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Wyszukujesz frazę "vibration modelling" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Tytuł:
Analysis of the features of application of vibration diagnostic methods of induction motors of transportation infrastructure using mathematical modeling
Autorzy:
Gubarevych, Oleg
Gerlici, Juraj
Gorobchenko, Oleksandr
Kravchenko, Kateryna
Zaika, Denys
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2174469.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
vibration diagnostics
simulation modelling
induction motor
stator field asymmetry
turn-to-turn short circuits
diagnostyka drgań
modelowanie symulacyjne
silnik indukcyjny
uzwojenie stojana
zwarcia zwojowe
Opis:
In the work, studies were carried out on the use of vibration diagnostic methods for monitoring the state of induction motors with a squirrel-cage rotor, operated in electric drives of transport equipment. The most common and difficult-todiagnose damage to an induction motor is turn-to-turn short circuits in the stator winding, which require timely determination and establishment of the degree of damage to prevent an emergency shutdown of the equipment. The main purpose of the study is to establish the most effective areas of application of vibration diagnostic methods in determining the technical condition of the stator of induction motors under load. The experiments were carried out using simulation modeling for cases of turn-to-turn short circuits in one and two phases simultaneously, as well as with the influence of a low-quality supply voltage system on vibration parameters. The results of the work are relevant for further improvement of systems for diagnostic control of drives of transport equipment to increase the efficiency and reliability of their work.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2023, 24, 1; art. no. 2023111
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ARMAX-based identification and diagnosis of vibration behavior of gas turbine bearings
Autorzy:
Mahroug, Youcef
Khaldi, Belgacem Said
Guemana, Mouloud
Hafaifa, Ahmed
Iratni, Abdelhamid
Colak, Ilhami
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11025752.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
system identification
ARMAX
parametric estimation
gas turbine
vibration modelling
turbina gazowa
modelowanie drgań
estymacja parametryczna
identyfikacja systemu
Opis:
Parametric identification approaches play a crucial role in the control and monitoring of industrial systems. They facilitate the identification of system variables and enable the prediction of their evolution based on the input-output relationship. In this study, we employ the ARMAX approach to accurately predict the dynamic vibratory behavior of MS5002B gas turbine bearings. By utilizing real input-output data obtained from their operation, this approach effectively captures the vibration characteristics of the bearings. Additionally, the ARMAX technique serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for the bearings, enhancing the quality of identification of turbine variables. This enables continuous monitoring of the bearings and real-time prediction of their behavior. Furthermore, the ARMAX approach facilitates the detection of all potential vibration patterns that may occur in the bearings, with monitoring thresholds established by the methodology. Consequently, this enhances the availability of the bearings and reduces turbine downtime. The efficacy of the proposed ARMAX approach is demonstrated through comprehensive results obtained in this study. Robustness tests are conducted, comparing the real behavior observed through various probes with the reference model, thereby validating the approach.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2023, 24, 3; art. no. 2023310
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generative modelling of vibration signals in machine maintenance
Autorzy:
Puchalski, Andrzej Adam
Komorska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28086927.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
time-frequency analysis
condition monitoring
anomalies detection
deep generative models
variational autoencoder
data distribution
Opis:
The exponential development of technologies for the acquisition, collection, and processing of data from real-world objects is creating new perspectives in the field of machine maintenance. The Industrial Internet of Things is the source of a huge collection of measurement data. The performance of classification or regression algorithms needs to take into account the random nature of the process being modelled and any incomplete observability, especially in terms of failure states. The article highlights the practical possibilities of using generative artificial intelligence and deep machine learning systems to create synthetic measurement observations in monitoring the vibrations of rotating machinery to improve unbalanced databases. Variational AutoencoderVAE generative models with latent variables in the form of high-level input features of time-frequency spectra were studied. The mapping and generation algorithm was optimised and its effectiveness was tested in the practical solution of the task of diagnosing the three operating states of a demonstration gearbox.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2023, 25, 4; art. no. 173488
