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Tytuł:
Hydrogen Production in Institute of Fluid Machinery of Polish Academy of Science in Gdańsk — theory and practice
Autorzy:
Sołowski, G.
Czylkowski, D.
Hrycak, B.
Siuzdak, K.
Pastuszak, K.
Cenian, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1190155.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Gdańska Szkoła Wyższa
Tematy:
hydrogen
dark fermentation
plasmolysis
photochemical water oxidation
Opis:
The hydrogen production technologies developed in the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk are discussed here. They include the following methods: dark fermentation, photoelectrochemical water oxidation and hydrocarbons (or alcohols) reforming by microwave plasma. The potential of hydrogen production by using dark fermentation of different popular wastes such as: agricultural wastes, textile or wood waste, was determined using suitable models. Also, the influence of microaeration during dark fermentation of some substrates, e.g. sour cabbage, was tested. Photochemical oxidation is a water-splitting process driven by radiation at the surface of a titanium-oxide anode. The Si microrods covered by titania films were verified as a photoanode material. The hydrogen production from methane, ethanol, isopropanol and kerosene was driven by a microwave plasma. The results obtained confirm that microwave plasma sources have a high potential for hydrogen production via gaseous and liquid fuels reforming.
Źródło:
Eco-Energetics: technologies, environment, law and economy; 2019, 2; 135--144
2657-5922
2657-7674
Pojawia się w:
Eco-Energetics: technologies, environment, law and economy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nauki historycznoprawne w latach 60. XX w. – organizacja badań
The research in legal history in the 1960s: The organization of research and the major publications in this field
Autorzy:
Tyrchan, Mikołaj
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/923452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
jurisprudence in Poland
stalinism
marksism
Polish Academy of Science
"Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne"
Opis:
The paper is concerned with the development of legal history research in Poland in the post-Stalinist period, up to the end of the 1960s. The legal historians actually engaged themselves in the academic research of the time and developed, to the extent to which that was possible, the contacts with the western University centres. What was published were the significant handbooks and monographs. The publications laid out the new important research lines. The paper reviews, in a synthetic way, the interests of the authors of the publications both in the areas of Polish constitutional and legal history as well as in the field of general history of state and law. The publications of the most important authors were presented.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa; 2012, 5, 4; 355-373
2084-4115
2084-4131
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analogowa i cyfrowa komunikacja naukowa w Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Analogue and digital scientific communication at the Polish Academy of Sciences
Autorzy:
Sabała, Martyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194363.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
scientific communication
Polish Academy of Science
Open Access
komunikacja naukowa
Polska Akademia Nauk
Opis:
Polska Akademia Nauk przez kilkadziesiąt lat wypracowała różne sposoby komunikowania naukowego, począwszy od komunikacji nieformalnej – konferencji, zjazdów, spotkań o charakterze naukowym – przez książki i czasopisma, po publikacje udostępniane w bibliotekach cyfrowych oraz w modelu Open Access. Celem artykułu jest analiza analogowej komunikacji naukowej i funkcjonowania PAN w kulturze konwergencji oraz wykazanie, że instytucja ta wykorzystuje najnowsze formy udostępniania wyników badań, w tym narzędzia Web 2.0. W artykule przedstawiono dane liczbowe dotyczące drukowanych publikacji naukowych PAN. Na podstawie danych rejestrowanych przez bazę Arianta, przeglądu stron internetowych instytutów, komitetów i oddziałów oraz wywiadu przeprowadzonego w Biurze Upowszechniania i Promocji Nauki PAN opisano rozwój cyfrowego modelu komunikacji naukowej w PAN.
The Polish Academy of Sciences for several dozen years developed different manners of scientific communication, starting from unofficial communication - conferences, conventions, meetings having a scientific character - from books and magazines to publications made available at digital libraries and in the Open Access model. The purpose of this article is the analysis of the analogue scientific communication and functioning of the Polish Academy of Science in the convergence culture and showing that this institution is using newest forms of submitting research results, including 2.0 Web tools. Figures concerning printed academic publications of the Polish Academy of Science are described in the article. Based on data registered by the Arianta base, the review of websites of institutes, committees and branches and an interview conducted in the Office of Popularization and Promotion of Education of the Polish Academy of Science, the development of the digital communication scientific model of the Polish Academy of Science is described. 
Źródło:
Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe; 2013, 2, 42; 119-127
1231-0298
Pojawia się w:
Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problematyka praw własności intelektualnej w ustawie o Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Intellectual property law issues in the Act on the Polish Academy of Science
Autorzy:
Stanisławska-Kloc, Sybilla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/577838.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
prawa własności intelektualnej
prawo autorskie
plagiat
odpowiedzialność pracowników naukowych z tytułu naruszenia praw własności intelektualnej
zarządzanie i komercjalizacja praw własności intelektualnej
komisja ds. etyki w nauce
intellectual property rights
copyright
plagiarism
liability of scientists for infringements of intellectual property rights
managing and commercialisation of intellectual property rights
commission for research ethics
Opis:
W artykule została przedstawiona problematyka dotycząca wytworów intelektualnych chronionych prawami własności intelektualnej, które są wykorzystywane w działalności Polskiej Akademii Nauk oraz jej jednostek. Zaprezentowano skrótowo rozwiązania prawne służące ochronie dóbr intelektualnych oraz te dotyczące zarządzania i komercjalizacji praw własności intelektualnej w jednostkach PAN. Obecnie działalność naukowa nieodzownie związana jest z tworzeniem, głównie utworów i wynalazków oraz wykorzystywaniem cudzych rozwiązań chronionych prawami własności intelektualnej. Niestety także i w tej działalności dochodziło do naruszeń praw osób trzecich stąd celowe było znowelizowanie przepisów dotyczących szczegółowych zasad odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej pracowników PAN oraz uregulowanie funkcjonowania komisji do spraw etyki w nauce. Należy pamiętać, iż odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna nie wyłącza odpowiedzialności cywilnej i karnej przewidzianej w prawie autorskim oraz prawie własności przemysłowej, a nadto nie wyłącza możliwości odebrania tytułu lub stopnia naukowego.
