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Tytuł:
The Impact of EU Law on a National Competition Authoritys Leniency Programme – the Case of Poland
Autorzy:
Sitarek, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530320.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
competition law
leniency, antitrust damages actions
access to evidence
procedural autonomy
efficiency
public enforcement
private enforcement
Opis:
This paper is devoted to the impact of EU law on national leniency programmes, especially the Polish one. It analyses the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice in Pfleiderer, Donau Chemie and Schenker and identifies three specific areas of potential EU influence on national leniency programmes. The impact of EU law on the rules of access to leniency documents is analysed in detail on the basis of both EU and Polish law and taking into account the Draft Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions. The paper covers also the extent to which the principle of effectiveness of EU law limits the procedural autonomy of Member States in regard to their leniency programmes. This analysis covers both “negative conditions”, that is, elements of national leniency programmes which are incompatible with EU law, and “positive conditions”, in order words, those elements of domestic leniency programmes which are seen as necessary for securing their effectiveness.
L'article concerne l'influence du droit de l‘Union européenne sur les programmes de clémence nationaux, en particulier le programme polonais. La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne est analysée, surtout les arrêts en Pfleiderer, Donau Chemie et Schenker. Les trois avenues de l'influence du droit européen sur le programme de clémence sont identifiés – les règles d'accès aux confessions des entreprises bénéficiaires de la clémence, qui sont analysées en détaille, les limitations des programmes nationaux de clémence à cause du principe d'effectivité et les obligations des autorités nationales de concurrence d’assurer l'effectivité des programmes de clémence
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(9); 185-216
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of diversity on job performance: evidence from private universities in Egypt
Autorzy:
Said, Dina
Youssef, Dina
El-Bayaa, Nourhan
Alzoubi, Yehia Ibrahim
Zaim, Halil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27323585.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Centrum Badań i Innowacji Pro-Akademia
Tematy:
diversity
job performance
gender
education
ethnicity
różnorodność
wydajność pracy
płeć
edukacja
pochodzenie etniczne
Opis:
Employees from diverse backgrounds have been claimed to perform better; nevertheless, this link has been studied sparingly in the Egyptian setting. This paper addresses this gap by experimentally analyzing the link between employee performance and gender, educational background, and ethnic background. To investigate this link, a usable model was created, and data was collected from 269 academic staff members at private Egyptian institutions. PLS analysis was used, and the result revealed that educational and ethnic backgrounds have a positive effect on employees’ job performance whereas, the impact of gender background on employee’s job performance was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, the research findings disclose that the education and ethnic background of the employees mediates the relationship between employees’ job performance and gender diversity. Future research is yet to validate these results.
Źródło:
Acta Innovations; 2023, 49; 17--30
2300-5599
Pojawia się w:
Acta Innovations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Still-unpopular Sanctions: Developments in Private Antitrust Enforcement in Poland After the 2008 White Paper
Autorzy:
Piszcz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530310.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-11-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
private enforcement
bipolar system of enforcement
quantification of harm
follow-on actions
collective redress
non-admission of evidence
consultation document
Opis:
The European Commission published a White Paper on 2 April 2008 on damages actions for breach of EU antitrust rules. The content of the White Paper is since then being prepared to be converted into EU legislation on private antitrust enforcement. This paper presents the developments in private antitrust enforcement in Poland after 2 April 2008. It commences with an outline of EU actions in this field which act as an introduction to the more detailed analysis of recent jurisprudential and legislative developments in Poland. The latter part of the paper covers, in particular, the 2009 Act on the Pursuit of Claims in Group Proceedings and the 2011 Act Amending the Civil Procedure Code and Some Other Acts which abolishes all specific elements of commercial proceedings, including the statutory ‘non-admission of evidence’ principle. These two legal acts are assessed in order to establish whether their introduction is likely to help facilitate private antitrust enforcement in Poland and to consider to what an extent are these developments responding to the challenges outlined by the European Commission.