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on MDO of ship propulsion shafting dynamics considering the coupling effect of a propeller-shafting-hull system
Autorzy:
Liu, Jinlin
Gu, Zheng
Liu, Shuyong
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32916294.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
ship propulsion shafting
dynamic modelling
shafting alignment
shafting vibration
multi-disciplinary design optimisation
Opis:
Dynamic designs for ship propulsion shafting can be categorised as complex multi-disciplinary coupling systems. The traditional single disciplinary optimisation design method has become a bottleneck, restricting the further improvement of shafting design. In this paper, taking a complex propulsion shafting as the object, a dynamic analysis model of the propeller-shafting-hull system was established. In order to analyse the coupling effect of propeller hydrodynamics on shafting dynamics, the propeller’s hydrodynamic force in the wake flow field was calculated as the input for shafting alignment and vibration analysis. On this basis, the discipline decomposition and analysis of the subdisciplines in design of shafting dynamics were carried out. The coupling relationships between design variables in the subdisciplines were studied and the Multi-disciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) framework of shafting dynamics was established. Finally, taking the hollowness of the shaft segments and the vertical displacement of bearings as design variables, combined with the optimal algorithm, the MDO of shafting dynamics, considering the coupling effect of the propellershafting-hull system, was realised. The results presented in this paper can provide a beneficial reference for improving the design quality of ship shafting.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2023, 1; 86-97
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hybrid methodology using balancing optimization and vibration analysis to suppress vibrations in a double crank-rocker engine
Autorzy:
Albaghdadi, Anwr M.
Baharom, Masri
Sulaiman, Shaharin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2057975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
balancing optimization
vibration analysis
double crank rocker engine
mathematical modelling
simulation
Opis:
This study aims to present mathematical modelling to evaluate and analyze double crankrocker engine performance. The study suggests the use of two methods to reduce system vibration through balancing optimization and vibrational analysis. The combination of both methods acts as a verification method; besides it can be used as a tool for further system design enhancement and condition monitoring. The derived mathematical model is then used for balancing optimization to identify system shaking forces and moments, while variable speed is considered as an added parameter to evolve the optimization process. This factor shows better enhancement in reducing system shaking forces and moments compared to constant speed balancing method. Next, the system characteristics were concluded in terms of mode shapes and natural frequencies using modal and frequency response analysis, which give clear clue for secure system operational ground. Finally, the reduction in system vibrations was translated into engine’s centre of mass velocity, which evaluates balancing process effectiveness and indicate if further enhancement should be conducted.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2022, 24, 1; 53--61
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vibration analysis and modelling of light-weight robot arms
Autorzy:
Leniowski, Ryszard
Wroński, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Instytut Mechaniki Stosowanej
Tematy:
flexible deformation
vibration analysis
light-weight robots
odkształcenie elastyczne
analiza drgań
lekkie roboty
Opis:
Lightweight robots (LWR) are a new generation of devices intended to be used not only for industrial tasks but also to perform actions in the human environment. This work presents an analysis of selected basic problems related to the vibration properties of light-weight robot arms. The study of vibration is based on the analysis of the root locus on the plane of complex variables. It turns out that their distribution is non-stationary and depends on the parameters of the model (arm geometry, material parameters), but also depends on the type of realised motion, which is not so obvious. Depending on the manoeuvres conducted (acceleration / deceleration), the system may lose (or increase) its oscillating properties at higher frequencies, as well as introduce a structural (measurable) delay. Recognition of the discussed properties along with their modelling is an important element of the design process of the control system of modern, light-weight robots.
Źródło:
Vibrations in Physical Systems; 2022, 33, 2; art. no. 2022220
0860-6897
Pojawia się w:
Vibrations in Physical Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of equivalent mass and rigidity of continual segment of the inter-resonance vibration machine
Autorzy:
Lanets, O. S.
Dmytriv, V. T.
Kachur, O. Yu.
Derevenko, I. A.
