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    Wyświetlanie 1-8 z 8
    Tytuł:
    How to Facilitate Damage Claims? Private Enforcement of Competition Rules in Croatia – Domestic and EU Law Perspective
    Autorzy:
    Pecotić Kaufman, Jasminka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530231.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-11-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    private enforcement
    Croatia
    liability for damages
    prejudicial question
    binding effect
    access to evidence
    limitation periods
    standing
    indirect purchasers
    passing-on defence
    collective protection
    harmful act
    fault
    causal link
    types of harm
    scope of damages
    Opis:
    Ever since the Croatian Competition Agency started functioning in 1997, public enforcement of competition law has been the norm. Civil actions for breaches of competition law have been the exception in Croatia. The existing legislation in the area of competition law makes no effort to incentivise private enforcement. There are no specific rules in the Competition Act 2009 dedicated to civil actions, except a single provision that assigns jurisdiction over damages claims to commercial courts. General tort law is applicable in order to prove damages. A number of issues arise here mostly due to the complexity of competition cases. These issues were described in the European Commission’s White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of EC Antitrust Rules (2008). The level of uncertainty as regards the outcome of the claim is high. It seems that special rules need to be adopted in Croatia in order to improve the position of the injured side. The paper deals with a number of procedural and substantive law issues relevant to the facilitation of civil proceedings for antitrust damages. A domestic law perspective is applied taking into account recent developments in EU competition law and policy.
    Depuis 1997 quand l'Agence croate de la concurrence a commencé à fonctionner, l'exécution publique de droit de la concurrence a constitué la norme. Les actions civiles pour violation du droit de la concurrence ont été une exception en Croatie. La législation en vigueur dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence ne succite pas l’exécution par des particuliers. Il n'y a pas de règles spécifiques dans la Loi sur la concurrence de 2009 consacrées aux actions civiles, à l'exception d'une seule disposition qui attribue la compétence à l'égard des demandes d'indemnisation aux tribunaux commerciaux. La responsabilité délictuelle générale est applicable afin de prouver les dommages. Un certain nombre de questions se posent ici principalement en raison de la complexité des affaires de concurrence. Ils ont été décrits dans le Livre blanc sur les actions en dommages et intérêts pour infraction aux règles communautaires sur les ententes et les abus de position dominante (2008). Le niveau d'incertitude quant à l'issue de la demande est élevé. Il semble que des règles spéciales doivent être adoptées en Croatie afin d'améliorer la position de la partie lésée. Le document traite sur un certain nombre de questions de droit procédural et droit de fond relatives à la facilitation des procédures civiles en ce qui concerne les dommages suite à des violations du droit de la concurrence. Le point de vue du droit interne est appliqué en tenant compte des développements récents en droit et politique de la concurrence.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(7); 13-54
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Opinia prawna w sprawie zasad dostępu do materiału dowodowego zgromadzonego przez Komisję Odpowiedzialności Konstytucyjnej
    Legal opinion on the principles of access to evidence collected by the Constitutional Accountability Committee (BAS‑WAL 165/14)
    Autorzy:
    Sakowicz, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11542756.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
    Tematy:
    classified information
    Sejm committee
    constitutional accountability
    Opis:
    The author points out that the possibility of access to evidence in the course of work of the Constitutional Accountability Committee depends on the consent of a body conducting the proceedings, i.e. Constitutional Accountability Committee. According to him, the Committee is obliged to make all evidence (including classified information) accessible to the person subject to initial application and his/her defence council. Nevertheless, he emphasizes that access to evidence composed of classified information should be provided in the office for confidential documents of the Chancellery of the Sejm. In the authors view, the defence council should not be required to have an adequate security clearance level or a valid certificate of training in the field of classified data protection.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2014, 1(41); 339-344
    1896-9852
    2082-064X
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Impact of EU Law on a National Competition Authoritys Leniency Programme – the Case of Poland
    Autorzy:
    Sitarek, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530320.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition law
    leniency, antitrust damages actions
    access to evidence
    procedural autonomy
    efficiency
    public enforcement
    private enforcement
    Opis:
    This paper is devoted to the impact of EU law on national leniency programmes, especially the Polish one. It analyses the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice in Pfleiderer, Donau Chemie and Schenker and identifies three specific areas of potential EU influence on national leniency programmes. The impact of EU law on the rules of access to leniency documents is analysed in detail on the basis of both EU and Polish law and taking into account the Draft Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions. The paper covers also the extent to which the principle of effectiveness of EU law limits the procedural autonomy of Member States in regard to their leniency programmes. This analysis covers both “negative conditions”, that is, elements of national leniency programmes which are incompatible with EU law, and “positive conditions”, in order words, those elements of domestic leniency programmes which are seen as necessary for securing their effectiveness.