Le 2 avril 2008 la Commission européenne a publié le Livre blanc sur les actions en dommages et intérêts pour infraction aux règles communautaires sur les ententes et les abus de position dominante. Le contenu du Livre blanc est dès lors en cours de préparation pour être converti en législation de l'UE sur l’application des règles de la concurrence par des particuliers. Cet article présente le dévelopement de l’application des règles de la concurrence par des particuliers en Pologne après le 2 avril 2008. Il commence par un aperçu des actions de l'UE dans ce domaine qui agit comme une introduction à l'analyse plus détaillée de la jurisprudence récente et les évolutions législatives en Pologne. Cette dernière partie du document porte, en particulier, sur la Loi de 2009 sur la poursuite des revendications dans les procédures collectives et la Loi 2011 modifiant le Code de procédure civile et certaines autres lois qui abolisent tous les éléments spécifiques de la procédure commerciale, y compris le principe de «non-admission de la preuve». Ces deux actes juridiques sont évaluées afin de déterminer si leur mise en place pourrait faciliter l’application des règles de la concurrence par des particuliers en Pologne et d'examiner à quel point ces développements répondent aux défis formulés par la Commission européenne.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(7); 55-77
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prywatna opinia biegłego na tle pozycji konsultanta technicznego strony we włoskim procesie karnym
Private Expert Opinion on Background of Technical Consultant’s Position in the Italian Criminal Proceedings
Autorzy:
Smarzewski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Tematy:
evidence
expert
technical consultant
expert opinion
private expert opinion
Opis:
The paper considers issues referring to the institution of private expert opinion in criminal proceedings in the context of the possibility of its evidentiary use in it. The author paid attention to the objectively negligible value of the analyzed evidence, which is closely related with its kind of detachment from the source from which it comes, including limited possibilities to verify such evidence. Authors of private expert opinions do not formally participate in the proceedings. For these reasons, the article presents the institution of the technical consultant of the party functioning on the basis of the Italian criminal procedure, arguing that the introduction of such an entity to the category of participants of the Polish criminal process could be a remedy for problems and controversies related to the participation of experts supporting the parties. By this, parties and their representatives could have more realistic impact on the content of the findings in terms of circumstances, the settlement of which requires special knowledge.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2020, 1 (57); 58-71
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Handwritten Prayer Books of the Catholics from the XVIII–XIX-century Right-Bank Ukraine as an Evidence of the Era).
Приватні рукописні молитовники католиків Правобережної України XVIІI–XIX ст. як свідоцтво епохи
Autorzy:
Путова, Ганна Вадимівна
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/635873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
prayer books
manuscripts
handwritten prayer books
Catholics
Right-Bank Ukraine
archives of Ukraine
Ignacy Hołowiński
Opis:
The article presents a description and analysis of the peculiarities of the handwritten prayer books of Catholics of the Right-Bank Ukraine of the XVIІІ–XIX centuries on the example of one of the collections of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kiev.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne; 2018, 14
2084-3011
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private enforcement w Niemczech – przegląd orzecznictwa
Private enforcement in Germany – review of recent jurisprudence
Autorzy:
Motyka-Mojkowski, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/508528.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-03-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
private enforcement
passing-on
dochodzenie roszczeń odszkodowawczych
naruszenie prawa konkurencji
ujawnianie dowodów
skutek rozstrzygnięć krajowych
postępowania grupowe
Niemcy
claim for damages
infringement of competition law
disclosure of evidence
effect of national decisions
collective actions
Germany
Opis:
Niemcy są, oprócz m.in. Anglii i Holandii, jednym z niewielu krajów w Unii Europejskiej, w których praktyczne znaczenie private enforcement stale rośnie. Przejawem tej tendencji jest wzrastająca liczba postępowań sądowych w sprawach typu zarówno follow-on, jak i stand alone. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie najnowszego dorobku orzeczniczego sądów niemieckich w sprawach dotyczących prywatnoprawnego wdrażania reguł konkurencji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem alternatywnych modeli grupowego dochodzenia roszczeń. Omówione zostaną również zmiany wynikające z konieczności implementacji Dyrektywy 2014/104.
