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Wyszukujesz frazę "Chalupová, M." wg kryterium: Autor


Tytuł:
The micro-mechanisms of failure of nodular cast iron
Autorzy:
Vasko, A.
Chalupova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/112051.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
nodular cast iron
ferrite-pearlitic matrix
mechanical properties
micromechanisms of failure
żeliwa sferoidalne
macierz ferrytyczno-perlityczna
właściwości mechaniczne
niewydolność mikromechanizmów
Opis:
The contribution deals with a comparison of the micro-mechanisms of failure of nodular cast irons at static, impact and fatigue stress. Several specimens of ferrite-pearlitic nodular cast irons with different content of ferrite in a matrix were used for metallographic analysis, mechanical tests and micro-fractographic analysis. Mechanical properties were found by static tensile test, impact bending test and fatigue tests. The micro-fractographic analysis was made with use of scanning electron microscope VEGA II LMU on fracture surfaces of the specimens fractured by these mechanical and fatigue tests. Fracture surfaces of analysed specimens are characteristic of mixed mode of fracture. Micro-mechanism of failure of nodular cast irons is dependent on the method of stress.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2014, 5, 4; 31-35
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reducing the Negative of the Iron in the Alloy Based on Al-Si-Mg by Manganese
Autorzy:
Podprocka, R.
Bolibruchova, D.
Chalupova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381839.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
alloy Al-Si-Mg
manganese
intermetallic phases
reducing of iron
stop Al-Si-Mg
mangan
fazy międzymetaliczne
redukcja żelaza
Opis:
In Al-Si alloy the iron is the most common impurity and with presence of other elements in alloy creates the intermetallic compounds, which decreases mechanical properties and increases of porosity. The cause of the negative effect of intermetallic particles on the mechanical properties is that it is more easily break off the tension load as the aluminium matrix or small particles of silicon. By adding suitable alloying elements, also known as iron correctors, is possible to reduce this harmful effect. In the article is evaluated influence of manganese on microstructure with performed EDX analysis selected intermetallic phases and tensile test and measurement of length of Al5FeSi phase. For realization experiments was used AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy with increased iron content. Manganese was added in the amount 0.3 wt. %, 0.6 wt. %, 0.8 wt.% and 1,2 wt. %. From performed measurements it has been concluded, that increased amount of manganese, i.e. Mn/Fe ratio, does not have significant influence on mechanical properties AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy in the melted state.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 2; 212-216
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of the Properties of the AlSi9Cu3 Alloy Depending on the Ratio of Returnable Material in the Batch
Autorzy:
Matejka, M.
Bolibruchová, D.
Chalupová, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049423.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Al-Si-Cu cast alloys
natural and artificial ageing
metallography
mechanical properties
hot tearing
Opis:
Recycling of aluminium returnable material through its reuse is now an essential component of the production of aluminium alloy castings. The main goal is to find a suitable ratio of the primary alloy and the returnable material in the batch, thus determining the right compromise between the price and the quality of the casting. Experimental alloys were evaluated by thermal analysis, combination of structural analytical techniques and selected mechanical properties. The alloys were also subjected to tearing susceptibility testing. The increase in the returnable material amount resulted in changes in the alloy properties at the first increase in volume to 20%. After exceeding the balanced ratio (50:50), there was considerable degradation of the microstructure, failure to achieve the minimum values of some mechanical properties required by the standard, and the alloy showed increased susceptibility to tearing.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 1; 15-23
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identification and Analysis of Intermetallic Phases in Age-Hardened Recycled AlSi9Cu3 Cast Alloy
Identyfikacja i analiza faz międzymetalicznych w utwardzanych przez starzenie stopach odlewniczych AlSi9Cu3 z recyklingu
Autorzy:
Hurtalová, L.
Tillová, E.
Chalupová, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/139970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Al-Si-Cu
cast alloy
age hardening
Fe-rich intermetallic phase
Cu-rich intermetallic phase
mechanical properties
stop odlewniczy
utwardzanie przez starzenie
faza międzymetaliczna wzbogacana żelazem
faza międzymetaliczna wzbogacana miedzią
właściwości mechaniczne
Opis:
Purpose: The influence of age-hardening solution treatment at temperature 515 degrees centigrade with holding time 4 hours, water quenching at 40 degrees centigrade and artificial aging by different temperature 130, 150, 170 and 210 degrees centigrade with different holding time 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 hours on changes in morphology of Fe-rich Al15(FeMn)3Si2 and Cu-rich (Al2Cu, Al-Al2Cu-Si) intermetallic phases in recycled AlSi9Cu3 cast alloy. Material/Methods: Recycled (secondary) AlSi9Cu3 cast alloy is used especially in automotive industry (dynamic exposed cast, engine parts, cylinder heads, pistons and so on). Microstructure was observed using a combination of different analytical techniques (scanning electron microscopy upon standard and deep etching and energy dispersive X-ray analysis – EDX) which have been used for the identification of the various phases. Quantitative study of changes in morphology of phases was carried out using Image Analyzer software NIS-Elements. The mechanical properties (Brinell hardness and tensile strength) were measured in line with STN EN ISO. Results/Conclusion: Age-hardening led to changes in microstructure include the spheroidization of eutectic silicon, gradual disintegration, shortening and thinning of Fe-rich intermetallic phases and Al-Al2Cu-Si phases were fragmented, dissolved and redistributed within alpha-matrix. These changes led to increase in the hardness and tensile strength in the alloy.