    L'article concerne l'influence du droit de l‘Union européenne sur les programmes de clémence nationaux, en particulier le programme polonais. La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne est analysée, surtout les arrêts en Pfleiderer, Donau Chemie et Schenker. Les trois avenues de l'influence du droit européen sur le programme de clémence sont identifiés – les règles d'accès aux confessions des entreprises bénéficiaires de la clémence, qui sont analysées en détaille, les limitations des programmes nationaux de clémence à cause du principe d'effectivité et les obligations des autorités nationales de concurrence d’assurer l'effectivité des programmes de clémence
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(9); 185-216
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Access to Documents in Antitrust Litigation – EU and Croatian Perspective
    Autorzy:
    Butorac Malnar, Vlatka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530371.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    EU Damages Directive
    private enforcement
    cartels
    antitrust litigation
    access to documents
    access to file
    evidence in antitrust litigation
    Opis:
    The paper analyses access to documents in cartel-based damages cases from the EU and Croatian perspective. It considers all relevant EU and Croatian legislation and case-law primarily focusing on the expected impact of the newly enacted Damages Directive. It is argued that the new rules on access to documents provided by the Directive will not necessarily have a significant impact on damages proceedings following cartel decisions issued by the Commission. This is due to the introduction of an absolute ban on the disclosure of leniency statements and settlement submissions via a ‘maximum harmonization’ rule. This conclusion is drawn from statistic figures showing that EU cartel enforcement rests solely on the leniency and settlement procedures. With that in mind, it is concluded that the Directive’s general, permissive rules on access to documents (other than leniency and settlement procedures) will not be applicable in most damages cases following the cartel infringement decision issued by the Commission. However, it is also observed that the Damages Directive’s new rules on access to documents may have the opposite impact on private enforcement in cases following infringement decisions issued by National Competition Authorities (NCAs) which do not rely as much on leniency in their fight against cartels as the Commission. The Directive’s general rule on access to documents will apply in jurisdictions such as Croatia, where all of its cartel decisions so far have been reached within the regular procedure. It is argued that the general access rule, coupled with other rules strengthening the position of claimants in antitrust damages proceedings, might actually be beneficial for both public and private enforcement in such jurisdictions.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 127-160
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Collecting Evidence Through Access to Competition Authorities’ Files – Interplay or Potential Conflicts Between Private and Public Enforcement Proceedings?
    Autorzy:
    Gulińska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529935.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition
    cartels
    private enforcement
    damages actions
    leniency
    Damages Directive
    access to file
    Opis:
    Information asymmetry between claimants seeking damages for competition law violations and the alleged infringing undertaking(s) is a key problem in the development of private antitrust enforcement because it often prevents successful actions for damages. The Damages Directive is a step forward in the facilitation of access to evidence relevant for private action claims. Its focus lies on, inter alia, 3rd party access to files in proceedings conducted by national competition authorities (NCAs). The harmonization was triggered by the inconsistencies in European case-law and yet the uniform rules on access to documents held in NCAs’ files proposed in the Damages Directive seem to follow a very stringent approach in order to protect public competition law enforcement. The article summarizes the most relevant case-law and new provisions of the Damages Directive and presents practical issues with respect to its implementation from the Polish perspective.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 161-180
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Preferential access to emotion under attentional blink: evidence for threshold phenomenon
    Autorzy:
    Szczepanowski, Remigiusz
    Traczyk, Jakub
    Fan, Zhao
    Harvey, Lewis O.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430381.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-03-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    awareness
    threshold model
    attentional blink
    emotional representation
    stream of rapidly changing distractors (RSVP)
    Opis:
    The present study provides evidence that the activation strength produced by emotional stimuli must pass a threshold level in order to be consciously perceived, contrary to the assumption of continuous quality of representation. An analysis of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for attentional blink performance was used to distinguish between two (continuous vs. threshold) models of emotion perception by inspecting two different ROC’s shapes. Across all conditions, the results showed that performance in the attentional blink task was better described by the two-limbs ROC predicted by the Krantz threshold model than by the curvilinear ROC implied by the signal-detection theory.
