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Tytuł:
Problem mieszkaniowy i higiena w Prusach 1806–1871
THE PROBLEM OF HOUSING AND HYGIENE IN PRUSSIA 1806–1871
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
RENT
HOUSE
HYGIENE
TENEMENT HOUSE
BATHROOM
FLAT
VILLA
Opis:
The topic of the history of everyday life in Prussia is something new in the Polish historical writing. This field of studies is also connected with the history of housing and health related matters. There was a constant progress in the changes of housing conditions in Prussia in the 19th century; nevertheless it covered different social groups in uneven degree. The population grew faster than the number of flats, therefore their prices rose as well. As regards the prices of flats, they were inadequate to earnings, thus house-building was unprofitable. Bourgeois apartment became the most important form of dwelling because it determined contemporary universal mandatory and beyond classes model of housing. In contrast, peasant houses for quite a while fell behind in terms of standards and equipment. Gradually, over time formerly extremely expensive furniture began to be produced on a mass scale n more mass manner; consequently the middle class could afford them. Moreover, the living space was became more defined with the presence of living room, office, library, boudoirs, bedroom and children’s room became more common. Along with specification of the living space the language changed as well. Formerly, the general term chamber (Stube) was replaced by more precise term room (Zimmer); for instance a nursery room, an office, a bedroom or a living room. The introduction of corridors provided the previously absent privacy. Former common space was finally individualised. The individualisation of formerly common space succeeded. An average craftsman’s home equipment was limited to a bed, a table, a chest of drawers and a closet or chest which was a substitute for a closet. Usually, however, the master of craftsman century had his own house in the first half of 19th, while the rest of society rented flats in tenement houses. The labourers’ flats were overcrowded due to the fact that not only the rooms within them were subleased for profit but also the presence of a brother, a sister or grandparents was nothing out of the ordinary. Additionally, the large number of children within those households were expected to work, to support the family. They were treated as a cheap labour, for example in the textile industry. On the contrary, townspeople treated children as an investment, not the source of income. Housing problem (Wohnungsfrage) was the part of a social problem (Sozialfrage), and for the those days public opinion it was the cause of moral and spiritual crises of lower classes. The housing situation of the lower classes remained bad throughout the 19th century. The conservative, Gustaw Schmoller, exhorted more well-offs to wake up and realise the size of the threat of social revolution caused by bringing the lower classes to barbarians and wild animals in terms of living conditions. His solution, which was yet to come, aimed at counteraction to threat of communism. Houses for labourers built by entrepreneurs, for example in the Saarland, Upper Silesia or the Ruhr region were the new form of solving the housing problem since the mid-20th century. Those houses were supposed to link workers with their workplace and weaken their inclination for the political revolt. Loss of a job meant that the very same day a worker was supposed to leave his place of living. It is worth to mention, that those flats had much higher standards than previously described flats rented in tenement houses. The hygiene of a family in the 19th century was much lower than nowadays. The term hygiene itself appeared at the beginning of this century in German language only. Accordingly, in this respect, throughout the 19th century significant changes appeared. Accordingly, in this respect the 19th century witnessed many changes.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2012, 4, 2; 41-64
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Choroba i zdrowie w Królestwie Prus w XIX wieku (1806–1871)
ILLNESS AND HEALTH IN THE KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (1806-1871)
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
PRUSSIA
ILLNESS
HEALTH
HOSPITAL
EPIDEMICS
DOCTOR
FOLK HEALER
Opis:
In the nineteenth century, the state of medical knowledge, also in Prussia changed tremendously. There was a great advancement of gynecology, which became a university subject. Moreover, a number of state obstetrics schools came into being, replacing the midwife-amateur. Some attempts of more human treatment of patients with mental illnesses were made; however, knowledge in this field was rather remote. The 18th and 19th c. gripe were epidemics such as smallpox, measles, fever, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, which still collected massive harvest at that time. Syphilis was a significant problem, especially in the army. The improvement in the treatment of smallpox occurred only after the introduction of compulsory vaccination. The emergence of antiseptics and anesthesia was the great innovation of the nineteenth century. This allows the vast decreased in maternal mortality. Until the end of the century the mortality rate was very high, and human life short. The number of physicians increased, but there were still few and still they were an urban phenomenon. In 1849 in Prussia, 80% of 5595 doctors lived in cities, much more in eastern than western provinces. In the rural areas, due to the absence of doctors, healers, religious and folk medicine were of great significance. For the first time idea of the modern hospital appeared in the eighteen century, in the nineteenth century it became a mass phenomenon. Since the eighteenth century there was a much vaster structure of state administration with the Ministry of Health at the helm, including a city and county doctors. Gradually significant improvement in the quality of food at lower layers decreased the incidence and improved quality of life. Fertilization increased yields, the growth of potatoes became prevalence, sugar beet, grown up cattle and increased intake of meat. The meat started to be froze. Along with it and the popularization of the rail, the area's affected by hunger were more easily resured by fast shipment and export over long distances.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2013, 5, 2; 7-36
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Edukacja dziewcząt pod zaborem pruskim na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku
The education of girls under Prussian rule at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957056.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
the history of education
girls’ education
Prussian
Opis:
At the turn of 18th and 19th century the education of women on Polish territory underwent a gradual enlargement. Already in the period of the reforms of the National Education Commission, more girls received education; after the seizure of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) by Prussia in 1793, Germany implemented their educational system, that meant the acceleration of development. Compulsory schooling in Prussian was introduced in 1794, however, it was still poorly enforced. In Prussia girls often attended lower school due to the requirement for a Protestant to have the ability to read the Scriptures. More and more often, they also attended secondary schools with syllabuses not extensively devoted to Latin, but to more practical skills, connected with so-called woman’s work, and to religious education. In Wielkopolska, lower education, private schools for girls and schooling by tutors in convents and midwifery schools increased significantly. Nevertheless, girls did not attend ordinary secondary schools, which retained an emphasis on teaching Latin, or colleges.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2014, 31; 61-83
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Model SPIN jako szansa na wsparcie transferu wiedzy z uczelni do przedsiębiorstw
SPIN Model as an Opportunity for the Support of Knowledge Transfer from Universities to Enterprises
Autorzy:
Drożdżak, Zuzanna
Krupnik, Seweryn
Łukasiewicz, Karolina
Szczucka, Anna
Szklarczyk, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/587366.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Innowacje w organizacji
Projekty publiczne
Transfer technologii
Transfer wiedzy
Innovations in organization,
Knowledge transfer,
Public plans
Technology transfer (TT),
Opis:
It is the aim of the article to depict the design and implementation of organizational innovation: Model SPIN. Model was tested at universities in Małopolska voivodship. It is based on the establishment and development of Knowledge Centers dedicated to the specific fields of technology (biotechnology, smart grids, green building, translational medicine). The implementation is discussed through the description of the risks associated with it. The article is concluded by the general reflections about the cooperation of public administration, universities and enterprises.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 183 cz 1; 49-60
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przemiany przestępczości w Prusach w XVIII i XIX wieku (do 1871 r.)
