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    Wyświetlanie 1-58 z 58
    Tytuł:
    Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study
    Autorzy:
    Garbacz-Klempka, A.
    Kowalski, Ł.
    Kozana, J.
    Gackowski, J.
    Perek-Nowak, M.
    Szczepańska, G.
    Piękoś, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383062.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    non-destructive testing
    investment casting
    X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
    archaeometallurgy
    Lusatian culture
    badania nieniszczące
    odlewnictwo
    promieniowanie rentgenowskie
    kultura łużycka
    Opis:
    (Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology. The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).
    Źródło:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 29-34
    1897-3310
    2299-2944
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metal garment elements from the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age cemetery at Beshtasheni (eastern Georgia)
    Autorzy:
    Hamburg, Jacek
    Pawłowska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1683827.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-07-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Beshtasheni
    bronze
    Early Iron Age
    Georgia
    Late Bronze Age
    metal artifacts
    dress elements
    Opis:
    The paper presents metal elements of garments and jewellery dating to the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age period (13th–6th century BC) coming from the excavation of the Beshtasheni cemetery in eastern Georgia carried out from the mid-1930s until 2014. A brief historical and cultural background, including a short description and chronology of the Beshtasheni cemetery, is given before presenting the assemblage of metal garment elements found in the graves: pins, belts and buckles, finger rings, bracelets, parts of buckles and beads, including a preliminary typology of some of these artifacts. The typology takes into account the decoration and shape, as well as ornamental elements and motifs. The paper goes on to describe the observed relation between metal garment elements and the gender and age of the deceased.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(1); 601-618
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bronze Jewellery from the Early Iron Age urn-field in Mała Kępa. An approach to casting technology
    Autorzy:
    Garbacz-Klempka, A.
    Kowalski, Ł.
    Gackowski, J.
    Perek-Nowak, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379760.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    bronze jewellery
    non-destructive testing
    investment casting
    X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
    archaeometallurgy
    Lusatian culture
    biżuteria z brązu
    badania nieniszczące
    odlewnictwo
    spektroskopia rentgenowska
    archeometalurgia
    kultura łużycka
    Opis:
    This study characterizes the bronze jewellery recovered from the Lusatian culture urn-field in Mała Kępa (Chełmno land, Poland). Among many common ornaments (e.g. necklaces, rings, pins) the ones giving evidence of a steppe-styled inspiration (nail earrings) were also identified. With the dendritic microstructures revealed, the nail earrings prove the implementing of a lost-wax casting method, whereas some of the castings were further subjected to metalworking. The elemental composition indicates the application of two main types of bronze alloys: Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb. It has been established that the Lusatian metalworkers were familiar with re-melting the scrap bronze and made themselves capable of roasting the sulphide-rich ores. The collection from Mała Kępa has been described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X - ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint an alloy profile of the castings with a special emphasis on the nail earrings, the data-set (ED-XRF, EDS) was statistically evaluated using multidimensional analyses (FA, DA).
    Źródło:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 3; 175-183
    1897-3310
    2299-2944
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kultowy ryt z wczesnej epoki żelaza z Altmarku
    A cult engraving of the Early Iron Age from Altmark
    Autorzy:
    Müller, Rosemarie
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941760.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1992
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Opis:
    Fragment of a vessels with an inside ornament found in a settlement at Arneburg, Kr. Stendal, is described. The engraving represents a stylized „figure of a toad", with mostly Neolithic analogies. Examples of motifs of this kind, occurring on pottery dating from the Bronze Age to the Migration period, are listed. Since the drawing is highly stylized it is not possible to be quite certain whether the archetype was a man or an animal. We do not know, either, if the prototype of these geometrically stylized drawing was identified in the same way by prehistoric man throughout the ages. If this weas the case, a cult lasting through millennia could be surmised. Skeletal remains of toads found in Hallstatt graves may have been linked with a cult. However, it is difficult to solve this problem conclusively.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 1992, 16
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Кремаційний могильник ранньозалізного віку Монастирок-2 на Волині
    Сremation cemetery of the Early Iron Age Monastyrok-2 in Volyn
    Autorzy:
    Бадецький, Андрій Б.
    Самолюк, Валерій О.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035354.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    cremation cemetery
    volyn'
    early iron age
    mohylyany group
    chornolis'ka culture
    Opis:
    The article presents materials from the recently discovered cremation cemetery of the pre-Scythian period Monastyrok-2, Rivne region (Ukraine). Collection was obtained during filed walking prospections and small scale excavations. Classification of all materials was carried out and on the basis of the given analogies a general dating was proposed between end of X and VIII century BC.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2020, 41; 95-110
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza geologiczno-morfologiczno-glebowa przeprowadzona na stanowiskach archeologicznych w Grabowcu, gmina Radymno, powiat jarosławski, województwo podkarpackie
    A geological-morphological-soil analysis conducted on archaeological sites in Grabowiec, commune Radymno, district Jarosław, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Reder, Jan
    Stępniewski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896806.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    geomorphology
    settlement
    Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Opis:
    The text includes an analysis and interpretation of the environmental context of prehistoric sites in Grabowiec. Information is given on their location, topography as well as geological characteristics of the area, where human settlements were located. Also the results of analysis of geomorphological situation and soil cover were presented.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 169-175
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pierwsze sprawozdanie z weryfikacyjnych badań na grodzisku z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Chotyńcu
    A preliminary report on the verifying research at the fortified settlement from the Early Iron Age in Chotyniec
    Autorzy:
    Czopek, Sylwester
    Trybała-Zawiślak, Katarzyna
    Tomasz, Tokarczyk
    Ocadryga-Tokarczyk, Ewelina
    Burghardt, Marcin
    Adamik-Proksa, Joanna
    Rajpold, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1205221.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    fortified settlement
    Scythian cultural circle
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of the trial excavations carried out in 2016 at the fortified settlement in Chotyniec, Jarosław district. It is an object which has been known and mentioned in archaeological literature for a long, but without its precise chronological affiliation, due to the lack of excavations. However, it was most often combined with the Middle Ages. The conducted research requires significant adjustments. All the sources and contextual records allow us to link this large fortified settlement in Chotyniec with the Early Iron Age and the forest steppe variant of the Scythian cultural circle. This unique site will be researched in the next excavation seasons.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2017, 38; 291-305
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Eleftheria Pappa , Early Iron Age Exchange in the West: Phoenicians in the Mediterranean and the Altlantic, Leuven–Paris–Walpole MA., 2013
    Autorzy:
    Lipiński, Edward
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/707471.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Orientalistyczny; 2014, 2
    0080-3545
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Orientalistyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki analizy materiałów archeozoologicznych ze stanowisk 1-5 w Grabowcu, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie
    The results of analysis of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec, commune Radymno, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Piskorska, Teresa
    Stefaniak, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    archaeozoology
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    settlement
    Opis:
    The text presents the analysis results of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec in the district of Jarosław obtained during rescue excavations in 2011.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 143-149
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osada z późnej epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Grabowcu, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie
    A settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec, district Jarosław, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Baron, Justyna
    Karpow, Jadwiga
    Kuźbik, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896913.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    settlement
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Lusatian culture
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of research conducted in 2011 on the settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Subsequently group of features were presented according to their probable function, including exceptionally numerous series of wells and relics of fencings and then results of the analysis of artifacts is presented, discovered both in the cultural layer and earth-sheltered features fills. A separate part of the article are the issues of relative and absolute chronology as well as spatial organisation of the settlement. Detailed analyses of archaeological sources allowed to distinguish at least two phases of the settlement use.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 53-115
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metsamor: report after the 2019 season
    Autorzy:
    Jakubiak, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1632290.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-19
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    Urartu
    settlement
    grave
    pottery
    dwelling structures
    Opis:
    The 2019 season in Metsamor confirmed the functioning of the settlement in the Urartian period. House II, discovered during the fieldwork, is the first architectural structure built at the beginning of the Early Iron Age period which, after some possible rearrangements, retained control over the Aras valley during the Urartian kingdom. Pottery discovered there confirms that the already excavated part of the settlement was extensively used after the fall of Urartu. A pit grave dated to the 7th century BC yielded a late Urartian cylinder seal.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2020, 29(2); 265-280
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Koniec "łużyckiego świata"
    The end of “the Lusatian world”
    Autorzy:
    Czopek, Sylwester
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3141433.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-08-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    early Iron Age
    disappearance of culture
    migrations
    Opis:
    The article is devoted to the disappearance of the Lusatian cultural circle, also traditionally called the Lusatian culture or, in more recent literature, the Lusatian urnfields. At the beginning, terminological issues are clarified and views on the disappearance of this cultural unit, which played an important role in Central Europe in the middle of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, are presented. The main analytical part focuses on four regions within today’s borders of Poland – north-western, north-eastern, south-western and south-eastern. This is due to the sharply outlined foreign cultural features that are particularly sharp in these regions. This applies to the infiltration of the Jastorf culture (and earlier Nordic influences), the Baltic circle, the Hallstatt cultural complex and the Eastern European nomadic world. They are the aftermath of migration movements of varying intensity and chronology, but always within the early Iron Age (9th/8th–5th centuries BC). Signs of the structural crisis of the local Lusatian communities, which are very fragmented and do not constitute a cultural monolith, are also important for the considerations undertaken. The issue of changes in the natural environment on the border of the subboreal and subatlantic periods is also considered.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2022, 43; 159-168
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza petrograficzna zabytków kamiennych ze stanowiska Grabowiec 1, gm. Radymno, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie
    Petrographic analysis of stone artifacts from site Grabowiec 1, commune Radymno, district Jarosław, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Wójcik, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896869.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    petrography
    stone artifacts
    early Iron Age
    Bronze Age
    settlement
    Opis:
    The text shows the results of the petrographic analysis of stone artifacts from site Grabowiec. Out of set of 87 stones, 19 artifacts made of stones were selected and underwent a petrographic analysis. The main goal of the conducted research was to identify the type of rock raw material used for execution of tools. Petrographic analyses consisted in drawing up an assessment and macroscopic description of a rock material, from which artifacts were made. The macroscopic description was enlarged by a study using binocular magnifying glass, in order to precisely define: overall external features of rocks (colour, degree of vapidity, compactness), structure and texture and the type of rock-forming minerals. On the basis of the petrographic study, the type of the used raw material was determined.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 129-141
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Hallstatt Textiles from the Bi-ritual Cemetery in Świbie
    Autorzy:
    Słomska, Joanna
    Antosik, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1774812.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-01-10
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    textiles
    cemetery
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt period
    Świbie
    Silesia
    Opis:
    Textile production during the Hallstatt period was an integral part of everyday life of societies living in Poland. However, discoveries of fabrics are very rare. Textile remains from this period survived primarily in the skeletal bi-ritual graves in the Silesia voivodship. Among preserved fragments of organic finds, remains of clothes and elements of accessories can be distinguished. The best-preserved and well-studied textile remains come from the cemetery in Świbie, Gliwice district. The locality was accidentally discovered in 1930s, but regular excavations started there thirty years later. As a result of the archaeological works, 576 cremation urns and skeletal graves were explored providing a rich set of materials. Grave goods were local products, as well as imports from Southern and Western Europe. Sixty three graves contained remains of textiles. The majority of the surviving fabrics adhered to metal outfits. In addition, research encountered woven tape remains, braided ribbons, threads, and strings. The material acquired from the cemetery in Świbie is the largest textile collection from the Hallstatt period discovered in Poland. It waited in a museum warehouse until the year 2015 when the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Łódź initiated further studies. Despite the fact that most fragments were small and mineralised, all the undertaken analyses led to a better understanding of textile production in the Hallstatt period in Poland with its innovative and traditional elements.
