. After obtaining the referential phase caused by only the magnification of the measured image intensifier, the phase caused by the distortion of the measured image intensifier is extracted by phase calculating and phase unwrapping. Both the global distortion and the partial distortion of the measured image intensifier can be measured by phase-to-distortion matching at the same time. The experimental results show that the proposed method can measure the multiple quality parameters of image intensifier effectively.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2018, 48, 1; 39-51
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Luoping, Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Autorzy:
Wen, W.
Zhang, Q.-Y.
Hu, S.-X.
Zhou, C.-Y.
Xie, T.
Huang, J.-Y.
Chen, Z.Q.
Benton, M.J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
Tematy:
actinopterygian fish
fish
Anisian
Middle Triassic
Luoping
Yunnan Province
China
Actinopterygii
Halecomorphi
Triassic
Opis:
The new neopterygian fish taxon Luoxiongichthys hyperdorsalis gen. et sp. nov. is established on the basis of five specimens from the second member of the Guanling Formation (Anisian, Middle Triassic) from Daaozi Quarry, Luoping, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The new taxon is characterized by the following characters: triangular body outline with a distinct apex located between skull and dorsal fin; free maxilla; slender preopercular almost vertical; three suborbitals; at least eight strong branchiostegals with tubercles and comb−like ornamentation on the anterior margin; clavicles present; two postcleithra; ganoid scales covered by tubercles and pectinate ornamentation on the posterior margin with peg−and−socket structure; hemiheterocercal tail slightly forked. Comparison with basal actinopterygians reveals that the new taxon has parasemionotid−like triangular symplectics, but a semionotid opercular system. Cladistic analysis suggests that this new genus is a holostean, and either a basal halecomorph or basal semionotiform.
Źródło:
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2012, 57, 1
0567-7920
Pojawia się w:
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A novel approach to photonic generation of periodic triangular radio frequency waveforms
Autorzy:
Xiang, P.
Guo, H.
Chen, D.
Zhu, H.
Wu, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/174643.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
microwave photonics
triangular waveform
polarization modulator (PolM)
microwave photonic filter (MPF)
radio frequency (RF) waveform generation
Opis:
A novel approach to photonic generation of triangular radio frequency waveforms with a tunable repetition rate is proposed and analyzed. In the proposed system, a continuous-wave light is modulated by a reference microwave signal through a polarization modulator, and then its output optical sidebands are manipulated by a microwave photonic filter with a negative tap. By properly adjusting the system parameters, full-duty-cycle triangular radio frequency waveforms can be generated after optical-to-electrical conversion, and its repetition rate (frequency) can be tuned in a wide range. A model describing the proposed system is derived, which is verified via computer simulations.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2015, 45, 3; 381-391
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A numerical approach to predict the rotating stall in the vaneless diffuser of a centrifugal compressor using the eigenvalue method
Autorzy:
Hu, C.
Liu, P.
Zhu, X.
Chen, H.
Du, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/281006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
instability
vaneless diffuser
eigenvalue problem
spectral method
Opis:
A two-dimensional incompressible flow model is presented to study the occurrence of rotating stall in vaneless diffusers of centrifugal compressors. The diffuser considered has two parallel walls, and the undisturbed flow is assumed to be circumferentially uniform, isentropic, and to have no axial velocity. The linearized 2D Euler equations for an incompressible flow in a fixed frame of the coordinate system are considered. After discretization by a spectral collocation method based on Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto points, the generalized eigenvalue problem is solved through the QZ algorithm. The compressor stability is judged by the imaginary part of the eigenvalue obtained. Based on the 2D stability analysis, the influence of inflow angle, radius ratio and wave number are studied. The results from the present stability analysis are compared with some experimental measurement and Shen’s model. It is showed that diffuser instability increases rapidly and the stall rotational speed decreases quickly with an increase in the diffuser radius ratio. The largest critical inflow angle can be obtained when the wave number is around 3 ∼ 5 for the radius ratio between 1.5 to 2.2. It is also verified that the stability model proposed in this paper agrees well with experimental data and has the capability to predict the onset of rotating stall, especially for wide diffusers.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2017, 55, 2; 635-647
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A skew ray tracing approach for error analysis of a light ray path for optical systems with asymmetrical optical axes
Autorzy:
Liao, T T
Kung, C
Chen, C T
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/173300.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
skew ray tracing
homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix
error analysis
Opis:
This study applies a skew ray tracing approach based on a 4×4 homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and Snell’s law to analyze the errors of a ray light path as it passes through a series of optical elements in an asymmetrical optical system. The proposed error analysis methodology considers two principal sources of a light path error, namely: i) the translational errors and the rotational errors which determine the deviation of the light path at each boundary surface, and ii) the differential changes induced in the incident point position and unit directional vector of the refracted/reflected ray as a result of differential changes in the position and unit directional vector of the light source. The validity of the proposed methodology is verified by analyzing the effects of optical errors in a corner cube.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2015, 45, 2; 249-261
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A stepwise ISO-based TQM implementation approach using ISO 9001:2015
Autorzy:
Chen, C.-K.
Anchecta, K.
Lee, J. -D.