Alongside the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, Germany is among the EU Member States where private enforcement is becoming increasingly important in practice. This tendency shows clearly in the growing number of legal proceedings initiated by plaintiffs in either follow-on or stand-alone cases. The goal of this paper is to present the most recent developments in German jurisprudence concerning private enforcement of competition law. Particular emphasis is paid to alternative models of collective enforcement. The paper also covers key changes introduced into the German legal system upon the implementation of Directive 2014/104.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2016, 5, 1; 134-147
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Slovenia: A New Field to Be Developed by Slovenian Courts
Autorzy:
Brkan, Maja
Bratina, Tanja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
collective redress
evidence
nullity
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
Slovenia
Opis:
This contribution aims to demonstrate the legal framework that can shape and influence private enforcement in Slovenia. This includes, in particular, conditions for damage claims, collective redress mechanisms, legal costs and fees as well as discovery and burden of proof. It is shown which legislative changes may be needed in order to improve the effectiveness of private enforcement and the practical obstacles that will have to be overcome in the future. Furthermore, the article analyses the jurisprudence of Slovenian courts concerning private enforcement. Although there was practically no jurisprudence in this area only a few years ago, Slovenian courts have now ruled on a few such cases already. The number of private enforcement proceedings will most likely increase in the future. Therefore, it can be stated that private enforcement of competition law is an area that is slowly, but steadily, gaining importance in the Slovenian legal system.
La présente contribution vise à démontrer le cadre juridique susceptible de former et d’influencer la mise en œuvre des règles de concurrence de l'UE à l'initiative de la sphère privée (« private enforcement ») en Slovénie. Les conditions pour des recours en dommages et intérêts, des mécanismes des recours collectifs, des règles sur des dépens ainsi que la divulgation des preuves et la charge de la preuve y sont analysés. La contribution démontre quelles modifications législatives seraient nécessaires et quelles obstacles pratiques devront être surmontés à l’avenir afin d’améliorer l’effectivité de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence. La jurisprudence des juridictions Slovènes dans ce domaine y est également analysée. Même si cette jurisprudence a été pratiquement inexistante il y a quelques années, les juridictions Slovènes ont, jusqu’à présent, rendu déjà quelques arrêts dans ce domaine et il est à attendre que le nombre de ce type d’affaires accroîtra dans le futur. Ainsi, il est possible de constater que l’importance de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence augmentera lentement mais sûrement dans l’ordre juridique slovène.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 75-106
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Polish Courts: The Story of an (Almost) Lost Hope for Development
Autorzy:
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530095.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
collective redress
evidence
nullity
private enforcement of competition law
Polska
public enforcement of competition law
Opis:
The article reviews judgments of Polish courts on private enforcement of competition law between 1993 and 2012. A quantitative analysis of this jurisprudence shows that very few cases of that type exist at all. Their qualitative characteristics illustrate that: none of them referred to consumers; none of the claims was a 'pure' damage claim; all of these cases focused on partial or general nullity of contracts concluded as a result of an anticompetitive practice; almost all of them concerned an abuse of a dominant position; only one referred to competition-restricting agreements. The relevant jurisprudence largely focused on the binding force of a prior decision of the Polish competition body upon civil courts. Even if the fact that some cases of this type were at all record might suggest that there is a potential for developing private enforcement of antitrust in Poland, nothing like this actually happened. Unfortunately, the Act on Collective Redress (in force since July 2010) has not contributed to a growth in the number of consumers (or any other entities) engaging in court disputes with undertakings restricting competition.
L’article passe en revue les jugements des tribunaux polonais sur l’application privée du droit de la concurrence entre 1993 et 2012. Une analyse quantitative de cette jurisprudence montre que très peu de cas de ce type existent. Leurs caractéristiques qualitatives montrent que : aucun d’entre eux ne concernait les consommateurs ; aucune des revendications ne constituait une demande d’indemnisation dans le sense exacte ; tous ces cas axaient sur la nullité partielle ou générale des contrats conclus à la suite d‘une pratique anticoncurrentielle ; la quasi-totalité d’entre eux concernaient un abus de position dominante ; une seule visait aux accords restreignant la concurrence. La jurisprudence se concentrait surtout sur la force contraignante d’une décision préalable de l’organe polonais de la concurrence prise par des tribunaux civils. Même si le fait que certains cas de ce type-là étaient notés, il pourrait suggérer qu’il existe un potentiel de développement de l’application privée de la concurrence en Pologne – rien que cela ne s’est réellement passé. Malheureusement, la Loi sur les recours collectif (en vigueur depuis juillet 2010) n’a pas contribué à une augmentation du nombre de consommateurs (ou d’autres entités) s’engageant dans des litiges judiciaires avec les entreprises qui restreignent la concurrence.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 107-128