    Źródło:
    Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 1; 127-132
    0079-2993
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Psychological Bulletin
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Opening Access To Practice-based Evidence in Clinical Decision Support Systems with Natural Query Language
    Autorzy:
    Kapłański, P.
    Seganti, A.
    Cieśliński, K.
    Chrabrowa, A.
    Koziolkiewicz, J.
    Bryk, M.
    Ługowska, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/106226.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)
    Natural Query Language (NQL)
    Opis:
    Evidence-based medicine can be effective only if constantly tested against errors in medical practice. Clinical record database summarization supported by a machine allows allow to detect anomalies and therefore help detect the errors in early phases of care. Summarization system is a part of Clinical Decision Support Systems however it cannot be used directly by the stakeholder as long as s/he is not able to query the clinical record database. Natural Query Languages allow opening access to data for clinical practitioners, that usually do not have knowledge about articial query languages. Results: We have developed general purpose reporting system called Ask Data Anything (ADA) that we applied to a particular CDSS implementation. As a result, we obtained summarization system that opens the access for these of clinical researchers that were excluded from the meaningful summary of clinical records stored in a given clinical database. The most significant part of the component - NQL parser - is a hybrid of Controlled Natural Language (CNL) and pattern matching with a prior error repair phase. Equipped with reasoning capabilities due to the intensive use of semantic technologies, our hybrid approach allows one to use very simple, keyword-based (even erroneous) queries as well as complex CNL ones with the support of a predictive editor. By using ADA sophisticated summarizations of clinical data are produced as a result of NQL query execution. In this paper, we will present the main ideas underlying ADA component in the context of CDSS.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica; 2016, 16, 2; 25-31
    1732-1360
    2083-3628
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysing the determinants, constraints and opportunities of smallholder farmers access to input markets: evidence from northern Ghana
    Autorzy:
    Adams, Abdulai
    Osei-Amponsah, Charity
    Tetteh Jumpah, Emmanuel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1892096.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-07-08
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    determinants
    constraints
    market access
    smallholder
    farmers
    input markets
    northern Ghana
    Opis:
    Smallholder farmers face multiple constraints in accessing input markets. This study seeks to understand the dynamics that influence input markets in northern Ghana and the opportunities that exist for smallholder farmers to increase their productivity and welfare. Using a random sample of 448 households, the study applied the probit and non-parametric methods in identifying the factors that influence farmers’ access to input markets and the key constraints faced by them. The results show that access to extension services, access to finance, distance to the nearest input market, and input source are significant factors that would be likely to influence farmers’ access to input markets. Lack of finance, poor road network, and low prices of output are the main critically ranked constraints limiting farmers’ access to input markets. Policy initiatives should be geared toward strengthening extension service delivery, farmer education on inputs, improving feeder roads, and encouraging private sector participation in input markets. Available opportunities to leverage on and improve farmers’ access to input markets include the governments’ input subsidy programmes, existing large-scale agricultural projects, private agricultural companies with contract farming models, and extensive network of input dealers and aggregators in the communities. These findings are relevant for farmers, input dealers and policy makers working to improve farmers’ access to input markets.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2020, 56, 2; 133-143
    1899-5241
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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