Dahlgaard, J. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/407353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Total Quality Management
TQM
ISO QMS
ISO 9000
ISO 9001:2015
international standard
Opis:
The lack of an implementation roadmap always deters enterprises from choosing Total Quality Management (TQM) as its major management approach. This paper proposes a stepwise ISO-based TQM implementation approach which is based on the notion of the new threedimensional overall business excellence framework developed by Dahlgaard et al. [1]. The proposed approach consists of nine steps comprising three categories: “TQM faith building”, “TQM tools and techniques learning”, and “system development”. The steps in each of the three categories are arranged to span across the proposed nine-step approach. The ISO 9001:2015 standard is used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed approach. The ideas and benefits of the proposed approach are further discussed in relation to this illustration.
Źródło:
Management and Production Engineering Review; 2016, 7, 4; 65-75
2080-8208
2082-1344
Pojawia się w:
Management and Production Engineering Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A strain of pathogenic Bacillus subtilis results in brain damage in ducklings when co-infected with Riemerella anatipestifer
Autorzy:
Zhu, T.S.
Chen, F.F.
Li, J.C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087854.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Bacillus subtilis
co-infection
Riemerella anatipestifer
duckling
opportunistic pathogen
Nauki Biologiczne i Rolnicze
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2017, 4; 803-809
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A systematic approach for solving the great circle track problems based on vector algebra
Autorzy:
Chen, C. L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260175.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
great circle
vector algebra
multiple products
spherical trigonometry
Opis:
A systematic approach, based on multiple products of the vector algebra (S-VA), is proposed to derive the spherical triangle formulae for solving the great circle track (GCT) problems. Because the mathematical properties of the geometry and algebra are both embedded in the S-VA approach, derivations of the spherical triangle formulae become more understandable and more straightforward as compared with those approaches which use the complex linear combination of a vector basis. In addition, the S-VA approach can handle all given initial conditions for solving the GCT problems simpler, clearer and avoid redundant formulae existing in the conventional approaches. With the technique of transforming the Earth coordinates system of latitudes and longitudes into the Cartesian one and adopting the relative longitude concept, the concise governing equations of the S-VA approach can be easily and directly derived. Owing to the advantage of the S-VA approach, it makes the practical navigator quickly adjust to solve the GCT problems. Based on the S-VA approach, a program namely GCTPro_VA is developed for friendly use of the navigator. Several validation examples are provided to show the S-VA approach is simple and versatile to solve the GCT problems.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2016, 2; 3-13
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Abnormal phase removing method in phase measuring profilometry
Autorzy:
Xu, X.
Cao, Y.
Chen, C.
Cao, S.
Peng, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/173504.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
information optics
phase measuring profilometry
phase shifting algorithm
phase error
phase auto-extracting
Opis:
An abnormal phase removing method in phase measuring profilometry is proposed. In the five equal shifting phase steps algorithm, the shifting phase might be extracted from the deformed patterns captured by CCD camera. But there may be some errors introduced by a digital fringe projector and CCD camera in these deformed patterns. The impurity of the deformed patterns may lead to four classes of abnormalities when extracting the shifting phase. These abnormalities may cause the wrong shifting phase extraction by which the reconstructed object might be misshapen or anamorphic, or even in failure. By this proposed method, the above abnormalities can be removed, and the shifting phase can be auto-extracted precisely from the impure deformed patterns without knowing its value. Experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2017, 47, 1; 85-95
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Acquisition of the Surface Morphology of Ruled Gratings with a Microscope Objective
Autorzy:
Li, Z.
Ma, L.
Liu, C.
Zhang, M.
Chen, X.
Cheng, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1189791.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
42.30.Kq
42.87.-d
42.79.Dj
42.40.Kw
Opis:
In this paper, an optical microscope objective with large numerical number is inserted into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and this system is adopted to detect the surface morphologies of two ruled transmission gratings with area scale to a micrometer. The object waves transmitting from the gratings interfere with spherical reference wave, and the interferograms constructed are recorded by a high-resolution CCD. The surface maps of the gratings are retrieved from the interferograms, and the results are confirmed by the measurement with an atomic force microscope, with detection errors in nanometer scale. This work provides an optical non-destructive method for precise detection of small-area sophisticated object surfaces with an optical microscope objective.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2015, 127, 6; 1630-1633
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An application of feedback linearization to the tracking and almost disturbance decoupling control of nonlinear system with uncertainties
Autorzy:
Chen, C.-C.
Huang, Y.-C
Lin, W.-J.
Shen, D.-C.
Huang, L.-A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970382.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
almost disturbance decoupling
feedback linearizable
differential geometry approach
composite Lyapunov approach
Opis:
This paper studies the tracking and almost disturbance decoupling problem of nonlinear systems with uncertainties, based on the feedback linearization approach. The main contribution of this study is to construct a controller, under appropriate conditions, such that the resulting closed-loop system is valid for any initial condition and bounded tracking signal with the following characteristics: input-to-state stability with respect to disturbance inputs and almost disturbance decoupling, i.e., the influence of disturbances on the L2 norm of the output tracking error can be arbitrarily attenuated by changing some adjustable parameters. Two examples, which cannot be solved by the first paper on the almost disturbance decoupling problem, are proposed in this paper to exploit the fact that the tracking and the almost disturbance decoupling performances are easily achieved by the proposed approach. In order to demonstrate the practical applicability, the paper has investigated the AMIRA ball and beam system.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2007, 36, 2; 385-403
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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