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law – the Case of Estonia
Autorzy:
Sein, Karin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530240.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage claim
collective redress
Estonia
evidence
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
Opis:
Jurisprudence on private enforcement of competition law has so far been almost non-existent in Estonia. Most cases where competition law issues are raised within the context of damage claims are solved by out-of-court settlements. One of the main reasons for this scarcity is the fact that this is a fairly unfamiliar field for Estonian lawyers, attorneys and judges. The first reason for the low number of private enforcement of competition law cases in Estonia is therefore lacking awareness and legal uncertainty. The other key barrier lies in burden of proof issues associated with damage claims. It has proven very difficult in practice for an injured person to prove that he/she sustained damages as a result of a competition law infringement; even more so to prove the actual extent of such damages. There is no juridical practice yet on how to calculate business losses and judges face considerable difficulties when confronted with this task. Another problem lies in the availability of evidence. As discovery is not possible in Estonia, its civil procedure rules make it difficult for claimants to obtain evidence necessary to prove the facts underlying their claims. Estonian law does not provide for a special procedure for antitrust damage claims – there are no collective claims, no class actions, nor actions by representative bodies or other forms of public interest litigation (no collective redress). It is thus only possible to file damage claims arising from competition law infringements either in normal civil proceedings or as a civil claim within the framework of criminal proceedings on a competition law crime. The need for collective redress has not yet been subject to a legal debate at the national level, and there has not been a single private enforcement case opened by a consumer in Estonia so far. The only Supreme Court case in existence in this field, which was decided in 2011, has cleared the basis and availability of damage claims for competition law infringement. It has shown, at the same time, the many problems connected to calculating damages in this context.
La jurisprudence relative à l’application privée du droit de la concurrence a été jusqu’à présent presque absente en Estonie. La plupart des cas où les questions de droit de la concurence sont soulevées dans le cadre de demandes d’indemnisation, sont résolus par des règlements à l’amiable. L’une des raisons principales de cette pénurie est le fait que c’est un domaine assez inconnu pour les avocats, les procureurs et les juges estoniens. La première raison pour le faible nombre de cas de l’application privée du droit de la concurrence en Estonie est donc la manque de conscience et l’incertitude juridique. L’autre obstacle majeur réside dans des questions relatives à la charge de preuve liées à des demandes d ‘indemnisation. Il s’est avéré très difficile en pratique pour une personne blessée à prouver qu’il/elle a subi des dommages à la suite d’une infraction au droit de la concurrence ; plus encore à prouver l’étendue exacte de tels dommages. Il n’existe pas encore de pratique juridique sur la façon de calculer les pertes commerciales. Alors les juges font face à des difficultés considérables lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à cette tâche. Un autre problème réside dans la disponibilité de la preuve. A cause du fait que la découverte n’est pas possible en Estonie, ses règles de procédure civile rendent l’obtention des preuves nécessaires pour soutenir les faits qui prouvent des revendications soumis par des demandeurs difficile. La législation estonienne ne prévoit pas de procédure spéciale pour les demandes de dommages antitrust – il n’y a pas de revendications collectives, aucune action de classe, ni des measures prises par les organes représentatifs ou d’autres formes de litiges d’intérêt public (pas de resours collectif). Il n’est donc possible que de déposer des demandes d’indemnsation en cas d’infraction au droit de la concurrence soit dans les procédures civiles normales, soit comme une action civile dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale sur un crime de droit de la concurrence. La nécessité de recours collectif n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’un débat juridique au niveau national, et il n’a pas eu en Estonie un seul cas de l’application privée ouverte par un consommateur jusqu’à présent. Le seul cas qui a été présenté à la Cour suprême en ce domaine (le jugement a été prononcé en 2011), a autorisé la base et la disponibilité des demandes d’indemnisation pour violation du droit de la concurrence. Il a présenté en même temps les problèmes nombreux reliés à la calculation des dommages dans ce contexte-là.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 129-139
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozaprocesowy kontakt obrońcy ze świadkiem w procesie karnym
Autorzy:
Fingas, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1393463.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-30
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
criminal procedure
counsel for the defence
evidence collection
private
evidence
private investigation
proces karny
obrońca
gromadzenie dowodów
dowody prywatne
prywatne śledztwo
Opis:
Podjęta w artykule problematyka dotyczy dopuszczalności oraz zasad pozaprocesowego kontaktu obrońcy ze świadkami. Przeprowadzone wywody koncentrują się na wykazaniu pełnej dopuszczalności kontaktu z potencjalnym świadkiem, utrwalenia przez obrońcę uzyskanych w ten sposób informacji oraz przedstawiają w sposób węzłowy kwestie możliwości późniejszego wykorzystania ich w procesie karnym, przy uwzględnieniu zmian normatywnych, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 lipca 2015 r.