    Źródło:
    Światowit; 2017, 56(1); 129-135
    0082-044X
    Pojawia się w:
    Światowit
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Comb or a Loom? An Attempt at Interpretation of the Szemud Urn Image
    Autorzy:
    Przymorska-Sztuczka, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1774818.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-01-10
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Face urns
    vertical loom
    Pomeranian culture
    Early Iron Age
    Opis:
    Combs belong to characteristic motifs appearing on face urns from the Pomeranian culture. They are usually presented in the simplest way – in the form of several vertical lines coming from one horizontal line situated mostly in the central part of the urn. Archaeologists studying the Pomeranian culture accept an interpretation that all images comprised of vertical lines are combs (Dzięgielewski 2007: 183). The article presents another way of interpreting the engraving from the Szemud urn which has been assumed to depict a comb. As it has been discussed, both the image itself (extremely long comb teeth) and the structural position of the image (directly under a face image) are not typical. The author suggests that it is rather a depiction of a vertical warp-weighted loom, as evidenced by other images known from Europe (e.g. Sopron, Bologna) dated to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.
    Źródło:
    Światowit; 2017, 56(1); 121-126
    0082-044X
    Pojawia się w:
    Światowit
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metsamor (Armenia): preliminary report on the excavations in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Appendix: Anthropological examination of burials from Metsamor in seasons 2013–2015
    Autorzy:
    Jakubiak, Krzysztof
    Piliposyan, Ashot
    Iskra, Mateusz
    Zaqyan, Artavazd
    Mkrtchyan, Rusanna
    Simonyan, Hasmik
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1707560.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Metsamor
    Ararat plain
    Early Iron Age
    Urartian
    settlement
    fortress
    Opis:
    The Metsamor excavation project is a Polish–Armenian effort to investigate a Bronze Age citadel site located about 35 km west of Yerevan, on a hill dominating the Ararat plain. Fieldwork started in 2013 and was aimed during the first three seasons at clarifying site chronology in the citadel as well as the northern lower town. An unbroken sequence from the Kura Araxes culture (Early Bronze Age) to medieval times was confirmed. Settlement remains of Early Iron Age buildings included an almost square structure NSB 2 and a dwelling NSB 1, furnished with a relatively large storage room. Four human skeletons, two of young men, were also recorded, suggesting they were victims of a raid on the settlement. The results of recent field observations coupled with pottery analysis postulate occurrence of two destructive events, first during the Urartian invasion led by Argishti I and the second one at the beginning of the 6th century BC.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2016, 25; 553-572
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Development of pottery style on the Bronze and Early Iron Age cemetery at Kietrz, Głubczyce district, in the light of statistical analyses
    Autorzy:
    Mrówka, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442448.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    cemetery
    Kietrz
    correspondence analysis
    pottery
    Opis:
    This article attempts to determine the relative chronology of the Kietrz cemetery of the Lusatian culture proceeding from the stylistic development of forms and ornamentation of vessels coming from selected pottery inventories. The co-occurrence matrix of forms and ornaments, developed from the sources described above, was examined using correspondence analysis. Graphic representation of the results forms a quite distinct arc-shaped layout in the plot of two principal axes. Correspondence analysis was also conducted for the identified types of decoration. The results, transposed into a two-dimensional diagram, show a different, not arch-like distribution. Objects and variables form two separate clusters. Detailed analysis of the two diagrams allowed for many valuable conclusions: (1) phases of vessel form development are polythetic assemblages, which means that they are formed by specific combinations of attributes or their frequencies rather than by strictly defined sets of phase-unique attributes; (2) in the development of pottery forms, one can observe a continuous evolution between phases BrC2 and HaC, i. e. in the period spanning nearly 800 years (ca 1380–600 BC). This confirms earlier conclusions, based on planigraphy data, concerning the uninterrupted functioning of the cemetery; (3) development of pottery decoration followed a different pattern – a “revolutionary” change in HaA was followed by a continuous development until the end of early Hallstatt period, when a regression in pottery ornamentation probably took place; (4) there is some discrepancy between the present results and M.Gedl’s chronology with respect to the older phases of vessel form and decoration development (among other things, the present results suggest dating the appearance of bossed decoration as early as BrC2).
    Źródło:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2011, 3; 67-100
    0137-3285
    Pojawia się w:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Beiträge zur Forschungen Lausitzer Brauchtums
    Przyczynki do badania obrzędowości kultury łużyckiej
    Autorzy:
    Dąbrowski, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498003.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    funeral rites
    offerings
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to pottery vessels or their small sets from cemeteries, which do not contain the remains of the deceased and do not repeat the typical inventories for grave goods. These features include small vessels, usually containers for liquids, and rarely other items. A few chemical analyses have shown that they may have contained food. Unfortunately, descriptions of materials from outside graves are often incomplete and, therefore, there is no doubt that the known catalogue only contains some of the discovered artefacts. Nevertheless there are 273 features from 62 cemeteries. These mostly contain one vessel (up to a maximum of seven items) amounting from 0.2 to 5.8 % of the features from large cemeteries. It should be noted that as for the Lusatian cemeteries there are often metal, stone and flint artefacts among the graves. On the other hand, hoards of vessels are rare. The nature of these vessels suggests that they may have been used for ritual libations, which is considered to be common then. However, it appears that the offerings were given during rituals, which were not always associated with the funeral
    Źródło:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2013, 8; 143-171
    2084-4409
    Pojawia się w:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przemiany osadnicze w międzyrzeczu rzek Szkło i Lubaczówki w epoce brązu i wczesnej epoce żelaza
    Settlement transformations in the basins of the Szkło and Lubaczówka rivers in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age
    Autorzy:
    Jabłkowska, Aleksandra
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035349.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    bronze age
    early iron age
    settlement archaeology
    south-eastern poland
    Opis:
    The article is a settlement and culture study, in which, after collecting all available sources and their chronological verification, a deep analysis of habitat preferences was carried out in individual cultural units in the area of the Szkło and Lubaczówka rivers in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The research performed on settlement and culture study aims to show new results and fill the gap existing in the literature within the San basin in terms of understanding the cultural and settlement variability in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (other neighbouring mesoregions already have such studies).
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2020, 41; 71-94
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Studies on the Lusatian culture settlement and animal husbandry on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district, based on the materials from seasons 2001–2003
    Autorzy:
    Gocman, Ulana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442439.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age
    animal husbandry
    Opis:
    The paper presents the Lusatian culture materials recovered during the first three excavation seasons on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district. The discovered artefacts (pottery shards) may be connected particulary with the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (Bronze Age Period V and HaC phase). The collected bone remains were analysed archaeozoologically, which allowed for conclusions to be drawn on the model of animal husbandry. An analysis of the species composition showed that the predominant dietary components were cattle and small ruminants, followed by pigs. Such a herd composition suggests a economy based on herding cattle and small ruminants. Due to the small number of collected bone remains it seems that additional research needs to be conducted, using materials from the remaining excavation seasons.
    Źródło:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2011, 3; 227-240
    0137-3285
    Pojawia się w:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rola i pozycja społeczna kobiet we wczesnej epoce żelaza przez pryzmat zmian w rytuałach pogrzebowych – na przykładzie Wielkopolski
    Autorzy:
    Żychlińska, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023898.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-12-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    funeral rite
    woman
    social role
    weaving
    pottery
    Early Iron Age
    Opis:
    This paper proposes that the beginning of the Early Iron Age saw the change of the social role and status of women. The study was based on the analysis of dozens of graves attributable to the Lusatian Culture, which spanned the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Included in the analyses were only graves of individuals, whose sex and age could be anthropologically determined. The hypothesis is justified on the basis of the socio-symbolic dimension of weaving and pottery.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2016, 21; 491-503
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relikty osadnictwa ludności łużyckich pól popielnicowych na stanowisku Krzemieniewo XXVI, gm. Kurzętnik, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie
    Relics of the settlement of the people of the Lusatian Urnfield culture at site Krzemieniewo XXVI, Kurzętnik Commune, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Affelski, Jakub
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896839.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    settlement
    Bronze Age period V
    early Iron Age
    Opis:
    The article presents part of the results of archaeological excavations carried out in 2017 in connection with the construction of a ring road for Nowe Miasto Lubawskie as part of national road 15, at site Krzemieniewo XXVI, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. The excavations led to the discovery of the remains of a settlement associated with the people of the Lusatian culture from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (approx. 900-700 BC).