Novitskyi, Yu. Ya.
Horodetskyy, I. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
masa zastępcza
metoda Rayleigha-Ritza
sztywność zastępcza
three-mass vibration system
Rayleigh-Ritz method
continual segment
equivalent mass
equivalent rigidity
Opis:
The article deals with a continual segment of an inter-resonance vibration machine. In the form of a solid with distributed parameters this segment combines two defining parameters, namely: the inertial parameter of reactive: masses and appropriate rigidity of elastic coupling. These operation factors are revealed only in dynamic processes and are clearly not included in the parameters of the continual segment. Analytical dependences are developed for modeling of defining parameters of an inter-resonance system, namely: reactive mass and appropriate rigidity of elastic: coupling. Parameters of the reference point of the continual segment passing through its center of velocity are studied. The inertial parameter of the reactive mass and the rigidity of elastic coupling were modeled by the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The reliability of the results of theoretical research was confirmed experimentally and the parameters of the partial frequency of the continual segment were determined.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 2021, 26, 2; 70-83
1734-4492
2353-9003
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Non-linear modelling of elastic hysteretic damping in the time domain
Autorzy:
Spitas, C.
Dwaikat, M. M. S.
Spitas, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38606055.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
Tematy:
hysteresis
damping
modified viscous model
dynamics time-domain
mechanical vibration
frequency
non-linear modeling
Opis:
Elastic hysteretic damping is defined as the dissipation of energy at a rate that is weakly dependent on frequency of vibration. In this article, we propose that the elastic hysteretic damping can be achieved by a simple modification to the viscous damping model. The proposed modification is based on computing an instantaneous correction factor that recursively depends on the state variables of the system. This correction factor is related to the rate by which the velocity changes with respect to the displacement. The new model compares quite favourably with the other existing solutions in the time-domain and differences between the solutions become evident for higher damping ratios. It is found that the new model predicts consistently the weak variation in the loss factor as a function of frequency. In addition to its simple mathematical formulation, the proposed model is superior to the existing solutions in that it does not require knowledge of the past history of motion neither the knowledge of the excitation frequency and is extensible to any type of loading. Various aspects pertaining to the linearity of the proposed approach are finally discussed.
Źródło:
Archives of Mechanics; 2020, 72, 4; 323-353
0373-2029
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Shell-solid FEM model of a violin resonance body
Autorzy:
Kabała, Andrzej
Barczewski, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146613.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Instytut Mechaniki Stosowanej
Tematy:
violin body modelling
violin bridge
vibration modes
harmonic excitations
modelowanie pudła skrzypiec
mostek skrzypcowy
postacie drgań
wymuszenie harmoniczne
Opis:
The FEM model of a violin resonance body presented in the article has been developed in order to simulate various issues in the field of violin dynamics and vibro-acoustics. All violin parts participating in the vibrations of the resonance body (solid and shell parts) are included in the model. Material properties and material orientation (anisotropy) of wood species used to make the violin parts have been taken into account in the model. Properties of spruce have been applied to the top plate (with f-holes) and solid parts. Properties of maple have been applied to the back plate, ribs and bridge. Two basic problems were considered: simulation and analysis of violin body vibrations in the cases of natural vibrations (*Frequency) and forced vibrations - excided by strings (*Steady-state dynamics). The results of simulations have been described and illustrated.