Cel: Badanie wpływu utwardzania przez starzenie przesycanie w temperaturze 515 stopni Celsjusza z czasem przetrzymywania 4 godz., hartowanie wodne w 40 stopniach Celsjusza, starzenie przyspieszone w różnych temperaturach: 130, 150, 170 i 210 stopni Celsjusza, przy czasach przetrzymywania: 2, 4, 8, 16 i 32 godziny na zmiany w morfologii stopów odlewniczych AlSi9Cu3 z recyklingu wzbogaconych żelazem (Al15(FeMn)3Si2) lub miedzią (Al2Cu, Al-Al2Cu-Si). Materiał i metody: Pochodzący z recyklingu (wtórny) stop odlewniczy aluminium AlSi9Cu3 jest powszechnie używany, zwłaszcza w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym (dynamiczne, odkryte odlewy, części silnika, głowice cylindrów, tłoki itp.). Mikrostrukturę odlewów badano stosując kombinację różnych technik analitycznych (elektronowa mikroskopia skaningowa w połączeniu z analizą rentgenowską z dyspersją energii (EDX), standardową i z głebokim wytrawianiem), co pozwoliło identyfikować różne fazy międzymetaliczne. Ocena ilościowa zmian w morfologii tych faz została przeprowadzona przy wykorzystaniu oprogramowania analizatora obrazów (Image Analyzer NIS-Elements). Właściwości mechaniczne (twardość w skali Brinella i wytrzymałość na rozciaganie) były mierzone zgodnie z normą STN EN ISO. Wyniki i wnioski: Utwardzanie przez starzenie prowadzi do zmian w mikrostrukturze, które polegają na sferoidyzacji krzemu eutektycznego, stopniowej dezintegracji, skracaniu i ścienianiu faz międzymetalicznych wzbogaconych żelazem. Fazy Al-Al2Cu-Si podlegały fragmentacji, zostały rozpuszczone i redystrybuowane w osnowie stopu. Zmiany te prowadzą do wzrostu twardości stopu i jego wytrzymałości na rozciąganie.
Źródło:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering; 2012, LIX, 4; 385-396
0004-0738
Pojawia się w:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Quality control of cylinder head casting
Autorzy:
Tillova, E.
Chalupova, M.
Kucharikova, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
heat treatment
quality control
microstructure
mechanical properties
Al-Si cast alloy
stop Al-Si
obróbka cieplna
kontrola jakości
właściwości mechaniczne
Opis:
New challenges for the Aluminium alloys used for the production of castings for automotive engine components result from an evolutionary trend of internal combustion engines towards higher specific power output. Cylinder heads, in particular, have to withstand higher operating temperature and stress levels. Present work describes quality control of microstructure (Si-morphologhy and Si-size) and mechanical properties (UTS, elongation, Brinell hardness) of cylinder head casting as effect of different T6 heat treatment (solution heat treatment time - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 hours). The data obtained from this study will be used to improve process control, and to help the selection of heat treatment of the casting for future products.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2017, 14; 3-6
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mold Temperature and Its Effect on Selected Properties of Cast AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy
Autorzy:
Širanec, L.
Bolibruchová, D.
Chalupova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
mold
temperature
AlSi5Cu2Mg
cylinder head
Opis:
The European Commission's ambitious plan to reduce CO2 emissions has a significant impact on the global automotive industry. Recent development of new diesel and petrol engines with direct injection is aimed at improving fuel efficiency while maintaining (or enhancing) engine performance. This naturally also increases the demands on the properties of the most stressed engine components (e.g., cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons), which leads to the development of new materials. Presented work analysed the effect of different mold temperatures (60; 120; 180 °C) on mechanical, physical properties and microstructure of AlSi5Cu2Mg aluminium alloy. This alloy is currently being used for the production of cylinder head castings. The results showed that the changing mold temperature had an effect on mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength and Young modulus values). SEM with EDX analysis of intermetallic phases revealed there were no size and morphology changes of Cu, Mg and Fe intermetallic phases when the mold temperature changed. No significant effect of different mold temperature on physical properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) and fracture mechanism occurred during experiment. Optimal combination of mechanical and physical properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy was achieved using a permanent mold with temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2022, 22, 2; 57--62
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of Sb effect onto eutectic Si changes and mechanical properties in an 4xxx Al cast alloys series
Autorzy:
Hurtalova, L.