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2019, 14; 21-54
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Contribution to the research on the use of flint and stone by the Lusatian culture population during the Bronze age and Early Iron age in the Lublin region (remarks of a non-lithic expert)
    Przyczynek do badań nad wykorzystaniem krzemienia i kamienia przez ludność kultury łużyckiej na Lubelszczyźnie w epoce brązu i wczesnej epoce żelaza (uwagi niespecjalisty)
    Autorzy:
    Kłosińska, Elżbieta Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567509.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    flint
    stone
    Lusatian culture
    Bronze age
    Early Iron age
    Lublin region
    Opis:
    The population of the Lusatian culture inhabiting the Lublin area during the Bronze age and Early Iron age used various items made of flint and stone. The most spectacular finds include sickles and sickles inserts with surface retouch. Items made from flint and stone were used mainly as tools, but also as weapons, as well as prestige indicators. They also had symbolic function. These artefacts were probably produced on site at settlements and they were among the accessories of everyday life of the population living then. In the Early Iron age, in the valley of the Vistula River, local flint deposits were exploited. Flint knapping workshops were set up here. Extremly numerous flint artefacts were recorded at these workshops and they represent the so-called Kosin industry.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2019, 40; 215-234
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    “Late Hallstatt” hillforts in the Western Carpathians: new contribution to an old discussion
    Autorzy:
    Danielová, Barbora Lofajová
    Markiewicz, Joanna A.
    Przybyła, Marcin S.
    Ledwoń, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041008.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    La Tène period
    Western Carpathians
    hillforts
    prehistoric fortifications
    Opis:
    The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2021, 56; 221-256
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Materiały ze skał krzemiennych i pozakrzemiennych ze stanowiska w Grabowcu stan. 1, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie
    Materials from flint rocks and non siliceous rocks from the site in Grabowiec, site 1, commune Radymno, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Szyryńska, Maja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896792.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    flint artefacts
    stone artefacts
    Neolithic period
    Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Opis:
    The article presents the analysis of artifacts made of flint and non siliceous rocks. Altogether, during the survey, 41 pieces were obtained – 27 flint products and 14 stone ones. Artifacts made of silica rocks seem to have “a long” chronology – from the late Neolithic period through the Bronze Age to early Iron Age, and single may reach even significantly older periods (perhaps Mesolithic or early and middle Neolithic period). In the group of products made of non siliceous rocks, the only form possible to be linked to settlement of the Lusatian Culture seems to be fragmentarily maintained regular fragment of a battleaxe.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 117-128
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osada z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza na stanowisku Tarnobrzeg 5
    The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlement at the site Tarnobrzeg 5
    Autorzy:
    Rajpold, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3143473.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-08-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Trzciniec culture
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    settlement archeology
    Eastern influences
    Opis:
    Archaeological research at the site Tarnobrzeg 5 site was carried out by Jan Gurba and Marek Florek in 1992, uncovering settlement materials of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture (TLC) and the Trzciniec culture (TC). The latter were not very numerous and representative, so they did not give grounds for a specific determination of the chronology. Undoubtedly, the most interesting artefact was a bronze sickle with a knob, referring to the III and IV period of the Bronze Age. The TLC materials, which almost entirely can be referred to the III phase of its development, turned out to be crucial for determining the chronology of the site. In terms of pottery forms, the most numerous were egg-shaped pots with holes under the edge of the rim, finger hollows and plastic strips. An interesting form was also a bowl on an empty leg. Both egg-shaped pots and a bowl with an empty leg may be evidence of Eastern cultural influences. It is also worth noting two fragmentarily preserved vases, which – as it seems – can be dated to the turn of the II and III phases of the TLC, which would indicate the existence of chronologically older material. Bronze and iron tweezers have also been recorded here, which may document the dissemination of iron.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2022, 43; 95-124
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Two fibulae from the Early Iron Age found out of context in eastern Wielkopolska
    Dwie fibule z wczesnej epoki żelaza odkryte bezkontekstowo we wschodniej Wielkopolsce
    Autorzy:
    Kaczmarek, Maciej
    Wawrzyniak, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498035.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    fibulae
    Hallstatt period
    Greater Poland
    chronology
    Older Pre-Roman period
    Źródło:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2016, 11; 261-274
    2084-4409
    Pojawia się w:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Szpile w tarnobrzeskiej kulturze łużyckiej. Przyczynek do badań nad ich związkiem z wiekiem i płcią oraz rozważania na temat pojawienia się żelaza
    Pins in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. A contribution to the study of their relationship with an age and gender and consideration of the appearance of iron
    Autorzy:
    Rajpold, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture
    pins
    settlement archaeology
    metallurgy
    Opis:
    The purpose of the text below is an attempt to present changes in the distribution of bronze and iron pins in the area occupied by the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Based on these changes, an issue of iron will be investigated. Pins are the only objects in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture TLC, which were made on a larger scale from both bronze and iron. Therefore, considering this issue in terms of settlement archaeology, as well as a view at its cultural conditions, it may provide interesting information about the changes introduced by the appearance of iron. In the course of the research the division of pins into individual subgroups was made and the relationship between the type of these pins together with their size in the light of age and gender of the deceased was analyzed. The article will discuss both the issues of changes that were caused by the appearance of iron, and the relationship of the pins with age and the gender of their users.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2017, 38; 73-100
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Próba klasyfikacji typologicznej glinianych przęślików tarnobrzeskiej kultury łużyckiej
    An attempt at typological classification of clay spindle whorls of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    Autorzy:
    Jabłkowska, Aleksandra
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2053539.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-03
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    spindle whorls
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    south-eastern Poland
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to present an attempt at typological classification of clay spindle whorls of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. It is a closely related category with textiles, but still quite often marginalized by archaeologists in the studies of the excavation materials. It is probably the effect of their commonness and obvious purpose. In opposition to such perception of this category of sources, a much broader aspect of the role of spindle whorls in phenomena of sociocultural and economic importance will be presented. Spindle whorls can be a starting point for research on the recognition and reconstruction of the weaving of the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture, research on the chronology and cultural relations of the described taxonomic unit as well as research on its rituals and social structures.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2021, 42; 25-71
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Warszawa-Wilanów „Powsin” – cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza w świetle danych archiwalnych
    Warsaw-Wilanów "Powsin" - cemetery from Early Iron Age in the light of archival sources
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328250.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    cmentarzysko
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    kultura pomorska
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    szpile z łabędzią szyjką
    groby zbiorowe
    grób kloszowy
    cemetery
    early iron age
    cloche grave culture
    pomeranian culture
    swan's-neck pins
    mass grave
    cloche grave
    Opis:
    Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie odkryte zostało wiosną 1990 roku w trakcie badań powierzchniowych Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Licznie występująca ceramika na powierzchni i ślady zniszczeń spowodowały, że latem tego samego roku przeprowadzone zostały ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe kierowane przez Marię Kulisiewicz-Kubielas z ramienia Polskich Państwowych Pracowni Konserwacji (Ryc. 1; 2). Pracami wykopaliskowymi objęto obszar 286m2 i odkryto 23 obiekty związane z funkcjonowaniem cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki żelaza (Ryc. 3). <br></br> Po zakończeniu badań nie powstało opracowanie stanowiska, zaś losy dokumentacji z badań pozostały nieznane. Ponownych i ostatnich odkryć na cmentarzysku dokonano w 2006 roku podczas nadzoru archeologicznego, wykonywanego podczas budowy domów mieszkalnych. Obecnie stanowisko jest całkowicie zabudowane i kontynuacja badań jest niemożliwa, co potwierdziły badania powierzchniowe prowadzone w 2019 roku. <br></br> Niniejsze opracowanie było możliwe dzięki odnalezieniu w zbiorach prywatnych ś. p. Marii Kulisiewicz teczki z materiałem z badań, zawierającej najważniejsze dane, opisujące zawartość obiektów i zabytki oraz ich dokumentację ilustracyjną. Braki danych, wynikające z niekompletności dokumentacji z badań dotyczyły wyłącznie jam i grobów jamowych, dla których nie zachowały się rysunki, zdjęcia i opisy. Pomimo trudności analiza zachowanych dokumentów archiwalnych pozwoliła w 80% na odzyskanie pierwotnej bazy informacji. Materiały z badań, po kilku zmianach miejsc magazynowania, przechowywane są obecnie w zbiorach Wydziału Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. <br></br> Wśród 23 trzech obiektów, jeden określono jako zbiorowy grób bezpopielnicowy (Ryc. 8; 12), jeden jako podwójny grób popielnicowy (Ryc. 10; 11), cztery jako groby kloszowe (Ryc. 4; 5), dwa jako groby popielnicowe (Ryc. 9) , sześć jako domniemane groby jamowe oraz pozostałe dziewięć jako jamy o nieokreślonej funkcji (Ryc. 6; 7). <br></br> Najciekawszym pod względem obrządku pogrzebowego i zawartości był obiekt 10. W prostokątnej jamie o wymiarach 2,2 x 1,2 m złożono przepalone kości kobiety i mężczyzny na podkładce wykonanej z ceramiki. Szczątkom towarzyszyło sześć przystawek, ułożonych w rzędzie (Ryc. 12). Na wyposażenie obiektu łącznie składało się 9 naczyń, spośród których cztery to cienkościenne, czernione garnki i dzbanki, pozostałe to formy o grubszych ściankach i powierzchniach wygładzonych i lekko chropowaconych (Tabl. II; III). Wyposażenie nieceramiczne zawierało szczypce brązowe, brązowy przedmiot półksiężycowaty oraz żelazną szpilę. W północno-wschodni narożnik obiektu wkopano popielnicę 18 z kośćmi dziecka. Analiza obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że obiekt posiadał wiele cech obrządku pogrzebowego typowego dla kultury pomorskiej, m. in. „wielopopielnicowość”; uporządkowany, rzędowy układ naczyń w grobie; prostokątny kształt jamy grobowej; niektóre elementy wyposażenia – cienkościenne, czarne garnki i dzbanki z nisko osadzonymi brzuścami. Nie pasujące do klasycznego modelu tej kultury wymieniono cechy: brak jakiejkolwiek konstrukcji kamiennej; wysypanie kości na wyłożone ceramiką dno jamy; liczne przystawki grobowe; występowanie naczyń o znamionach kultury grobów kloszowych. Najbliższą analogię do omawianego obiektu stanowił grób 80 z cmentarzyska w Brześciu Kujawskim. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że obiekt ma charakter „mieszany” pomorsko-kloszowy, charakterystyczny dla obszarów allochtonicznych i młodszych faz kultury pomorskiej. <br></br> Groby kloszowe oraz popielnicowe składane były w czystym piasku, lub w szarych, słabo rysujących się jamach. Wszystkie z grobów kloszowych złożone były z trzech naczyń – popielnicy, przykrywki oraz klosza. Groby popielnicowe występowały w sąsiedztwie grobów kloszowych i zbiorowych i chowano w nich kości dzieci. Groby jamowe zawierały niewielkie porcje kości. Ich zarysy oraz opisy nie są znane. Wśród materiałów zabytkowych największą grupę stanowi ceramika. Z 34 odkrytych naczyń, 26 ze względu na stan zachowania przyporządkowano do kategorii typologicznych wg klasyfikacji T. Węgrzynowicz. Wyróżniono naczynia następujących typów: A1Ia (Tabl. I/Ob.3:2; II/Ob. 10:1), A1Ib (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:2; II/4; III/4; V/ob. 18/1), A1Ic (Tabl. I/Ob. 2:1), A1IIb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:6; IV/Ob. 15:3), A1IVc (Tabl. I/Ob.1:1; I/Ob. 3:1; IV/Ob./19:1); A1Vb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:5; IV/Ob. 19:2; V/Ob. 20:1), A2Ia (Tabl. II/Ob. 10:2,3), A2IIa (Tabl. IV/Ob. 15:5), B1Id (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:3; I/Ob. 3:3; IV/Ob. 15:4), B1IId (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:7; IV/Ob. 15:2; V/Ob. 18:2; V/Ob. 20:2). Naczynia należą do form powszechnie występujących na cmentarzyskach z wczesnej epoki żelaza z Mazowsza i Podlasia. Pod względem zastosowanych technik zdobniczych wyróżniają się dwa naczynia z dość rzadkimi elementami, mającymi odniesienia w mazowieckich i tarnobrzeskich łużyckich polach popielnicowych. Są to przykrawędne dziurki zaobserwowane na kloszu z ob. 1 oraz listwa naklejona w górnej partii brzuśca na naczyniu odkrytym w trakcie nadzoru archeologicznego w 2006 roku. <br></br> Zabytki metalowe odnotowano w grobach 1, 2, 10 i 18. W 1 i 2 były to grudki brązu i fragment żelaza, pierwotnie stanowiące zapewne drobne ozdoby. W grobie 10 pośród skupiska przepalonych kości pary dorosłych osób znaleziono ich osobiste wyposażenie: żelazną szpilę z łabędzią szyjką i główką zwiniętą w uszko, brązową blaszkę półksiężycowatą oraz szczypce brązowe (Tabl. III:1-3). W grobie 18 wśród szczątek kostnych dziecka znaleziono analogiczną szpilę żelazną – zapewne dar grobowy (Tabl. V/ob. 18:1). Szpile żelazne należą do bardzo powszechnie rejestrowanego typu w pomorsko-kloszowym kręgu kulturowym. Specyficznie uformowanie szyjek (łagodne zagięcia, główka skierowana ku dołowi) reprezentuje najmłodszy typologicznie rodzaj szpil z łabędzimi szyjkami i główkami zwiniętymi w uszko, rozpowszechniony w młodszych omawianej jednostki kulturowej. Tak ukształtowane zabytki rejestruje się na Mazowszu i w Polsce środkowej (Ryc. 13). Obok szpil z haczykowatymi szyjkami, oraz z wolem należą do najmłodszych odmian szpil z główkami rozklepanymi i zwiniętymi w uszko, typowych dla starszego okresu przedrzymskiego (Ryc. 14). Półksiężycowata blaszka żelazna odnajduje jedyne analogie w grobach kultury pomorskiej na terenie Dolnego Śląska. Ich występowanie w grobach kobiecych sugeruje, że były to ozdoby ciała (kolczyki) lub odzieży. Szczypce brązowe cechują się trójkątnymi, wąskimi łopatkami niewyodrębnionymi od kabłąka, wykonanego z sztabki o półkolistym przekroju, uformowanego pętlowato na zgięciu. Formalnie należą do wyróżnionego przez Marka Gedla typu wschodniopomorskiego z wąskimi łopatkami. Okaz z Powsina najwięcej analogii odnajduje na terenie Wielkopolski, zaś na terenie Mazowsza i Podlasia znajduje jedynie kilka analogii. Wszystkie analizowane zabytki metalowe nie były czułymi wyznacznikami chronologicznymi. Analiza ich poszczególnych elementów, rozprzestrzenienie, wskazały, że datowane były raczej na starszy okres przedrzymski. <br></br> Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie należało do trzeciej kategorii „mieszanych” obiektów pomorsko-kloszowych. Z analizy rozplanowania cmentarzyska wynika, że jednym pierwszych obiektem na nekropolii był oznaczony nr 10, wokół którego dołożone zostały dalsze groby. Inwentarz obiektu, zwłaszcza żelazne szpile z łabędzimi szyjkami oraz półksiężycowata blaszka brązowa, mające analogie na innych cmentarzyskach młodszych faz pomorsko-kloszowego kręgu kulturowego, dowodzą, że obiekt założony został zapewne już w starszym okresie przedrzymskim. Najmłodszą pozycję mógł mieć obiekt 15, które inwentarz tworzyły formy ceramiczne, typowe dla najmłodszej fazy cmentarzysk kloszowych Mazowsza i Podlasia. <br></br> Nekropola w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowana było przez niewielką grupę ludności, wykazującej w materiale i obrządku tradycje typowe dla trzech stref kulturowych: „miejscowej” mazowiecko-podlaskiej kultury grobów kloszowych, kultury pomorskiej oraz odniesień ze wschodnich terytoriów łużyckich pól popielnicowych. Cmentarzysko posiadało najwięcej wspólnych cech z „mieszanymi” cmentarzyskami w Dziecinowie oraz Warszawie-Grochowie „ul. Górników”, może być świadectwem, że funkcjonowała w tym samym czasie, co wyżej wymienione cmentarzyska. <br></br> Analiza materiałów i obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowane było w fazie LTA i początku LTB. Datowanie względne materiałów zweryfikowano datą 14C (544-397 BC), wykonaną dla próbki kości ciałopalnej z obiektu 10, która potwierdziła, że stanowisko funkcjonowało w V w. p. n. e (Ryc. 15). <br></br>
    The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery was discovered in the spring of 1990 during a field survey conducted as part of the Archaeological Record of Poland. The abundant pottery found on the surface and the devastation of the site area with hollows and rubbish dumps led to a rescue excavation in the summer of the same year, carried out under the supervision of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas on behalf of The Polish Studios for Conservation of Cultural Property (Fig. 1, 2). During the excavations, which covered an area of 286 m2, twenty-three features related to the functioning of an early Iron Age cemetery were discovered (Fig. 3). <br></br> It was not until 2006 when the next discovery was made at the cemetery during archaeological monitoring ahead of a construction work. The site is now completely built over, as confirmed by surface surveys in 2019. <br></br> The results of the exploration of the site were not published after the end of the excavations in 1990, and the fate of the documentation taken was unknown. The present study was made possible by the discovery of a folder in the legacy of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas, which contained a report manuscript, field photographs, a description of the artefacts with their inventory numbers, a sketch of the are grid with excavation trenches, a list of features and their contents, scientific notes and illustrations of the artefacts. The documentation did not include drawings, photographs or descriptions of pits and graves. Despite the absence of some of the data, an analysis of the surviving archival documents made it possible to restore 80% of the original information base. The material from the excavations, after several changes in storage locations, is now kept in the collection of the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw. <br></br> Of the discovered features, one was identified as a quasi-cist grave (Fig. 8, 12), four as cloche graves (Fig. 4, 5), three as urned graves (Fig. 9−11) and six as presumed pit graves. The remaining nine features were deemed to be pits of undetermined function (Fig. 6, 7). The most interesting in terms of funeral rites and grave goods was the quasi-cist feature no. 10. In a rectangular pit measuring 2.2×1.2 m, it contained burnt bones of a man and a woman deposited on a lining of pottery sherds. The remains were accompanied by six accessory vessels, arranged in a row (Fig. 12). Of the nine vessels identified in the feature, four were thin-walled, blackened pots and jars (Pl. II), and the rest were forms with thicker walls, smoothed surface and, exceptionally, with a roughened body (Pl. III). Non-ceramic grave goods consisted of bronze tongs, a bronze crescent-shaped object and an iron pin. An urned grave of a child (feature 18) was dug into the north-eastern corner of the feature under discussion (Fig. 9). Feature 10 exhibits characteristics of funerary rites typical of the Pomeranian culture, including the rectangular shape of the burial pit and the orderly, linear arrangement of the vessels in the grave. Some of the grave goods – thin-walled black pots and jars with low-set bodies – are also characteristic of the culture in question. The elements that deviate from “Pomeranian” patterns include the absence of a stone structure, the deposition of the bones on the pottery-lined bottom of the pit, numerous accessory vessels and the presence of earthenware with traits typical of the Cloche Grave Culture pottery. Therefore, feature 10 displays a “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave culture character, specific to areas settled by people of the Pomeranian culture in the later phases of its development. The closest analogy to the feature in question is grave 80 from the Brześć Kujawski cemetery, Włocławek County. The cloche and urned burials were deposited in pure sand or in faintly outlined, grey pits. The vessels in the cloche graves were found in a classic arrangement – a cinerary urn filled with bones was covered with a bowl and shielded with a cloche. The urned burials, mostly child graves, were found in the vicinity of the cloche graves and the quasi-cist feature. The pit graves, about which no detailed information is available, contained small numbers of bones. <br></br> The archaeological material from the site is dominated by pottery. Of the 34 vessels recovered, 26 were preserved to the extent that allowed them to be classified as per the typology developed by Teresa Węgrzynowicz in 1988. 