Źródło:
Vibrations in Physical Systems; 2020, 31, 3; art. no. 2020308
0860-6897
Pojawia się w:
Vibrations in Physical Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling method of dynamic characteristics of marine thin-walled structure
Autorzy:
Doan, Do Van
Szeleziński, Adam
Murawski, Lech
Muc, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245078.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
thin-walled structure
vibration
FEM
rectangular plate
Patran-Nastran software
Opis:
Thin-walled structures are very popular in industries, especially in the field of shipbuilding. There are many types of equipment and structures of ships, which are made up of thin-walled structures such as hull, deck and superstructure. Therefore, the analysis and understanding of the static and dynamic characteristics of a thin-walled structure are very important. In this article, we focus on vibration analysis of a typical thin-walled structurerectangular plate, a basic structure of the hull. Vibration analysis of a rectangular thin plate is conducted by two methods: numerical modelling method of the finite element on Patran-Nastran software platform and experimental method implemented in the laboratory of Gdynia Maritime University. Thin rectangular plate is fixed one end by four clamping plates and is modelled with finite elements and different meshing densities. The numerical model of thin rectangular plate is divided into four cases. Case 1, thin rectangular plate, and clamping plates are modelled with two-dimensional elements. Case 2, the rectangular thin plate is modelled with two-dimensional elements; the clamping plates are modelled with three-dimensional elements. Case 3, both the rectangular thin plate and clamping plates are modelled with three-dimensional elements. Case 4, the rectangular thin plate, and clamping plates are modelled with three-dimensional elements with larger mesh density to increase the accuracy of the calculation results. After that, the results of vibration analysis according to the numerical modelling method on Patran-Nastran software platform for these cases were compared with the measurement results. From there, assess the accuracy of analysis results of selected numerical model methods and the ability to widely apply this numerical model method to other marine structures
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2019, 26, 4; 39-46
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of dynamic aspects of operation in railway vehicle traction drive system including the electromechanical coupling
Autorzy:
Konowrocki, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/197807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
railway drive system
electromechanical coupling
numerical analysis
electric motor
torsion vibration
railway vehicle operation
system napędu kolejowego
sprzęgło elektromechaniczne
analiza numeryczna
silnik elektryczny
drgania skrętne
eksploatacja pojazdów kolejowych
Opis:
In this paper, the influence of electromechanical interaction in an electric motor on the railway vehicle driving system dynamics was investigated. This is the train driven by DC. In particular, there is considered influence of electromagnetic field between a rotor and stator on excitation of resonant torsional vibrations of the drive system. Conclusions drawn from the computational results can be very useful during the design phase of these devices as well as helpful for their users during regular maintenance.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska; 2019, 105; 101-111
0209-3324
2450-1549
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A method of vibration damping for diesel engine cylinder liners to prevent the consequences of erosion
Metoda tłumienia drgań tulei cylindrowych silników o zapłonie samoczynnym zapobiegająca konsekwencjom erozji
Autorzy:
Waliszyn, A.
Adamkiewicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365324.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
cylinder liner
vibration damping
damper
cooled surface erosion
virtual modelling
tuleja cylindrowa
tłumienie drgań
tłumik
erozja powierzchni chłodzonej
modelowanie wirtualne
Opis:
This article presents the utilitarian need to determine the free vibrations of marine Diesel engine cylinder liners and the authors’ own studies in this area. Theoretical investigations on free vibrations and experimental ones on forced vibrations have been described. Theoretical studies have been conducted with the application of characteristic dimensionless numbers in the Elektroniks Workbench and Wis Sim digital environment enabling virtual modeling of cylinder liner vibrations and determination of their characteristics: amplitudes, frequencies and accelerations. In the theoretical examination mechanical and electrical system analogues have been applied. A calculation method for the cylinder liner vibration damper, developed as a result of the study, has been discussed. Electrical oscillation damping filter design methods basing on the Bessel, Batterword and Chebyshev polynomials have been used. The course of the experimental examinations has been described and their results have been presented. Validation of the developed method has been executed applying measurement results concerning the parameters of Diesel engine cylinder liner vibration with various elastic elements. The results of the authors’ own, theoretical and experimental, examinations have been confronted with those obtained by other scholars.