Tillova, E.
Chalupova, M.
Farkasova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/112010.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
4xxx Al alloys
mechanical properties
antimony modification
microstructure changes
stopy 4xxx Al
właściwości mechaniczne
modyfikacja antymonem
zmiany mikrostruktury
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of modifier based on AlSb10 on the structure and mechanical properties of the AlSi7Mg0.3 and AlSi6Cu4 cast alloys. The changes of these parameters were studied on samples in untreated states (without heat treatment). Structural changes were studied on light and scanning electron microscopes. Several types of etching were used, which included normal black and white etching (0.5% HF), colour etching (Weck-Al) and deep etching (HCl), for studying structural parameters morphology. The influence of modifier on mechanical properties (UTS, Brinell hardness test) was studied at room temperature. The present work shows that the antimony has not had a significant effect on mechanical properties (UTS, Brinell hardness test), but structural parameters were changed.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2014, 3, 2; 2-5
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of laser surface treatment on the quality of microstructure in recycled Al-Zn-Si cast alloy
Autorzy:
Tillova, E.
Durinikova, E.
Chalupova, M.
Radek, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111696.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
secondary cast alloy
laser surface treatment
microstructure
odlew stopu wtórnego
obróbka powierzchniowa laserowa
Opis:
Recycled Al-Zn-Si casting alloys can often be used in new cast products for mechanical engineering, in hydraulic castings, textile machinery parts, cable car components or big parts without heat treatment. Improved mechanical properties and favourable of recycled microstructure of Al-alloys can often significantly increase the lifetime of casting and reduce costs for fuel and reduction of environmental loading. The paper is focused on using one of possible technologies that provide increased mechanical properties of recycled aluminium cast alloys for automotive industry, and that is laser surface hardening. For study was used recycled AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy. The effect of laser beam Nd: YAG lasers BLS 720 was evaluated with the laser power 50 W and 80 W on the surface of samples. The final microstructure of aluminium alloys depend on the laser process parameters. The changes of microstructure as a grain refinement of the microstructure after laser surface hardening was observed by using classical techniques of etching and deep etching with concentrated HCl. Microstructure was evaluated on an optical microscope Neophot 32 and SEM.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2014, 2, 1; 26-32
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Morphology of intermetallic phases in Al-Si cast alloys and their fracture behaviour
Autorzy:
Hurtalova, L.
Tillova, E.
Chalupova, M.
Belan, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111862.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
morphology of intermetallic phases
Al-Si alloys
fracture behaviour of intermetallic phases
morfologia faz międzymetalicznych
stopy Al-Si
zachowanie pęknięć faz międzymetalicznych
Opis:
Applications of Al-Si cast alloys in recent years have increased especially in the automotive industry (dynamic exposed cast, engine parts, cylinder heads, pistons and so on). Controlling the microstructure of secondary aluminium cast alloys is very important, because these alloys contain more additional elements that form various intermetallic phases in the structure. Therefore, the contribution is dealing with the valuation type of intermetallic phases and their identification with using optical and scanning microscopy. Some of the intermetallic phases could be identified on the basis of morphology but some of them must be identified according EDX analysis. The properties of aluminium alloy are affected by morphology of intermetallic phases and therefore it is necessary to study morphology and its fracture behaviour. The present work shows morphology and typical fracture behaviour as the most common intermetallic phases forming in Al-Si alloys.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2015, 6, 1; 2-5
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gigacycle fatigue at high-frequency loading
Autorzy:
Bokůvka, O.
Nový, F.
Chalupová, M.
Nicoletto, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/329118.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
materiał strukturalny
zmęczenie materiału
właściwości
gigacycle fatigue
high-frequency loading
structural material
Opis:
In this work there are information about an experimental high-frequency testing apparatus and specimens enable to determine the fatigue properties in the ultra-high-cycles region (gigacycle fatigue) and the rates of long fatigue cracks growth in near-threshold areas. The selected characteristic examples about fatigue resistance of various structural materials are presented. The results are utilizable in the field of material engineering and threshold states of material.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2008, 4(48); 53-56
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using Deep Etching in the Study of Eutectic Silicon 3D-Morphology in AlSi7MgTi Cast Alloy
Autorzy:
Kuchariková, L.
Tillová, E.
Bonek, M. S.