The Transformation of Crime in Prussia in the 18th and 19th Centuries (until 1871)
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418896.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
police
jail
imprisonment
punishment
enlightenment
justice
Prussia
Opis:
One of the features of premodern era in Prussia was relatively low crime rate with a different structure than it is nowadays. Moreover, there was a different perception and functioning of sphere of justice and of law enforcement. With regard to the size of transgression, the rural territories characterized in minor transgression, whereas bigger cities characterized in more serious crimes; due to the fact that bigger cities did not give security against hunger, ensured anonymity and the ability for perpetrators to hide. Similarly to the contemporary world of crime, theft was a dominant crime, whereas murder was most severely punished. Furthermore, the role of crimes against morality was significant; importantly, the concept of sin was basically synonymous with crime and was reflected in the regulation matters. Generally, it was universal phenomenon and occurred not only in Prussia. Nevertheless, Prussia was reformed quicker. Moreover, the threat of vagrants and beggars, who did not have a dwelling, aroused concern; they might have constituted as much as 10% of the population in the 18th c. Aggressive behaviours and those associated with physical violence against women and children intensified. The ‘excessive’ beating was criticised, nonetheless the phenomena of beating as such was not considered as an offence. Violence com-mitted by a father and husband against his family belonged to the prerogatives of power. In the period of Enlightenment, the authorities of Prussia, and above all Frederick II brought about the elimination of a number of anachronisms in the perception and treatment of crime. Taking into consideration the European revolution, the above mentioned changes happened very quickly. Firstly, equality before the law was introduced, however it was not implemented properly; patrimonial jurisdiction, on the other hand, was at first limited and later on eliminated. Proportionate punishment appeared; tortures and the cruellest punishments ceased being applied. Imprisonment began to spread, along with the religious tolerance. Witch hunt and barbarous penalties for so-called moral offenses (sex before marriage, prostitution) were abandoned, likewise death punishment for homosexual and suicides etc. Since the 18th cen-tury the institution of the police began to develop, before that time it did not exist at all. The number of criminal activities increased due to urbanisation and industrialisation. Large agglomerations emerged, giving their dwellers anonymity; moreover, the phenomenon of strong family, which at the same time was an economic unit, withered. In the industrial capitalism the central place was occupied by the nuclear family. The member of this family was a worker who was at risk of unemployment with a weak sense of security. It is difficult to assess the impact of the increasing secularization on the increase in crime. However, the negative influence of wrecking the old social and community ties (religion, family, and commune) has to be highlighted. Rebellions caused by hunger (either connected with infertility or epidemics) were other major aspects of crime in the 19th c.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2014, 6, 3; 65-96
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Continuous creation in the probabilistic world of the theology of Chance
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1622317.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
God, continuous creation, substance, concurrentism, occasionalism
ciągłe stwarzanie, Bóg, konkurentyzm, okazjonalizm, substancja
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the doctrine of continuous creation typical for theism. Continuous creation is conceived of as divine causal action consisting in God’s bringing about the existence of any being at every moment of its existence. Such a definition of divine action, as N. Malebranche argued, leads to occasionalism – that is, to the view that God is the only cause in the world. In the first part of the paper, an attempt is made to demonstrate that Malebranche’s conclusion is valid and that two alternative views, weak and strong concurrentism, are not tenable. In the second part of the article, the idea of continuous creation is discussed, which can be formulated from the point of view of probabilistic theism.
Źródło:
Analiza i Egzystencja; 2015, 31; 21-35
1734-9923
2300-7621
Pojawia się w:
Analiza i Egzystencja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Z dziejów polityki sanitarnej pod pruskim zaborem 1772–1807
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/602353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Opis:
From the History of the Sanitary Policy in the Prussian Partition Areas 1772–1807The great modernisation of the health service and medicine at the turn of the nineteenth century was connected, on the one hand, with scientific innovations (Pasteur, Koch) and, on the other hand, with the development of the health service and the hospital system, together with the introduction of health insurance and funds (Germany, 1883). These transformations, however, had already been initiated on a more modest scale a century earlier. In the Prussian partition area (Western, Southern, and New Eastern Prussia) the sluggish reforms of the Stanisław August Poniatowski era were continued by the much more energetic Prussian authorities, whose experiences dated to the reign of Frederick William I and even the Great Elector. The age of epidemics signified the unconditional necessity of going beyond individual health care and embarking upon activity described as “the medical police”. The Prussians were engaged in modernisation rather than colonisation (i.e. exploitation), albeit a number of aspects proved unfavourable for the Poles, e.g. the imposition of the Prussian elites of power and intellectual life as a well as the medical administration apparatus. The Prussian authorities initiated the establishment of a system of obtaining information extensive demography and health (statistics of the reasons for death), which subsequently made it possible to undertake prevention. The prime cause of deaths was pox, and the range of the ensuing inoculation campaign (continued in the Duchy of Warsaw) was limited. Only the introduction in Prussia of mandatory inoculations after 1870 immediately liquidated mass-scale deaths due to this disease. Characteristics of the province indicated an extremely unsatisfactory health, sanitary, and hygiene situation. The reports contain numerous critical remarks about the health and mortality of Polish peasants, although prevailing problems in Prussia itself were identical, as was the structure of deaths. The authorities conducted a battle against folk medicine, charlatans, swindlers, and so-called unconventional medicine. For propaganda reasons the Prussians readily accentuated the Catholic nature of folk medicine (holy relics, pilgrimages, etc.), with the Prussian elites being markedly pro-Enlightenment. Quacks and female healers offered, however, the sole form of health care addressed to the peasants; physicians occurred only in the towns and treated the more prosperous members of the population, albeit those providing aid to the poor and official medical doctors also practised.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Historyczny; 2015, 122, 2
0023-5903
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Historyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Bzik na punkcie mieszkania”, czyli mieszkanie i jego otoczenie w Prusach w latach 1871 – 1918
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591225.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
Prussia
housing sector
industrialisation
Prusy
mieszkalnictwo
industrializacja
Opis:
Własny dach nad głową w epoce industrializacji i urbanizacji w Prusach po 1871 roku był marzeniem dla wielu nieosiągalnym, szczególnie dla chłopów, robotników rolnych, dniówkowych, fabrycznych, rzemieślników, uboższych pracowników umysłowych i niższych urzędników. Na sposób zamieszkiwania wielki wpływ miało też rozszerzające się wraz z industrializacją i wielkim napływem ludności do miast zjawisko ubożenia niższych warstw miejskich, do którego, oprócz złych warunków mieszkaniowych, zaliczało się też nieodpowiednie wyżywienie i zaspokojenie innych potrzeb życiowych. XIX stulecie wytworzyło jednak mieszczańskie kulturowe wyobrażenie przyjaznego domu, będącego obszarem odpoczynku wobec zagrożeń świata, które stało się fundamentem dzisiejszych masowych wyobrażeń. Wówczas wszakże tylko niewielki odsetek owo przyjazne oparcie otrzymał, przytłaczająca większość dom traktowała jedynie jako sypialnię.
To have a roof over one’s head was an unattainable dream for many people in Prussia after 1871 in the era of industrialisation and urbanisation. The groups for whom that problem was the most acute were: peasants, agricultural labourers, labourers paid per day, factory workers, craftsmen, poorer white collar workers and low-ranking officials. The dwelling forms were strongly influenced by a growing phenomenon of pauperisation of lower urban classes, industrialisation, an enormous inflow of people into towns, inappropriate nutrition and an inadequate satisfaction of other basic needs. Yet, it was in the 19th century when the bourgeois cultural image of a friendly home was constructed, which has become a space of rest against the threats of the outside world and a basis for the present-day mass concept. But, at that time only members a tiny part of the society managed to get this friendly retreat; for the overwhelming majority their homes were just sleeping places.
Źródło:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski; 2016, 4; 55-104
0552-4245
2353-3021
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O niektórych warunkach moralnej akceptowalności pewnych modlitw
On Some Conditions of the Moral Acceptability of Certain Prayers
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488677.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Bóg
okresy warunkowe
ocena moralna
modlitwa
God
counterfactual proposition
moral evaluation
prayer
Opis:
W artykule prezentuję pogląd, że ocena moralna osób modlących się w sytuacjach skrajnych (zagrożenie życia) powinna być formułowana w oparciu o znajomość pewnych nierzeczywistych okresów warunkowych. Chodzi tu o okresy warunkowe opisujące sytuacje, w których osoby modlące się mogłyby wybrać, gdyby zechciały, inne niż modlitwa sposoby ocalenia siebie lub najbliższych. Jednakże ponieważ nie znamy wartości logicznej takich zdań, nie mamy wystarczających podstaw do oceny moralnej takich osób. W dalszej części artykułu rozważam ogólne założenia racjonalności modlitw wstawienniczych w kontekście różnych odmian teizmu i sugeruję, że pojęcie Bożej odpowiedzi na takie modlitwy może mieć sens literalny w teizmie otwartym i probabilistycznym, a metaforyczny tylko w teizmie klasycznym.