16 vessels were attributed to the pot subgroup (A1), three were identified as jars (subgroup A2) and seven as bowls (subgroup B1). They were further divided into types (according to the presence or absence of a neck and the finish of the outer surface) and variants (according to the location of the maximum body circumference). <br></br> The vessels from Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” are counted among forms commonly found at early Iron Age cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The decorations on two cloches reference ornamentation found on pottery of the Mazovian and Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture. Namely, the adornments in question are four holes (three only partially pierced through) under the edge of a pot from feature 1 and a short, notched strip of clay applied on the upper body part of a pot from a grave discovered in 2006. <br></br> Metal artefacts were recorded in graves 1, 2, 10 and 18. In features 1 and 2, these were fragments of a bronze wire and an iron wire respectively, probably parts of small decorations. In grave 10, found among the burnt bones of the pair of adults, there were their daily-use objects: an iron pin with a swan neck and looped head, a bronze crescent-shaped object and a pair of bronze tongs (Pl. III/10:1−3). An analogous iron pin found in the urned child burial 18 was probably a special grave gift (Pl. V/18:1). Pin specimens shaped similarly to those uncovered at Powsin (gently bent neck, head facing downward) represent the latest type of pins with swan necks and looped heads, found in the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle in Mazovia and central Poland (Fig. 13). Like pins with hooked necks and so-called “gullets”, they are dated to the early pre-Roman period (Fig. 14). The only analogies to the bronze crescent-shaped strip are found in graves of the Pomeranian Culture in Lower Silesia. The presence of such objects in women's graves suggests that they were either used to adorn the body (earrings) or were sewn onto clothing to reinforce it at the insertion point of a pin or brooch needle. The bronze tongs have narrow, triangular paddles not separated from the body, which was made from a rod of a semi-circular cross-section and looped at the bend. Formally, they belong to the East Pomeranian type with narrow paddles, distinguished by Marek Gedl. Artefacts analogous to the Powsin specimen are found in large numbers in Greater Poland and rarely in Mazovia and Podlachia. None of the analysed metal artefacts are sensitive chronological markers, but their particular traits and indicated analogies likely attribute them to the Early Pre-Roman Period. The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery belongs to the third category of “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave sites distinguished by Mirosława Andrzejowska, where quasi-cist features occur alongside graves characteristic of the Cloche Grave culture. Quasi-cist feature 10 from Powsin was most likely the oldest grave at the cemetery. Its furnishings, especially the iron pins with swan necks and the bronze crescent-shaped strip, which find analogies at other cemeteries from the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle, prove that the burial in question was probably deposited already in the Early Pre-Roman Period. Feature 15, with grave goods consisting of vessels typical of the latest phase of Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia, is the youngest. <br></br> The Powsin cemetery was used by a community whose funeral rite and grave goods exhibit characteristics of three cultural zones, i.e., the “local” Mazovian-Podlachian Cloche Grave culture, the Pomeranian Culture and the Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture, which acted as an intermediary to the spread of so-called “eastern elements” in the Polish lands. Similar “mixed” traits are found at the cemeteries at Dziecinów and Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górników”; thus, they may have functioned at the same time as the Powsin site. <br></br> In order to verify the relative chronology of the cemetery, 14C dating of a fragment of a cremated bone from feature 10 was obtained. The 14C date – 2400±30 BP – was within the range of 544−397 BCE after calibration at the 95.4% probability level and within the range of 494−405 BCE at the 68.3% probability level (Fig. 15). The result falls within the boundaries of the LTA and early LTB phases according to Michael Trachsel’s dating corrections. Therefore, the cemetery was in operation in the 5th century BCE.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 157-191
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych na grodzisku zwanym „Okrągła Góra” w Pasymiu, pow. Szczytno, stan. 1 w roku 2017
    Report on archaeological excavations on the so-called “Round Mountain” in Pasym, Szczytno district, site 1, in 2017
    Autorzy:
    Wadyl, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365583.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    Grodzisko
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    wczesne średniowiecze
    Hillfort
    Early Iron Age
    Early Middle Ages
    Opis:
    In 2017, the excavation of the fortifications in Pasym, Szczytno district, was continued. During this time three trenches were excavated (Figure 2). Trench 1/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was laid out in the western part of the fortification, partly on the edge, partly on the slope descending from the west towards the lake. Trench 2/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was located on the eastern slope of the fortification. Trench 3/2017 (measuring 5 x 5 m) was located in a dip situated to the south-east of the fort. The study encompassed an area of 1.75 acres. During the excavations, unusually interesting remains within the courtyard of the stronghold were discovered. Earlier obser�vations concerning the fortification of the site were also confirmed. The powerful defence system has no analogies in contemporary Prussian territories. Particularly valuable were the layers of accumulated deposits dating from the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2017, 298, 4; 717-724
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych na grodzisku zwanym „Okrągła góra” w Pasymiu, pow. Szczytno, stan. 1 w roku 2018
    Report on the excavation at the settlement of “Round Hill” in Pasym, Szczytno district, site 1, in 2018
    Autorzy:
    Wadyl, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1366244.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    Grodzisko
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    wczesne średniowiecze
    Stronghold
    Early Iron Age
    Early Middle Ages
    Opis:
    In 2018, excavations at the stronghold in Pasym in the Szczytno district continued (Figure 1). They were mainly concentrated on the area within the stronghold. Three excavations were carried out (Figure 2). Trench 1 (15 × 5 m) was situated in the western part on the extension south of Trench 1 from 2017. Excavation 2 (5 × 5 m) was located in the north-west part of the stronghold, on the slope descending towards the lake. Trench 3 (2 × 2 m) was located at the foot of the stronghold on the lake side. In total, the excavated area was 1.29 ar. Particularly noteworthy was the discovery of two large features (4 and 13) of a residential character. The results of previous studies clearly indicate that buildings of this type were located along the edge of the inner area of the stronghold. A large number of finds was recovered during the excavations: 5,082 ceramic fragments, 11,559 animal bone fragments and 121 artefacts.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2019, 303, 1; 153-161
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wielokulturowe stanowisko 59-60 w Sanoku w świetle badań wykopaliskowych z lat 2017-2018
    Multicultural Site 59-60 in Sanok in the light of excavations in the years 2017-2018
    Autorzy:
    Bulas, Jan
    Mazurek, Mirosław
    Okońska, Magdalena
    Poradyło, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896963.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Upper San basin
    settlement
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Roman Period
    Early Migration Period
    Opis:
    This article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out at multicultural site 59-60 in Sanok. In the years 2017-2018, archaeological rescue excavations were carried out over an area of 562.06 ares in connection with the construction of the Sanok ring road as part of national road 28 (Zator-Medyka). The discoveries include: traces of Mierzanowice culture settlement, a Lusatian culture settlement, some objects of the La Tène culture, and a large settlement from the late Roman Influence period and the early phase of the Migration period. Additionally, materials from the early modern period and traces from the times of World War II were identified. The results of the excavations are important to understanding the cultural situation in the Upper San basin, especially near the end of the ancient period.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2019, 14; 55-81
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Younger Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age in Chełmno land in the light of the evaluation of selected finds of metal products
    Młodsza epoka brązu i początki epoki żelaza na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle oceny wybranych znalezisk wyrobów metalowych
    Autorzy:
    Gackowski, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/497967.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    bronze and iron products
    Younger Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Chełmno land
    Lusatian culture
    Źródło:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2016, 11; 165-208
    2084-4409
    Pojawia się w:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodziska strefy lasostepu pontyjskiego we wczesnej epoce żelaza. Wstęp do dyskusji
    AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRONGHOLDS OF THE PONTIC FOREST STEPPE ZONE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE
    Autorzy:
    Ignaczak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941816.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Opis:
    The problem of the „giants’ strongholds” (of sizes often over 50 ha) situated in the early Iron Age in the Ukrainian forest steppe zone is the wealthy Russian and Ukrainian literature. Hitherto, many concepts explaining this phenomenon pursuant to politics (as a response to military threat) as well as to the economy (as a result of social organisation of local tribes) have been suggested. The main source of this discussion comes from the activities of a Polish-Ukrainian research expedition, – „Fortresses of Podolia”. It aims were to recognize and describe the history of strongholds forming the western Podolian settlement concentrating within the Ukrainian forest steppe. This programme is a derivate of the cooperation between the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Institute of Prehistory of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznañ2. Within the programme, researches of a Severinovka stronghold (Winnica district) were conducted in seasons 2009–2011 as a prologue of the project, as well as surface prospections in the area of western Podolia – mainly in the Winnica district. When interpreting the research results one has to examine the problems of strongholds of the „Scythian period”. In this article, which is an introduction to the discussion, the author would like to outline which processes may have led to fortifying the defensive settlements.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2011, 28
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Gliniane przedmioty zoomorficzne ze stanowiska w Korczowej 22, pow. jarosławski
    Clay zoomorphic items from the site at Korczowa 22, Jarosław dist.