The issues discussed in the article concern admissibility and rules of non-procedural contact of counsel for the defence with witnesses. Taking into account the normative changes that entered into force on 1 July 2015, the analyses concentrate on proving complete admissibility of counsel’s for the defence contacts with potential witnesses, recording information obtained this way and presenting it later in the criminal proceeding before court.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2015, 9, 4; 48-65
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pojęcie dowodu prywatnego i dokumentu prywatnego w polskim procesie karnym
The notions of private evidence and private documents in Polish criminal proceedings
Autorzy:
Boch, Błażej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-10
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
private evidence
private documents
reading aloud
information
Opis:
The issues related to private evidence and documents in Polish criminal proceedings have for a long time been providing an impetus for many debates and disputes. In his text, the author analyses the opinions hitherto expressed in legal doctrine, and based on them he indicated how, in his opinion, the notions of “private evidence” and “private document” ought to be understood in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure. To this aim, he commences his consideration with an analysis of the notion of “evidence”, while stressing that it needs to be distinguished from such terms as “[a piece of] information” or “trace”. Further on, he discusses the distinction into “public [official]” and “private” evidence, and also presents his own definition of “private evidence” sensu stricto and sensu largo. Subsequently, the author proceeds to consider the notion of document in legal system, in particular in penal legal system, to eventually focus on the intended understanding of the notion of “private document” and the notion “reading aloud” included in Article 393 paragraph 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Źródło:
Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2019, 29, 3; 111-133
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podstęp użyty wobec oskarżonego jako dowód prywatny – uwagi de lege ferenda w świetle nowelizacji kodeksu postępowania karnego
Deceit in the Context of Private Evidence – de lege ferenda Remarks on an Amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure
Autorzy:
Toruński, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518602.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Opis:
In this paper presented is the question of deceit in the context of private evidence in the light of an amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure. Firstly, the essence of the term ‘deceit’, focusing on its lexical meaning, is discussed, as well as its existence in other areas of law, including civil and criminal law or previous Codes of Criminal Procedure. An attempt to propose an authorial definition of the term is also made. Furthermore, the author considers the motives for introducing the said amendment to the Code, with the deliberations centered around article 393 par. 3 of the Code, which – de lege ferenda – would enable the parties to make use of their private evidence in the course of procedure. The article discusses that change proposed, which permits the counsel for the defendant to employ private evidence may potentially cause difficulties in the interpretation of the Act as a whole, something which was not foreseen by the legislator. One of such difficulties is the problem of deceitful obtainment of private evidence. Furthermore, it is not yet known how the gathering of the private evidence will look like. Potentially, there is a sizable number of persons who may avail of deceit with a view to obtaining evidence, as well as persons against whom deceit may be employed. Having this in mind, the author tries to delineate the general rules pertaining to the use of deceit when obtaining the private evidence. He points out that the rule „nemo se ipsum accusare tenetur” could be easily broken and also juxtaposes the deceit with the „fair trial rule”. The discussion contained herein also touches upon the proposed addition of article 168a to the Code. It is the author’s conclusion that the fact that the burden of proof is plaed on the parties may threat the trial’s comprehensiveness. The problem of deceit, despite the demands voiced by the doctrine, has not been settled hitherto, and it remains unresolved even under the new amendment.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2015, 1 (27); 62-73
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Non-Interest Income and Profitability in Private Banking. Evidence from Liechtenstein
Autorzy:
Andrzejuk, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633681.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
non-interest income, private banking, profitability, ROA, ROE
Opis:
Purpose – The aim of this article is to present results of research on the relation between non-interest income and bank’s profitability for Liechtenstein banks specialized in private banking.Design/Methodology/Approach – The study examines 12 Liechtenstein banks specialized in private banking and wealth management services in the period from 2014 to 2016. Example of Liechtenstein has been chosen as the country is a significant European private banking centre. Data used in the research come from financial statements published by the banks. The relationship between profitability, presented as return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA), and non-interest to interest income ratio has been examined by Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings – Results show a negative correlation between non-interest to interest income ratio and ROA. No relevant correlation had been found between non-interest to interest income ratio and ROE.Originality/Value – Most of the researchers investigating the relation between non-interest income and profitability of banks show opposite results to those presented in this paper. Available studies are concentrated on markets dominated by retail and corporate banking services generating mainly interest income. This paper treats the problem of non-interest income’s relation to banks’ profitability from the perspective of private banking, a specific branch of financial services focused on services generating earnings which are not based on interest-based products.Article type – Research paper.