In my paper, I present the view that moral evaluation of praying persons in existentially extreme situations (danger of death) should be based on knowledge concerning the truth value of some counterfactual propositions. I have in mind the counterfactual propositions describing situations in which praying people might choose, according to their will, other means of salvation for themselves or for their loved ones—other than petitionary prayer (also called “impetratory prayer”). However, since we do not know the truth value of such counterfactual propositions, we do not have sufficient means to issue any moral evaluation of such persons. In the second part of the paper I consider some general assumptions of rationality of petitionary and intercessory prayers in the context of various forms of theism. I suggest there that the concept of the divine answer to such prayers may have a literal meaning provided that we accept open or probabilistic theism, and a merely metaphoric or figurative meaning if we accept classical theism.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2016, 64, 1; 37-47
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sarmatyzm i Prusy w XVIII i początku XIX wieku
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/603023.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
Sarmatyzm
absolutyzm oświecony
klientela
poddaństwo
Opis:
Historia polsko-pruska oceniana była dotąd z perspektywy obronnej, wyniesionej z czasów rozbiorów. Prowadziło to do typowej we wrogich relacjach przesadnej diabolizacji przeciwnika. Diabolizacja umiarkowana była już bardziej uzasadniona. Pruskie działania modernizacyjne były lekceważone albo przemilczane. W końcu jednak pojawiła się historiografia modernizacyjna, do której należała nawet konserwatywna szkoła krakowska, ale i endeckie, a wiec modernizacyjne pisarstwo historyczne Władysława Konopczyńskiego i Adama Skałkowskiego, ukazujące Sarmatyzm jako feudalny anachronizm i modernizację absolutystyczną, a więc odgórną w Prusach (von oben). Ten nurt utrzymuje się w historiografii do dzisiaj, jednak funkcjonuje też częsta multikulturowa perspektywa odrębności, inności, a nie niższości Sarmatyzmu.Autor uważa za konieczne weryfikację tego stanu rzeczy i charakterystykę działań reformatorskich, dzięki którym w 1918 r. dystans między poziomem rozwoju cywilizacyjnego ziem zaboru pruskiego i rosyjskiego od 1793 r. bardzo wzrósł. Następnie wskazuje na kilka elementów takiej analizy.
Źródło:
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2016, 76
0080-3634
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
KOBIETA W PRUSACH 1871–1933
WOMEN IN PRUSSIA IN 1871–1933
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418640.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
women
family
Prussia
industrialization
education
work
Opis:
In Prussia the turn of the 20th century brought about enormous civilization progress which was accompanied by an improvement in the standards of living. This process had already taken place in the German Reich and was followed by political, social and economic changes which affected women as well. Most importantly, at that time they gradually won more educational rights. Until the 19th century women’s educational attainment was limited to primary education and home schooling by governesses. Subsequently, girls were admitted to secondary schools for girls and eventually they were granted the right to sit high school final examinations and access tertiary education. Since mid-19th century women were allowed to join political organizations and after World War I they acquired political rights. Although much depended on a person’s individual disposition and personality, the middle-class mentality of the time was considerably patriarchal, hence equal rights in real interpersonal relationships became a fact only in the 20th century. Contrary to popular misconceptions, working women were commonplace already in the 19th century; unfortunately, as a rule the reason for women’s work was poverty, while attractive professions requiring high qualifications remained unavailable to women. The first changes consisted in allowing women into the teaching profession on graduating from teacher training colleges and then allowing them into the medical and legal colleges and professions. As a consequence of a dramatic decrease in the rate of infant and child mortality, women ceased to be ‘birth machines’, as they had been perceived until then, and instead of giving birth to six or eight children, they had two or three, which had a dramatic impact on their living conditions and opened new life perspectives for them.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2017, 9, 2; 45-74
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Probabilistic theism and the problem of evil
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1621949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
God
theism
theodicy
evil
chance
Opis:
I would like to present in the article an “omnipotence model of a theodicy of chance”, which is, as I believe, compatible with the view called probabilistic theism. I also would like to argue that this model satisfies the criteria of being a good theodicy. By a good theodicy I mean a reasonable and plausible theistic account of evil. A good theodicy should be: a) comprehensive, b) adequate, c) authentic and d) existentially relevant.