    Autorzy:
    Jabłkowski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2053540.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-03
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Korczowa
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    figural art
    early Iron Age
    Bronze Age
    south-eastern Poland
    Opis:
    During the motorway excavations carried out in 2010 in Korczowa, Jarosław dist., site 22, two zoomorphic items made of clay were discovered. These are: a fragment of a pendant and a fragment of a figurine. Figurative representations discovered at archaeological sites are associated with all possible forms of art. They are interpreted as objects of cult significance, children’s toys or manifestations of the magic sphere. The popularity of these representations and the influences of the „Eastern” cultures, especially the forest-stepped zone of the Scythian cultural circle, on the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture suggest that both the pendant and the figurine from site 22 in Korczowa should be associated with aforementioned cultural provenance.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2021, 42; 73-79
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The size and structure of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture population
    Autorzy:
    Czopek, Sylwester
    Trybała-Zawiślak, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3143093.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-08-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    anthropological analysis
    microstructures
    cemeteries
    mesoregions settlement
    paleodemography
    Opis:
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture is a cultural unit distinguished in south-eastern Poland, spanning from the middle Bronze Age to the early Iron Age (and thus roughly from the 14th/13th to the 5th/4th century BC). One of its most characteristic features are large crematory cemeteries (the largest consisting of more than a thousand tombs), utilized for many centuries. For many of them, apart from standard archaeological information, we also possess anthropological analysis, perfect for demographic considerations. One can specify the size and structure of the population which used the cemetery, as well as study the dynamics of changes in the course of a long period of burying the dead in the same place. Such an analysis in the form of social microstructure research is the basis of inference at a higher level, including mesoregions settlement, characterized by a network of co-occurring cemeteries and accompanying settlements. The sum of these observations, in turn, allows us to estimate the number of people living in the territory assigned to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. At each level of inference in terms of population size, a crucial role is played by possibly the most accurate and precise estimation of time of cemetery usage or the presence of settlements in the analyzed region.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2022, 43; 125-133
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Numerical verification of the wooden structure of fortified settlement from the early iron age in Biskupin
    Numeryczna weryfikacja drewnianych zabudowań grodu z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Biskupinie
    Autorzy:
    Terlikowski, Wojciech
    Gregoriou-Szczepaniak, Martyna
    Sobczyńska, Ewa
    Wasilewski, Kacper
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/231441.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    dziedzictwo architektoniczne
    modelowanie numeryczne
    konstrukcja drewniana
    Biskupin
    architectural heritage
    numerical modelling
    timber construction
    Opis:
    Biskupin is one of the most recognizable archaeological site in Poland and Central Europe. The origins of the excavations dates back to year 1934 and had lasted almost continuously until 1974. In the framework of the grant from the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage interdisciplinary team of scientists from Archaeological Museum in Biskupin and Warsaw University of Technology performed multi-dimensional analysis of the settlement. Based on the integrated vector documentation, resulting from the photographic documentation, numerical models of structural systems of main types of buildings and defensive rampart were prepared. The aim of the analysis was a verification of the earlier findings of archaeological and architectural researches. The analysis allowed to verify both the arrangement of individual parts of structure of buildings, their work and the interconnection, as well as the possible dimensions of the individual components.
    Jednym z najbardziej spektakularnych osiągnięć przedwojennej polskiej archeologii było odkrycie grodu z przełomu epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Biskupinie, stanowisko 4. Podstawowymi drewnianymi konstrukcjami kształtującymi zabudowę tego terenu były zewnętrzne ulice, falochrony, mury obronne, ulice wewnętrzne i budynki gospodarcze. Gród został zniszczony i odbudowany dwukrotnie podczas swojego istnienia. Badania dendrochronologiczne dowodzą, że większość materiału drewnianego użytego do budowy budynków ze starszej fazy osady została wycięta w latach 739-736 p.n.e. W ramach grantu Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego interdyscyplinarny zespół naukowców z Muzeum Archeologicznego w Biskupinie i Politechniki Warszawskiej przeprowadził wielowymiarową analizę zabudowy. Na podstawie zintegrowanej dokumentacji wektorowej, powstałej w oparciu o dokumentację fotograficzną, opracowano modele numeryczne układów konstrukcyjnych głównych typów budynków zarówno z etapu starszego, jak i młodszego oraz wału obronnego. Celem badań była identyfikacja i weryfikacja układów i rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, określenie parametrów geometrycznych elementów tworzących układ konstrukcyjny wykorzystywany w budynkach kultury łużyckiej w Biskupinie jak i konstrukcji wału obronnego. Kolejnym celem była ocena wpływu warunków gruntowych na pracę konstrukcji nośnej analizowanych budynków. Ponadto oceniano wpływ niektórych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, takich jak wpływ sumików na sztywność przestrzenną budynku, wpływ ciągłości zabudowy i wpływ półpiętra na nośność wyboczeniową słupa wewnętrznego. Analizy przeprowadzono na modelu budynku przedstawionym w literaturze(Rys. 2), a także zrekonstruowanym na podstawie zachowanej dokumentacji.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Civil Engineering; 2018, 64, 4/I; 233-245
    1230-2945
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Civil Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki ratowniczych badań przeprowadzonych na wielokulturowym stanowisku w Łowcach, stan. 17, gm. Chłopice, pow. jarosławski
    Results of rescue excavations carried out at the multicultural site in Łowce, site 17, Chłopice commune, Jarosław district
    Autorzy:
    Głowacz, Michał
    Szpila, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567539.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    settlement
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Funnel Beaker culture
    Mierzanowice culture
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out in August 2018, at the archaeological site Łowce 17. The site is located on the extreme promontory of the loess lobe, extending at an altitude of 210m above sea level, near the riverbed of the Łęg Rokietnicki River. The value of this place has been confirmed several times by surface surveys, which provided the evidence of artefacts from the Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Roman influence and Early Middle Ages. In the course of excavations, an area of one are was examined. After removing the surface layer, an accumulation layer was recorded at the level of 40 cm, with numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age materials, together with an iron artefact. Below, at a level of about 50 cm, a layer of yellow loess was uncovered, in which features of the Mierzanowice culture, the Tarnobrzeg Łużycka culture and features of unknown chronology were recorded. In total, 20 features of an economic nature were registered, containing ceramic, flint and stone artefacts in their fills, as well as burnt daub and animal bones were noted. Moreover, secondary deposited material was observed in some features. In the next stage of research, the obtained materials were analyzed, which were mainly represented by pottery vessels. The research included the analysis in terms of technology, morphology and ornamentation, based on macroscopic characteristics. As a result of these observations, an attempt was made to determine the relative chronology, distinguishing the ceramics of the Funnel Beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The assessment of the cultural affiliation of flint materials was difficult due to the uncharacteristic forms or lack of context. With reference to artefacts coming from the accumulation layer, a miniature axe/chisel made of Volyn flint was found, which can be attributed to the activities of the TRB and an iron axe/adze with undetermined chronology. As a result of the research, it was possible to confirm the high importance of site No. 17 in Łowce, which was a settlement enclave from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The studied area was part of the settlement of the Mierzanowice culture and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Certainly the following years of research will provide a lot of valuable information about the settlement of these communities and the importance of the region.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2019, 40; 255-278
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metsamor (Armenia) after five seasons of excavations
    Autorzy:
    Piliposyan, Ashot
    Iskra, Mateusz
    Zakyan, Artavazd
    Jakubiak, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1682308.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-05-14
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    dwelling structures
    graves
    storage jars
    stamp seal
    Urartian fibula
    snake head bracelet
    Opis:
    The Metsamor site in the 2017 season was excavated in two areas. The main area was the so-called town area where several dwellings from the Early Iron Age were cleared. Evidence of violent site destruction included two human skeletons belonging most probably to victims of a sudden attack, left unburied after the town had been destroyed. The cemetery was the second investigated area. Exploration of kurgan XIX demonstrated that it had been looted. Nevertheless, some human remains and several artifacts in the form of bronze snake head bracelets were recorded inside the burial chamber.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2018, 27(1); 429-444
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The case of Nowe Warpno – new dimension of underwater research in the Szczecin Lagoon
    Autorzy:
    Krajewski, Przemysław
    Chmiel, Marta
    Adamczyk, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023949.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Coastal sites
    Coastal processes
    Szczecin Lagoon
    Late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic
    Early Iron Age
