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Tytuł:
Jeszcze włócznia, czy już kopia? Rozważania w kontekście dzieł sztuki europejskiej
Still a spear or already a lance? Deliberations in the context of European art
Autorzy:
Sierosławski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941996.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
bronioznawstwo
kopia
włócznia
kawaleria
średniowiecze
studies in arms
lance
spear
cavalry
Middle Ages
Opis:
The lance is an instantly recognizable medieval weapon. It’s the primary weapon of a medieval knights, the primary he uses in battle. But it’s still not clear when the lance appeared. In most publications its appearance is dated to the 12th c. There are no preserved artifacts and the written sources are not clear on this subject. New informations can be drawn from works of medieval art, especially illustrated manuscripts and architectural decorations. For this deliberation I used iconography dated between the 8th and 14th c. There are three characteristics with which we can distinguish the spear and the lance. The first is the construction of the shaft end. The difference between spear shaft and lance shaft is that the lance shaft had a vamplate, a small circular plate. In many publications it can be read, that this plate was made for protecting the hand. This is of course a misunderstanding. It allowed a firmer grip of the shaft upon impact. There was no need to protect the hand during the duel, because knights were trying to hit the head or the torso of their opponents, not the hand. The second way to recognize the kind of weapon is to analyse how the horsemen uses them. The spears were manipulated with one hand. Horsemen were very often attacking by rising the spear over the head and then striking their opponents from above. Lances were used in a quite different way. Horsemen during the attack had the lances under their arms and struck their enemies facing them. These two polearm techniques can be found on medieval representations. The third characteristic is the shape of the spearhead. In many illustrations it is shown very schematically, therefore very often we can’t identify the type of weapon basing on the presentation of the tip. The only exception is the spearhead of type VI (by Nadolski). The characteristic crosspiece attached to (or slightly below) the bush is quite often marked on the illustrations. In these situations we can be sure, that this weapon is a spear. During the 8th–10th c. mounted units undoubtedly utilized spears, there is no argue about that. On every illustration made at that time which shows a mounted warrior armed with a pole weapon, this weapon is a spear. Around the middle of the 11th c. a very important change in the use of polearms occurred. The Bayeux Tapestry which was made around 1068 depicts horsemen using spears in a manner typical for the lance. One of knights represented in the battle scene holds his spear under his arm and hits his opponent in the face. This is an unquestionable evidence that the evolution of the lance started in the 11th, not the 12th c. Of course I don’t suggest, that the army of William the Conqueror was armed with lances, but that the mentioned work of early medieval art is the oldest evidence of the first step in the evolution of polearms. In this context we should look closer at some types of early medieval spearheads, especially of Nadolski’s type IX, which is relatively short, but massive. Could it be a type of an early lance head? In the 12th and 13th c. the shaft of the lance was developed, the weapon became longer and heavier. Knights represented in art from that time always use their polearms by holding them under their arms. Hunting scenes are the only exceptions. In these cases the horsemen uses their weapons holding them I one hand, above their heads. That proves that they’re using spears. Another important source for this discussion is the Manesse Codex, which was written in the first half of the 14th c. A few illustrations depict duel scenes and “portraits” of knights, who were the main characters of poems contented in the Codex. Some of those illustrations are very accurate, with important details clearly visible. Some of the lances represented here have an additional constructional element, a vamplate. As it was written in the beginning, its presence is one of the essential differences separating the lance from the spear. Is it possible to point the exact time when the lance appeared? Medieval iconography can bring us closer to the truth, but it only allows to identify the ante quem dating. Surely, the first step of the evolution of medieval polearms took place before 1066, before the battle of Hastings that is. But to say exactly how long before the battle took place mounted warriors had already been accustomed to the use of spears in a way specific for the lance – this cannot be determined.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2013, 29
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Yielding of white and green asparagus in the open field and in the tunnel in the first two years of harvest
Plonowanie zielonych i bielonych wypustek szparaga uprawianego w polu i w tunelu foliowym w pierwszych dwóch latach zbioru
Autorzy:
Dyduch, J.