Chalupová, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356318.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
modification
refinement
eutectic Si morphology
deep etching
Opis:
The effect of combination grain refinement with AlTi5B1 master (55 ppm) and Sr-modification with AlSr5 master (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ppm) on the microstructure, tensile and hardness properties of AlSi7MgTi cast alloy were systematically investigated. Eutectic silicon was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy after standard (0.5% HF) and deep etching (HCl). Morphology of eutectic Si changes from compact plate-like (as-cast state) to fibbers (after modification). Si-fibbers in samples with 50 and 60 ppm Sr coarsen probably as a result of over-modification. The optimum mechanical properties has the experimental material which was grain refined and modified with 40 ppm of Sr (UTS = 220.6 MPa; ductility = 6.1%, and 82.3 HBW 5/250/15).
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 4; 2017-2022
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of the precipitation hardening process in recycled Al-Si-Cu cast alloys
Autorzy:
Kuchariková, L.
Tillová, E.
Matvija, M.
Belan, J.
Chalupová, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354012.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
precipitation hardening
recycled Al-Si-Cu cast alloys
Cu precipitate
mechanical properties
transmission electron microscopy
Opis:
The formation of extremely small uniformly dispersed particles of a second phase within the original phase matrix during heat treatment changed material properties. Therefore the characterization of precipitation had been investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction of thin foils for an AlSi9Cu3 cast alloy. For investigation the hardening effect onto mechanical properties of aluminium cast was used heat treatment, which consisted from solution treatment at 515°C / 4 hours (h), followed by quenching into water with temperature 50°C and artificial aging using different temperatures 170°C and 190°C with different holding time 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 hours. The observations of microstructure and substructure reveals that precipitation hardening has caused great changes in size, morphology and distributions of structural components, the formation of precipitates of Cu phases, and the change of mechanical properties as well.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 1; 397-403
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the Properties of EN AC 51200 Aluminum Alloy
Autorzy:
Uhríčik, M.
Palček, P.
Chalupová, M.
Hanusová, P.
Kuchariková, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
aluminum alloy
Al-Mg cast alloy
three-point bending loading
fatigue
fracture surface
Opis:
The article will be focused on analysis of properties of aluminum alloy for the casting of type Al-Mg. As an experimental material was used aluminum alloy EN AC 51200, supplied in a cast state without a heat treatment. It was produced by the continuous casting method. Experiments deal with microstructural material analysis, fractographic analysis, mechanical and fatigue tests. The microstructure of the testing sample was examined using an optical microscope Neophot 32. Fatigue properties of aluminum alloy was tested by three-point bending cyclic loading. The fracture surface of the testing sample was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where sample was observed on various stages of the fatigue process, its characteristics and differences of fracture surfaces.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 4; 1437-1445
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of welded joint quality on safety and reliability in operation
Autorzy:
Bokuvka, O.
Liptakova, T.
Palcek, P.
Chalupova, M.
Trsko, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111736.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:
rails
pipes
welded joint
defects
fractures
causes
szyny
rury
złącza spawane
wady
pęknięcia
przyczyny
Opis:
The quality of welded joint is an assumption of long-term reliability in operation. On the contrary, defective work of bad quality welded joint leads to fracture and crashes of plants. In this paper the authors state that experimentally obtained causes of rails and pipes fractures were the result of bad realization of welded joint. Pores, blowholes, slags, lack of fusion, non-plastic non-metallic particles, cracks, shrink holes were the defects observed in the welded joint area. These defects substantially decreased the load-bearing cross section and the final result was fracture. The railway and high-pressure gas lines out of operation are undesirable and accompanied by considerable financial losses.
Źródło:
Production Engineering Archives; 2013, 1, 1; 6-9
2353-5156
2353-7779
Pojawia się w:
Production Engineering Archives
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of Bending Fatigue Properties of Al-Si Cast Alloy
Autorzy:
Tillová, E.
Závodská, D.
Kuchariková, L.
Chalupová, M.
Belan, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355910.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
secondary Al-Si cast alloy
fatigue properties
fracture
cast defects
Opis:
Fatigue properties of casting Al-alloys are very sensitive to the microstructural features of the alloy (e.g. size and morphology of the eutectic Si, secondary dendrite arm spacing – SDAS, intermetallics, grain size) and casting defects (porosity and oxides). Experimental study of bending fatigue properties of secondary cast alloys have shown that: fatigue tests up to 106-107cycles show mean fatigue limits of approx. 30-49 MPa (AlSi9Cu3 alloy – as cast state), approx. 65-76 MPa (AlSi9Cu3 alloy after solution treatment) and 60-70 MPa (self-hardened AlZn10Si8Mg alloy) in the tested casting condition; whenever large pore is present at or near the specimen’s surface, it will be the dominant cause of fatigue crack initiation; in the absence of large casting defects, the influence of microstructural features (Si morphology; Fe-rich phases) on the fatigue performance becomes more pronounced.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 3; 1591-1596
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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