    Post-Medieval Period
    Opis:
    Following paper presents a new aspect of the study of submerged landscapes in the Szczecin Lagoon. This aspect is the importance of coastal processes for the conservation status of the sites and archaeological contexts. Underwater prospection can lead to collection of archaeological material of an entirely different character. These artifacts may in fact come from the destroyed land erosion processes (abrasion), and so – in terms of methodology of archeology – lie on the secondary deposit. Of course, cognitive value of such sources is very different than artifacts found in full context. However, there is possibility to use them not only to study archeology, but to assess the scale, pace and extent of coastal phenomena perceived as post-depositional processes.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2015, 20; 235-256
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodzisko w Porębku, pow. Kętrzyn, stan. 3. wstępne wyniki badań wykopaliskowych
    Grodzisko in Porębek, Kętrzyn district, site 3. Preliminary results of excavations
    Autorzy:
    Wadyl, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365580.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    Grodzisko
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    wczesne średniowiecze
    zakon krzyżacki
    Hillfort
    Early Iron Age
    Early Middle Ages
    Teutonic Order
    Opis:
    In 2017 excavations were started on the fortification in Porębek, Kętrzyn district, site 3. Two excavations were performed during the work along the NE-SW axis (Figure 3). Trench 1/2017 (measuring 10 x 5 m) was opened within the “upper castle” – it included the area from the top of the rampart located on the NW side of this area and part of the courtyard. Trench 2/2017 (measuring 10 x 3 m) was delineated within the “lower castle” – it encompassed the courtyard from its SE edge and was perpendicular to the ditch. A total area of 80 square meters was uncovered. The interesting remains of a 13th-century building of the two-part stronghold were discovered. The source materials suggest that this place was inhabited earlier – in the Early Iron Age and in the Early Middle Ages. The stratigraphy seems to indicate large scale construction work, during which time the terrain was com�pletely transformed. The discovery at the foot of the upper castle, in the Guber river valley, was extremely valuable.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2017, 298, 4; 725-732
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Fortece na bagnach”. Pierwsze interdyscyplinarne badania stanowiska z późnej epoki brązu w Jatwiezi Dużej (Polska północno-wschodnia)
    „Fortress on the marshland”. First interdisciplinary research on the late bronze site at Jatwieź Duża (north-eastern Poland)
    Autorzy:
    Żurek, Krzysztof
    Wawrusiewicz, Adam
    Kalicki, Tomasz
    Niebieszczański, Jakub
    Piasecki, Aleksander
    Bahyrycz, Cezary
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312737.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    North-Eastern Poland
    Podlaskie voivodship
    Jatwieź Duża
    settlement archaeology
    Urnfield culture
    Late Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Opis:
    The phenomenon of functioning of fortified settlements of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in northern Podlasie (North-Eastern Poland) is a relatively new research problem, on which the knowledge is a result of research conducted in the last several years. The aim of the paper is to present the preliminary results of the interdisciplinary research of the Jatwieź Duża site (district of Suchowola, Sokółka County, Podlaskie voivodeship). The research area is located in the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Brzozówka valley (left tributary of Biebrza River), in the Biebrza Basin. The described site is characterized by an oval form of anthropogenic origin, which indicates a permanent or temporary settlement in the prehistory. This object is one of many similar forms currently being discovered in Podlasie region.This form is build by two distinct trench rings separated by earth embankment and a central flat elevation with a diameter of about 60 m. A geophysical survey (geomagnetic and GPR) was carried out. They registered a series of anomalies, forming two rings which relate to the relief of the site. Archaeological excavation was made in the north-west direction. It was 25 m long and 2 m wide, crossing the embankment and both trenches.. In the course of archaeological excavations, ten objects were discovered with fragments of ceramics and a few flint tools. Preliminary results of archaeological research indicate that this structure was use by the communities of Urnfield culture in the Bronze Age.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2022, 27; 201-225
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Badania specjalistyczne nowych znalezisk z wczesnej epoki żelaza odkrytych na stanowisku 4 w Miechęcinie, pow. kołobrzeski
    Physicochemical research on pottery of the Early Iron Age from Miechęcino site 4, Kołobrzeg district
    Autorzy:
    Gan, Paweł
    Galewski, Tomasz
    Kasprzak, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440858.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    Kultura pomorska
    Pomorze Środkowe
    badania ceramiki
    Pomeranian culture
    Central Pomerania
    pottery study
    Opis:
    Abstract: The article presents the results of the research on the Pomeranian culture pottery finds from site 4 in Miechęcino, Kołobrzeg district. The main goal of the article is to attempt to identify the stratigraphical relationship between grave 159 and feature 26 (the one containing a sword of the XVIII B type according to J. Fogel). For this reason the authors analysed pottery finds from both features using archaeological and physicochemical methods (X-ray fluorescence and thermogravimetric analyses).
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2014, 10; 115-132
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki badań archeologicznych osiedla obronnego z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Wysokiej Wsi, powiat ostródzki, stanowisko 7
    Results of Archaeological Excavations of the Early Iron Age Hillfort at Wysoka Wieś, Ostróda County, Site 7
    Autorzy:
    Solecki, Rafał
    Welc, Fabian
    Nowacki, Bartosz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551166.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    kultura kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich
    osiedle obronne
    grodzisko
    Early Iron Age
    West Balt Barrow Culture
    fortified settlement
    hillfort
    Opis:
    In 2015, an interesting hillfort was discovered at Wysoka Wieś, Ostróda County, in north-eastern Poland (Fig. 1; W. Skrobot 2015, 123). It was characteristic because its yard was surrounded by 3–4 concentric lines of ramparts separated by dry moats (Fig. 2). In 2018, an archaeological evaluation of this site was conducted to acquire information about its chronology and cultural affiliation. The central and southern part of the site was strongly disturbed in the 20th century, when all the environs were cultivated for reforestation. The only remains of former habitation were discovered near the embankments, particularly in the ditch which ran along the main rampart, on its inner side, and on the main rampart itself. The relics included: a posthole located at the highest point of the embankment and loose stones – a probable paving – located in the above-mentioned ditch (Fig. 4). A radiocarbon dating of the charcoal collected from the soil beneath the stones gave a calibrated date between 542–397 BC with a probability of 91.3% (Fig. 5). The analysis of the pottery shards (Fig. 6:1–5) suggests that they can be linked with the 2nd group in the classification of ceramics of the West Balt Barrow Culture and can be dated to the turn of the Hallstatt D and La Tène A/B periods (Ł. Okulicz 1970, 24–38). These two chronologies correspond with each other and it can be assumed that the hillfort was in use during the end of the Early Iron Age and at the beginning of the La Tène Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 196-202
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko kurhanowe ludności kultury pomorskiej w Żakowie, gm. Sulęczyno. Badania w latach 2014–2015
    Barrow cemetery of the Pomeranian culture in Żakowo, Sulęczyno commune. The archaeological excavations conducted in 2014–2015
    Autorzy:
    Janiak, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440619.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-12-21
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    archeologia
    cmentarzysko kurhanowe
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    Pojezierze Kaszubskie
    kultura pomorska
    archaeology
    barrow cemetery
    early Iron Age
    Kashubian Lake District
    Pomeranian culture
    Opis:
    The article presents results of the archaeological excavations conducted at a Pomeranian culture cemetery in Żakowo, site 3, Sulęczyno commune, Pomeranian Voivodship in 2014–2015. During this time, three barrows and two stone structures were excavated. Barrow V/2014 had the most elaborate form. Its base consisted of a four-layered stone rim 5.8 meters in diameter. Cremation burial of two people was found inside.
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2017, 13; 35-54
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Geneza i początki kultu Afrodyty
    Genesis and beginnings of the cult of the goddess Aphrodite
    Autorzy:
    Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195680.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-01-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Afrodyta
    Cypr
    kultura mykeńska
    późna epoka brązu
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    Aphrodite
    Cyprus
    Mycenaean culture
    the late Bronze Age
    the early Iron Age
    Opis:
    Afrodyta, grecka bogini miłości i piękna, już wg. autorów starożytnych wywodzić się miała z Cypru, gdzie znajdowała się jej najstarsza znana świątynia w Palaepaphos. Domniemany proces przekształcenia lokalnego bóstwa cypryjskiego w helleńską Afrodytę jest jednak trudny do prześledzenia. Nie podważając jej cypryjskich korzeni, niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na kwestii genezy jej obecności w greckim panteonie bóstw, dowodząc, iż Afrodyta była od początku bóstwem sensu stricto greckim (greko-cypryjskim), a nie lewantyńskim, którego kult  jedynie wtórnie uległ wpływom kultu Astarte, nim ostatecznie bogini ta stała się częścią panteonu bóstw czczonych przez Greków.
    Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, according to ancient authors, was supposed to have come from Cyprus, where her oldest known temple was located in Palaepaphos. However, the alleged process of transforming the local Cypriot deity into the Hellenic Aphrodite is difficult to trace. Without questioning her Cypriot roots, this article focuses on the issue of the origins of her presence in the Greek pantheon of deities, proving that Aphrodite was from the beginning a strictly Greek (Greek-Cypriot) and not a Levantine deity, whose worship was only secondarily influenced by the cult of Astarte, before she eventually became part of the pantheon of deities revered by the Greeks.