Mysiak, B.
Rodkiewicz, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11542970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie
Tematy:
yielding
white asparagus
Asparagus officinalis
green asparagus
asparagus
white spear
green spear
weight
open field
tunnel
foil
harvest
Opis:
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) may be cultivated either for white or for green spears, the latter method started to prevail in the world in the last years. The aim of the study was a comparison of yielding of white and green asparagus cv. ‘Ravel’ in the open field and in the PE tunnel. The weight, number and diameter of spears in the total, marketable and non-marketable yields in the first and second harvest year were assessed. Total and marketable yield of white asparagus was higher than that of green one, but the latter formed significantly more spears in the total and nonmarketable yield. The yield and number of spears obtained in the tunnel was significantly higher than with no cover. Marketable spears constituted on average 77.8% of yield weight and 63.0% of the total number of spears and the values for both cultivation methods were similar. Mean weight and diameter of white spears were higher than those of the green ones.
Szparag (Asparagus officinalis L.) może być uprawiany na wypustki bielone lub zielone; w ostatnich latach na świecie zaczął dominować ten drugi sposób uprawy. Celem badań było porównanie plonowania szparaga lekarskiego odmiany Ravel w uprawie na bielone i zielone wypustki w gruncie i w tunelu foliowym. Oceniono masę, liczbę i średnicę wypustek w plonie ogółem, handlowym i niehandlowym w pierwszym i drugim roku zbioru. Plon ogółem i handlowy bielonych wypustek był istotnie wyższy niż zielonych, natomiast liczba zielonych wypustek w plonie ogółem i niehandlowym była większa w porównaniu z bielonymi. Plon i liczba wypustek z uprawy w tunelu były istotnie większe niż w gruncie. Wypustki handlowe stanowiły średnio 77,8% masy i 63,0% liczby wypustek i wartości te były zbliżone dla obu metod uprawy. Wypustki bielone miały średnio większą masę i średnicę niż zielone.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus; 2014, 13, 4; 107-115
1644-0692
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konia z rzędem za autora! Shakespeare, Szekspirowie i szekspirologie u progu nowego tysiąclecia
Who Shakes the Spear? Shakespeare and Shakespearologies at the Dawn of the New Millenium
Autorzy:
Mydla, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/467654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Opis:
Jacek Mydla's review of "The Shakespeare Canon Revisited" by George Volceanov (2005).
Źródło:
ER(R)GO: Teoria – Literatura – Kultura; 2005, 11
1508-6305
2544-3186
Pojawia się w:
ER(R)GO: Teoria – Literatura – Kultura
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monitoring the Evolution of Redox Changes in Sediments made Possible by Electrochemical Multilayer Probes
Autorzy:
Popa, Radu
Moga, Ioana Corina
Nealson, Kenneth H.
Cimpoiasu, V.M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134093.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
sensor
sediments
SPEAR
multielectrode
redox interface
Opis:
Marine sediments with rapid oxic/anoxic transitions are difficult to monitor in real time. Organic overload that may lead to anoxia and buildup of hydrogen sulfide can be caused by a variety of factors such as sewage spills, harbor water stagnation, algal blooms and the vicinity of aquaculture operations. We have tested a novel multiprobe technology (named SPEAR) on marine sediments to evaluate its performance in monitoring sediments and overlaying water. Our results show the ability of the SPEAR probes to distinguish electrochemical changes at 2-3 mm scale and at hourly cycles. SPEAR probes have the ability to identify redox interfaces and redox transition zones in sediments, but do not use micromanipulators (which are cumbersome in field and underwater applications). We propose that the best target habitats for SPEAR-type monitoring are rapidly evolving muddy deposits and sediments near aquaculture operations where pollution with organics stresses the ecosystem.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 3; 1037--1041
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A finite element model development as a part of process of energy absorption material selection
Autorzy:
Jakubowski, R.