Źródło:
Analiza i Egzystencja; 2017, 39; 5-17
1734-9923
2300-7621
Pojawia się w:
Analiza i Egzystencja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teizm a twardy inkompatybilizm
Theism and Hard Incompatibilism
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488759.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
twardy inkompatybilizm
indeterminizm
wolność woli
Bóg
zło
hard incompatibiliom
freedom of will
God
evil
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stanowiska zwanego twardym inkompatybilzimem i porównanie go z teistyczną, a w szczególności współczesną chrześcijańską koncepcją wolności woli ludzkiej. Twardy inkompatybilizm głosi, że wolność woli ludzkiej, rozumiana zarówno w sposób libertariański, jak i kompatbilistyczny, nie istnieje. W artykule zwraca się uwagę na pewną zbieżność między tezą twardego inkompatybilizmu a opartą na Biblii mądrością chrześcijańską, głoszącą zależność ontyczną i aksjologiczną człowieka od Boga. Zarazem jednak argumentuje się, że jednym z najważniejszych składników teologii i filozofii chrześcijańskiej jest doktryna o wolności woli ludzkiej i ludzkiej odpowiedzialności za zło. Doktryna ta jest niespójna z twardym inkompatybilizmem. W części końcowej artykułu przedstawiona jest syntetycznie propozycja, jak można uzgodnić ze sobą tezę indeterminizmu metafizycznego, która jest spójna z twardym inkomatybilizmem, z tezą libertarianizmu, która jest niespójna z twardym inkompatybilizmem.
The aim of the article is to present and to compare the view on human freedom called hard incompatibilism with the contemporary Christian doctrine on human free will. Hard incompatibilism claims that human free will understood both in a libertarian and compatibilist way does not exist. One stresses in the paper that there is a similarity between hard incompatibilism and Christian wisdom rooted in the Bible and this similarity consists in the fact that humans are deeply dependent in their existence on external conditions. Hard incompatiblism identifies that conditions simply as the external or physical world and Christian wisdom points to God as an ontological and axiological foundation of human being and prospects. However, one argues in the paper that the doctrine of human freedom and responsibility for sin and moral evil is a crucial part of the Christian theology and philosophy. Thus, the Christian doctrine is incoherent with hard incompatibilism. There is a proposal, put forth in the last part of the article, how one can reconcile metaphysical indeterminism—which is coherent with hard incompatibilism—with the libertarian doctrine on the human free will, which is coherent with the Christian view on the nature of human freedom.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2017, 65, 3; 191-203
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
GŁÓD I NADMIAR. KONSUMPCJA ŻYWNOŚCI W PRUSACH W XIX I POCZ. XX W.
HUNGER AND EXCESS. FOOD CONSUMPTION IN PRUSSIA IN THE 19TH AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418859.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
nieurodzaj
konsumpcja żywności
ziemniaki
używki
alkohol
poor harvest
food consumption
potatoes
drugs
alcohol.