    Źródło:
    Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne; 2020, 27, 2; 5-18
    1232-1575
    Pojawia się w:
    Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ceramika malowana z wczesnej epoki żelaza vs. nowożytna ceramika biała. Rozważania o magii i o „odczarowaniu świata”
    Painted ceramics from the early iron age vs. modern white ceramics. Reflections on magic and “disenchanting the world”
    Autorzy:
    Markiewicz, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312684.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    painted pottery
    white ceramics
    Hallstatt period
    modern period
    magical thinking
    magic
    ritual
    Opis:
    The article contrasts two chronologically distinct groups of artifacts: painted ceramics from the Hallstatt period and the so-called white ceramics, produced until the end of modernity. They are related by means of the technique of covering a bright surface with colorful patterns and the stylistic similarity of certain geometric motifs. However, the ideas behind creating these pictorial representations were completely different. In the article, painted vessels from the Hallstatt period and modernity will be the starting point for detailed studies on magical and rational thinking about the world. It was in the Renaissance that, according to the concept of the sociologist and philosopher Max Weber (1864‒1920), a “disenchantment of the world”, took place ‒ e.g. the departure from the magical understanding of reality. Early Iron Age and Modernity ceramics will illustrate this process.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2022, 27; 103-130
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osiedla nawodne kultury kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich w krajobrazie naturalnym i kontekście kulturowym północno-wschodniej Polski
    Lake settlements of the West Baltic Barrow culture in natural and cultural landscape of North-Eastern Poland
    Autorzy:
    Gackowski, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365920.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    Osiedla nawodne
    kultura kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich
    wczesna
    epoka żelaza
    Polska północno-wschodnia
    Lake dwellings
    West Baltic Barrow Culture
    Early Iron Age
    North-East
    Polska
    Opis:
    This paper deals with the problem referred to the Early Iron Age lake settlement of the West Baltic Barrow culture and the cultural factors that affected the stilt houses among the local settlement patterns. This concept is based on the results achieved thus far for the lake settlements with a special emphasis on the sites in Mołtajny near Kętrzyn and Pieczarki near Giżycko (investigated during 1986-1992). The sites have provided the data concerning both the cultural and natural environment impact on the stilt housing Here it appears that the residents of such objects did not significantly differ from the communities that had inhabited neither fortified nor open settlements as it is reinforced by the same approach to farming and breeding strategies and similar manufacturing activities such as the bronze metalworking. Therefore the problem concerning the motives that led some groups of the West Baltic Barrow culture community to stilt housing remains still unresolved
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2017, 295, 1; 3-22
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe odkrycia tekstylne na cmentarzysku kultury łużyckiej z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Łabędach-Przyszówce w pow. gliwickim, na stanowisku 4
    Newly discovered textiles from the early Iron Age burial ground of the Lusatian culture in Łabędy--Przyszówka, Gliwice District
    Autorzy:
    Antosik, Łukasz
    Słomska, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896953.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    archaeological textiles
    Lusatian culture
    textile manufacture
    Opis:
    The paper presents results of the research concerning previously unknown fragments of textiles from the early Iron Age period, originating from a burial ground in Łabędy-Przyszówka. The collection of textiles from this burial ground, previously thought to be complete, has thus been extended. In view of the above, the paper provides an update on the state of research on textiles from this site. The presented material includes the results of technological analyses carried out in the 1940s, supplemented with the latest tests of the newly discovered fragments.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2017, 12; 89-96
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sadłowo – nieznany typ bimetalicznych szpil kultury pomorskiej
    Sadłowo – Unknown Type of Bimetallic Pins of the Pomeranian Culture
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048836.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura pomorska
    Sadłowo
    szpile
    zapinki
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    okres halsztacki
    starszy okres przedrzymski
    Pomeranian Culture
    pins
    brooches
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt Period
    Early Pre-Roman Period
    Opis:
    Dress fasteners with no known analogies in other cultural units appeared in the Pomeranian Culture at the end of Hallstatt Period D. Only their most impressive examples (brooches of the Tłukomy and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo types) drew the attention of researches and were further examined. Other regional forms of brooches and pins remain undescribed, including pins with iron shafts and bronze conical heads with concave bases and side surfaces decorated with transverse grooves. I refer to such objects as pins of the Sadłowo type. There are four known examples of pins of this type: from Sadłowo, Rypin County (Fig. 1, 2, 3:3), Kalisz-Majków, Kalisz County (Fig. 3:1), Nowe Borówko, Kościan County (Fig. 3:2), and Krusze-Osiek, Świecie County (Fig. 4). Three of them have been uncovered as a result of a search queries in the museums in Poznań, Płock and Warsaw (Fig. 3). The fourth pin, previously stored in the collection of the then Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk, was lost during the WWII. It has been identified thanks to the drawings preserved in the archives of Carl-Axel Moberg (Fig. 4:1) and Józef Kostrzewski (Fig. 4:2). Finds of the Sadłowo-type pins are scattered on the edges of the range of occurrence of bimetallic pins with conical heads (Fig. 5). The pins differ in secondary features. The specimens from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek have smaller heads with distinct tops. The heads of the pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków are larger, and their tops are not expanded; they also have clearer grooves on lateral surfaces. The differences may indicate that the pins were manufactured in workshops of two different groups of the Pomeranian Culture population. Based on the examination of contexts of the finds and stylistic analysis, the pin from Nowe Borówko should be considered the oldest example of Sadłowo-type pins. It was discovered in a multi-urn grave, which also contained fragments of pins of the Mrowino type and fragments of pectoral rings, i.e., elements of objects typical of phase HaD. The remaining pins are probably younger – they were found at cemeteries from which pins characteristic of the Late Pre-Roman Period are also known41.49. The shape of the heads of Sadłowo-type pins, resembling tutuli, finds numerous analogies in dress fasteners from the Early Iron Age in Central Europe53.54.61.62. In particular, it applies to feet of brooches of Grabonóg-Grzmiąca64 and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo67.68 types from the early LTA phase, characteristic of the Pomeranian Culture. Knobs of similar shape can also be found on a brooch with cross-shaped bow from Konin69 and a pin from Janowiec Wielkopolski66, dated to the end of phase HaD and the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Ultimately, it can be assumed that the Sadłowo-type pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków date to the transition between phases HaD and LTA, while pins from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek date to LTA. Sadłowo-type pins belong to a group of original dress fasteners, which appeared in the areas covered by the expansion of the Pomeranian culture people at the end of phase HaD. It can be explained by a strong desire of this group to emphasise their distinctiveness. Similar phenomenon is known from the Jastorf culture, characterised by the same ‘migratory’ cultural model.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 239-250
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przemysław Krajewski, Analiza przestrzenna osadnictwa wyspy Wolin i prawego brzegu Dziwny od środkowego okresu epoki brązu do wczesnej epoki żelaza
    Settlement spatial analysis of the Wolin island and right bank of the Dziwna river from the Bronze Age to the early Iron Age
    Autorzy:
    Krajewski, Przemysław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1024189.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-11-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2005, 13; 343-353
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Oldest Horse Representation in East of Central Europe
    Autorzy:
    Kokowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550969.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    horse images on pottery
    Funnel Beaker Culture
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Pomeranian Culture
    wyobrażenia koni na ceramice
    kultura pucharów lejkowatych
    epoka brązu
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    kultura pomorska
    Opis:
    Ryte wyobrażenie konia na glinianym naczyniu kultury pucharów lejkowatych z Gródka nad Bugiem można uznać za najstarszy wizerunek tego zwierzęcia we wschodniej części Europy Środkowej (Ryc. 1–4). Jego wykonawca mógł inspirować się wizerunkami zwierząt na naczyniach kultury Cucuteni-Tripolie. Stylizowane wyobrażenie konia pojawiało się też na naczyniach w epoce brązu, ale najczęściej występuje we wczesnej epoce żelaza. Zestawiono tu 227 takich wyobrażeń, z czego 55 uznano za dyskusyjne (Katalog, Tab. 1). Kilkanaście dalszych pochodzi z okresu rzymskiego. Dla wszystkich wspólna jest uproszczona stylistyka, niezmienna od neolitu.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 183-195
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, site X – a Cemetery of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    okres halsztacki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzysko
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura przeworska
    Mazowsze
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt Period
    Roman Period
    cemetery
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Masovia
    Opis:
    Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 289-318
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Okruchy historii. Kilka interesujących skorup z Anusina na Kujawach
    Shards of History. Some Interesting Pottery Fragments from Anusin in Kujawy
    Autorzy:
    Andrzejowska, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550980.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    zdobnictwo ceramiki
    Kujawy
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura pomorska
    tarnobrzeska kultura łużycka
    wpływy wschodnie
    pottery ornamentation
    Early Iron Age
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Pomeranian Culture
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture
    Eastern influences
    Opis:
    This article discusses the unique ornamentation of a vessel from a grave assemblage discovered in unspecified circumstances in the village of Anusin in Kujawy before World War II. The vessel, most probably of the Cloche Grave Culture, can be dated to the Early Iron Age. This globular cinerary urn is decorated with a grid of cord-like impressions. The pattern is most similar to the ornaments known from the face urns of the Pomeranian Culture. The false cord impressions were probably made with a tool resembling a hoop earring wrapped in coiled wire. Such items of adornment, with Eastern references, were popular in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (e.g. Trzęsówka type coils) and are also found in Kujawy. The vessel from Anusin is therefore an example of an object combining various pottery and ornamental traditions of the communities settled in Kujawy around the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 93-103
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    (review) Wojciech Poradyło. Cmentarzysko z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Machowie (Tarnobrzeg) [A cemetery from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in Machów (Tarnobrzeg)] (= Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie 11). Kraków 2022: 330 pages, 18 figures, 174 plates, 5 tables.
    Autorzy:
    Jabłkowski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38616292.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Źródło:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2023, 18; 235-236
    2084-4409
    Pojawia się w:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ostrogi krzesłowate w okresie wpływów rzymskich – stan i potrzeby badań
    Chair-shaped Spurs in the Roman Iron Age – The State and Prospects of Research
    Autorzy:
    Smółka-Antkowiak, Emilia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682027.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    młodszy okres przedrzymski
    ostrogi
    ostrogi krzesłowate
    Celtowie
    Trewerowie
    Germanie nadłabscy
    kultura wielbarska
    kultura przeworska
    ostrogi kabłąkowe
    Roman Iron Age
    early Pre-Roman Iron Age
    spurs
    chair-shaped spurs
    Celts
    Treveri
    Elbe Germanic
    Wielbark culture
    Przeworsk culture
    bow-shaped spurs
    Opis:
    In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East. 
    -
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2016, 31
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wstępne wyniki badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych w 2016 roku na grodzisku w Węgielsztynie, pow. Węgorzewo, stan. 1
    Preliminary results of excavations at the hillfort in Węgielsztyn, Węgorzewo County in 2016
    Autorzy:
    Wadyl, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365800.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    grodzisko
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    wczesne średniowiecze
    Prusy
    Iron Age
    Early Medieval Period
    Prussia
    Opis:
    The stronghold is located about 1 km south of the centre of the village and about 0.35 km south-east of the shore of Lake Węgielsztyńskie. During the excavations quite a large number of artefacts were recovered. The ceramic assemblage included around 3,500 fragments. In addition, about 500 fragments of animal bone were discovered, as well as several dozen artefacts, most of which were for daily use. The preliminary analysis of the materials indicates that the hill was intensively used in the early Iron Age (the second half of the first millennium BC). At that time, the settlement was at least partially fortified and seems to have been permanently inhabited. The next phase of intensive use was in the early Middle Ages.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 292, 2; 383-388
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-58 z 58

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