W artykule uzasadniono potrzebę określenia drgań własnych tulei cylindrowych silników okrętowych o zapłonie samoczynnym. Opisano badania własne w tym zakresie: teoretyczne dotyczące drgań własnych i eksperymentalne, dotyczące drgań wymuszonych. W badaniach teoretycznych do modelowania zastosowano liczby kryterialne podobieństwa z wykorzystaniem środowiska cyfrowego Elektroniks Workbench i Wis Sim. Umożliwiły one modelowanie wirtualne drgań tulei cylindrowych i określenie ich charakterystyk: amplitudy, częstości i przyśpieszenia. W badanach tych zastosowano analogi układów mechanicznych i elektrycznych. Opracowano metodę tłumienia drgań tulei cylindrowych z zastosowaniem filtrów tłumienia drgań elektrycznych w oparciu o wielomiany Bessela, Batterworda i Czebyszewa. Opisano przebieg badań eksperymentalnych i pokazano otrzymane wyniki. Walidację opracowanej metody przeprowadzono wykorzystując wyniki pomiarów parametrów drgań tulei cylindrowej silnika spalinowego z różnymi elementami sprężystymi. Skonfrontowano wyniki badań własnych z wynikami badań innych badaczy.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2018, 20, 3; 371-377
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bending, buckling and free vibration of a beam with unsymmetrically varying mechanical properties
Autorzy:
Magnucki, K.
Lewiński, J.
Magnucka-Blandzi, E.
Kędzia, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/279585.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
FGM beam
mathematical modelling
numerical FEM calculations
Opis:
The subject of the paper is a beam with unsymmetrically varying mechanical properties in the depth direction. The nonlinear hypothesis of plane cross section deformation is assumed. Based on Hamilton’s principle, two differential equations of motion are obtained. The system of equations is analytically solved with a view to analyse the bending, buckling and free vibration problems of the beam. Moreover, the FEM model of the beam is developed and deflections, critical axial forces and natural frequencies of the beam are calculated. The results of these two methods are compared.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2018, 56, 4; 1163-1178
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparative analysis of the calculation methods of the marine propeller’s blade thickness
Autorzy:
Murawski, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244269.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine propeller
strength
vibration
solid structure in fluid
FEM modelling methodology
Opis:
Strength of the propellers with the skewback greater than 25º has to be numerically analysed according to marine classification societies. The finite element method (FEM) is advised for that kind of calculations. Classical and typical propellers (skewback < 25º) may be designed on the base of empirical equations given by the societies. The minimal thickness of the propeller blade is determined by the equations. Each classification society has their own empirical formula. Sometimes, well-designed propeller for one society has not enough strength according to the other society. What is more, propellers designed according to the empirical formulas might be not optimal. Comparative analysis of the marine propeller’s blade strength has been described in the article. Calculations of the propeller’s blade thickness have been done by two international classification societies’ empirical formulas (ABS and DNV). The results have been compared with Finite Element Method calculations (NASTRAN program). The methodology of propeller static strength vibration analyses is presented. Numerical calculation methodology is based on solidstate mechanics with loadings determined by fluid mechanics calculations. Steady state and transient fluid flow of the propeller’s working conditions were taken into account. In order to determine the optimal modelling method of the propeller several different numerical models were compared, including free model of whole propeller and single blade with boundary conditions placed in the foot. The propeller optimization was the main target of the analyses. Propeller blade thickness might be reduced after FEM method analysis - the propeller mass saving can be achieved.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 2; 253-260
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of a glass gatherer robot arm with a frictional damper
Autorzy:
Stembalski, M.
Pres, P.
Skoczynski, W.
Turek, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/99808.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
numerical model
damping vibration
glass gatherer
robot
Opis:
A numerical model of a friction damper used for damping vibration in glass gatherer robots was described. The damper with a lance was modelled using finite elements. Primary natural frequency of the system was determined. Numerical calculations were performed to determine the best operating parameters of the damper for excitations using a impulse of a force. Results of the damping decrement calculations for the friction damper model with a constant coefficient of friction and for the model, in which the coefficient of friction varied depending on the sliding velocity and the normal pressure occurring at the contact surfaces of the damper’s friction rings, were presented. Based on numerical simulations, the values of relative displacements between the damper’s friction rings were also determined.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2018, 18, 4; 127-140
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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