Źródło:
International Journal of Synergy and Research; 2017, 6
2083-0025
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Synergy and Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nagranie prywatne jako dowód w sprawie karnej w świetle nowelizacji K. P. K.
Private recording as evidence in criminal proceedings in connection with recent amendments of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure
Autorzy:
Leśniewski, Kamil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565048.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:
proces karny
dowód prywatny
nowelizacja
nagranie
criminal procedure
private evidence
amendment
recording
Opis:
Szybki rozwój technologiczny dostarczył nam wielu narzędzi, do używania któ-rych nie powinniśmy mieć oporów. Ostatnie dwie dekady to radykalne zmiany na tym polu. Niemniej jednak, procedura karna tym przeobrażeniem w dużej mierze nie podołała, za wy-jątkiem prawa dowodowego. Celem artykułu jest skupienie się na kwestii wykorzystania, jako dowodu w sprawie karnej nagrania prywatnego. W artykule przeanalizowane zostały proble-my związane z przedmiotowym zagadnieniem. Autor przedstawia przeciwstawne zapatrywa-nia doktryny na kwestię dowodów prywatnych, w szczególności nagrań na nośnikach elektro-nicznych. Praca jest skoncentrowana na wpływie, jaki wywiera na przedmiotowej kwestii Wielka Nowelizacja kodeksu postępowania karnego, która weszła w życie z dniem 1 lipca 2015 roku. Autor zwraca uwagę na potencjalne trudności z interpretacją nowych uregulowań prawnych, jak i niedostatki przedmiotowej nowelizacji.
Rapid technological development has provided us with new efficient tools that we should not hesitate to use. In the last two decades we have seen technical revolution around us. Nevertheless, criminal procedure does not follow that change – saving evidence law. The article is focused on application of private recordings in Polish criminal procedure, with particular emphasis on its value as an evidence. The paper analyses practical problems related to the issue. The author presents different definitions of private evidence and private recording. The findings and conclusions represented in the author’s analysis show that the is-sue of private recording is very vital and has to be examined profoundly. Changes, that are shown in the article were introduced on 1st of July 2015, had been estimated as a huge step in “releasing” private evidence. The author pays attention to potential difficulties in interpreta-tion of the new regulations.
Źródło:
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności; 2015, 2(1); 95-106
2450-5005
Pojawia się w:
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Human Capital. Theory and Evidence in Light of Socio-Economic Structuralism
Autorzy:
Tittenbrun, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1179292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
human capital
human capital and economic growth
human capital theory and policy
legal vs. economic ownership
managerial ownership
measurement of human capital
owner-ship of labour power
ownership
private returns of human capital
social returns to human capital
Opis:
In the era of mass currency pertaining to the Bourdesian concepts of cultural and social capital, the latter given in somewhat different renderings by a plethora of other authors, such as Putnam, Coleman and so on it is easy to forget what the true 'founding father', or 'mother', if you like of the entire 'capital' family was. Furthermore, the notion concerned, owing to its association to the economic, and in particular managerial practice and corporate governance, could be said to possess even greater importance than the two varieties of the supreme category mentioned above, all their -real or ostensible charm, apparently so attractive to the practitioners of the humanities and social sciences notwithstanding. However, the patience of the reader is kindly requested; the concept concerned will be tackled head-on in Part II of the present book while in the brief Part I the underlying theoretical and conceptual framework that shall be deployed in that analysis needs to be illuminated. And you know what? As opposed to some other authors who in similar circumstances tell the reader that she can, if she wants, skip this (purportedly hard to swallow and boring) theoretical considerations and skip to the core of the matter, which in this book is placed in Part II; as distinct thus to the majority of writers, the reader is not advised by the present author to skip the theoretical section, since absent these considerations, she is bound to have some difficulties in understanding or understanding in full the material in the remaining parts of the current work. Finally, being frank by default, so to speak, the undersigned must confess that there are certain more personal motivations behind the aformentioned recommendation, too; after all, parents worldwide commonly boast about their offspring and precisely such a relationship obtains between the current intellectual producer and the principal theoretical core of what is being put forward below.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2017, 79; 1-89
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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