Opis:
There was a breakthrough in the scope of nutrition in the half of the 19th c. in Prussia. There was a revolutionary “delocation” of the nutrition system, so the connection between nutrition and place of residence (I eat only what was produced in my place of living). This meant the end of local famine due to food transport by train and transoceanic steamships. Thanks to fertilizing and cattle breeding as well as new crops, despite the increase in population number, the production and the consumption of food rocketed. The consumption in Prussia between 1850 and 1900 increased by 113%, the consumption of wheat by 147% and the consumption of rye by 24%. In 1800 potatoes constituted 10% of crop production in Prussia and in year 1883 it equaled 71%. The consumption of potatoes and sugar (sugar beet) was popularized. Among the middle-class members, a modern cuisine and its dishes were shaped as well as eating habits which to a large extent have been present today and understood as the national cuisine. There was a huge variety of quality of food which was connected with material status and remuneration. In case of many workers, the food was poor and deprived of necessary nutrients. Particular difficulties occurred during economic crises, which sometimes appeared to be dramatic (1914–1918, 1923–1924, 1929–1933). Generally, the real salaries grew dynamically, especially starting from the end of the 19th c., which made the 19th c. different from the more constant 18th c. In Prussia there was a variety in the level of food consumption connected with the higher economic level in the Western provinces. As it was commented by the king’s professor Schubert, 1/3 of rural population of Eastern Prussia ate potatoes only and resigned from bread as their main food. The situation of small holders and daily workers was the most difficult. Eastern rural province of Prussia had a problem with handling the overpopulation of small holders who were looking for a better place for living in emigration (Ostflucht, Landflucht and even to America). It was later overcome.
W połowie XIX wieku nastąpił przełom w zakresie żywienia w Prusach. Nastąpiła rewolucyjna „delokalizacja” systemu żywienia a więc zerwany został związek między żywieniem i miejscem zamieszkania (jem to co wytworzono w miejscu mojego zamieszkania), co oznacza koniec lokalnych klęsk głodu, przerwanych przez transport żywności koleją oraz transoceanicznymi parowcami. Dzięki nawożeniu i poprawie hodowli bydła oraz nowym uprawom, pomimo wzrostu liczby ludności bardzo wzrosła produkcja i konsumpcja żywności. Konsumpcja w Prusach między rokiem 1850, a 1900 wzrosła o 113%, pszenicy o 147%, żyta o 24%. W 1800 r. ziemniaki stanowiły w Prusach 10% produkcji zbożowej, a w 1883 r. 71%. Nastąpiło upowszechnienie konsumpcji ziemniaków oraz cukru (burak cukrowy). Wśród osób średniozamożnych kształtowała się nowoczesna kuchnia i jej potrawy, oraz zwyczaje żywieniowe, które w znacznym stopniu utrzymały się do dzisiaj, jako kuchnia narodowa. Utrzymywało się jednak duże zróżnicowanie w jakości żywienia związane z położeniem materialnym i wynagrodzeniem. W wypadku znacznej części robotników żywienie było marne i pozbawione koniecznych składników odżywczych. Szczególne trudności miały miejsce w okresach kryzysów gospodarczych, które przyjmowały niekiedy dramatyczną postać (1914–1918, 1923–1924, 1929–1933). Generalnie jednak realne płace dynamicznie rosły, szczególnie od końca XIX w., czym wiek XIX różnił się od bardziej statycznego wieku XVIII. Na obszarze Prus występowało też zróżnicowanie poziomu konsumpcji żywności, związane z wyższym poziomem gospodarczym prowincji zachodnich. Jak to komentował królewiecki profesor Schubert, 1/3 ludności wiejskiej Prus Wschodnich żywiła się samymi ziemniakami i zrezygnowała z chleba, jako głównego pożywienia. Najtrudniejsza była sytuacja licznej ludności małorolnej i robotników dniówkowych. Wschodnie rolnicze prowincje Prus miały problem z poradzeniem sobie z nadwyżką ludności małorolnej, która szukała szczęścia w emigracji (Ostflucht, Landflucht na zachód, a nawet do Ameryki, co udało się przezwyciężyć.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2018, 10, 2; 65-88
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 22

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