Skorupka, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
RASTAS Spear
material
energy absorption
finite element model
LS-DYNA
Opis:
The Warsaw Institute of Aviation major role in the RASTAS Spear project was to design an energy absorption system for the space probe lander. As the system was meant to be unmanned, the main requirement was to use no active solutions like parachute or rocket propulsion (less complexity in application and thus more reliability). A group of various materials was chosen to be tested. Tests campaign was divided into three stages: static compression tests, low speed dynamic tests and high speed dynamic tests. The high-speed dynamic tests were divided into two substages. In the first one simple cube specimens were tested to obtain data necessary for second substage in which full-scale object was tested. Having valuable data from experiments, numerical simulations in LS-DYNA software were carried out and then the results were compared. Based on experimental data several iterations during finite element model developing process were made. That process allowed setting up properly simulation by changing and adjusting properties such: material models, contact types, element formulation and other important constants. The finite element simulation results showed a good correlation with experimental data. The knowledge gained from numerical model optimization in connection with experimental data allowed for creating faster and more accurate energy absorbing material selection methodology. This methodology was successfully used in subsequent projects in which Institute of Aviation took part and also can be used in other future applications.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 217-223
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Biomechanical analysis of Yangs spear turning-stab technique in Chinese martial arts
Autorzy:
Liu, Yufeng
Kong, Jianguo
Wang, Xiuping
Shan, Gongbing
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1922261.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-08-05
Wydawca:
PPHU Projack Jacek Wąsik
Tematy:
3D motion capture
force measurement
phases
hiding
sliding
relative motion
Opis:
The Yang's spear turning-stab was a legendary technique, applied in ancient battles in China. It resulted in numerous famous winnings. The mythical aspect of the technique is a victory in fleeing and back-facing a fighter. Now the skill is a spear technique of Chinese martial arts that is learned and excised by many Chinese Gungfu practitioners. Due to a dearth of scientific study on the skill, the uniqueness and its winning secretes are still unknown. The aim of this study is to demystify the skill by using a synchronized measurement of 3D motion capture (VICON 12 camera system), stab-force measurement (AMTI force platform). Six Gungfu athletes with more than 30 years training experience participated in the study. Both the Yang's spear turning-stab (used by a fleer) and spear forward-stab (used by a chaser) were measured and biomechanically analyzed. The results reveal that there would be six secrets for its historical successes. They are 1) showing weakness (i.e. pretend to be defeated), 2) shortening the stab for quick turning, 3) hiding the stab for a covert attack, 4) leaving less reaction time for opponent, 5) generating higher stab-force than opponent, and 6) leaning backward for a stable stab-posture. These secrets identify elements necessary for systematic training toward a reliable execution of the skill. This skill shows the delicate characteristics of Chinese martial culture. Learning and training the skill would benefit trainees both physically and culturally.
Źródło:
Physical Activity Review; 2020, 2, 8; 16-22
2300-5076
Pojawia się w:
Physical Activity Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Phenolic acids in extracts obtained from the flowering herbs of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. growing in Poland
Autorzy:
Kozyra, M.
Glowniak, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/58350.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
Tematy:
phenolic acid
methanol extract
flowering plant
herb
Cirsium vulgare
spear thistle
Polska
Opis:
In this work the phenolic acids in the methanol extract from the flowering herbs of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. growing in Poland were isolated and identified. The samples containing free phenolic acids and those released after acid and alkaline hydrolyses were investigated by 2D TLC on cellulose. After purification by SPE, samples were also analyzed by RP-HPLC. Six phenolic acids such as gallic, protokatechuic, gentisic, hydrobenzoic, vanillic and caffeic acids were detected in the fraction of free phenolic acids of the methanol extract, irrespectively of the method used.
Źródło:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae; 2013, 82, 4
0001-6977
2083-9480
Pojawia się w:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 13

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