This paper presents legal issues in intellectual property relevant for the Polish Academy of Science (PAS) and its organizational units. The paper outlines legal solutions for the protection of intellectual property and those concerning managing and commercialisation of IP rights in PAS. Nowadays scientifi c work is immanently connected with creating, in particular copyright works or patentable inventions, and with exploitation of third party IP rights. Regrettably, also in this fi eld infringements have occurred and therefore it was considered appropriate to amend legal provisions on disciplinary liability of PAS employees and to regulate the operations of the commission for research ethics. It should be borne in mind though that disciplinary sanctions do not override civil and criminal liability resulting from copyright law or industrial property law. Neither do they avert depriving the infringers of their scientifi c titles or degrees.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa; 2015, 51, 3(205); 359-376
0044-1619
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Maritime Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem of Admiralty Bay, Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski (ed.), Publ. Office of Department of Antarctic Biology, Polish Academy of Science; 216 pp., 35 tabs., 39 figs., 10 photos
Autorzy:
Winnicki, Aleksander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052643.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 1995, 16, 3-4; 293-294
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Działalność Zespołu Historii Nauk Leśnych przy Zakładzie Historii Nauki i Techniki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Activities of the Team on Forest Science History, Department of the History of Sciences and Engineering, Polish Academy of Science
Autorzy:
Szymanowska, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/816910.pdf
Data publikacji:
1970
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Źródło:
Sylwan; 1970, 114, 02
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Geometryczny opis polikryształów w IMIM PAN
Autorzy:
Morawiec, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/274538.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Roble
Tematy:
Instytut Metalurgii i Inżynierii Materiałowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk
polikryształy
tekstura krystalograficzna
krystality
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Science
polycrystals
crystallographic texture
crystallites
Źródło:
LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania; 2013, 18, 6; 12-15
1427-5619
Pojawia się w:
LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura bazy danych Wielojęzycznego, Interdyscyplinarnego Terminologicznego Słownika i Leksykonu Geoinformatycznego Komisji Geoinformatyki PAU
The structure of the data base for Multilingual, Interdisciplinary Dictionary and Glossary of Terms for Geoinformatics of the Polish Academy of Science and Arts
Autorzy:
Jachimski, J.
Mikrut, S.
Majewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/262447.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
terminologia
geoinformatyka
fotogrametria
teledetekcja
Internet
Polska Akademia Umiejętności
terminology
geoinformatics
photogrammetry
remote sensing
internet
Polish Academy of Sciences and Arts
Opis:
W roku 1998 w Krakowie powstała Komisja Geoinformatyki Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności, w skład której wchodzą specjaliści z wielu dyscyplin wiedzy, takich jak geologia, geofizyka, inżynieria i ochrona środowiska, górnictwo, geodezja, geografia, kartografia, GIS i oczywiście fotogrametria i teledetekcja oraz informatyka. Już na początku prac Komisji zwrócono uwagę na niejednoznaczność stosowanej terminologii. Uznano, że należy podjąć systematyczne badania porównawcze poprzedzone inwentaryzacją słownictwa geoinformatycznego stosowanego w różnych dziedzinach. Tak powstała idea opracowania słownika, który umożliwi przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej i ujednolicenie terminologii. Pracami kierują zespoły tematyczne, które pracując niezależnie, lecz z wzajemnym kontaktem, budują produkt końcowy: Wielojęzyczny, Interdyscyplinarny Terminologiczny Słownik i Leksykon Geoinformatyczny Komisji Geoinformatyki PAU. Słownik będzie powstawał w formule otwartej, z użyciem Internetu. Wszystkie etapy prac będą publicznie dostępne na stronach www. Do procesu tworzenia Słownika będą dopuszczeni również wolontariusze, którzy, we współpracy z odpowiedzialnymi redaktorami będą pomagać w budowaniu bazy Słownika. Program do edycji internetowej Słownika, w wersji eksperymentalnej, jest już udostępniony w sieci. Mamy nadzieję, że nasza słownikowa baza danych szybko zostanie wypełniona nowymi terminami i definicjami wielu pojęć używanych w geoinformatyce
Commission for Geoinformatics of the Polish Academy of Science and Arts (KG PAU) in Kraków, has been formed in 1998. That commission gathers scientists of many disciplines, such as geology, geophysics, environmental engineering and protection, mining, surveying and geodesy, geography, cartography, GIS, and, of course, photogrammetry and remote sensing and computer sciences (informatics). AU that specialists, devoting their special interest to geoinformatics, found out, just at the very beginning of their cooperation, that they do not speak the same technical and scientific language concerning geoinformatics. Finally that was decided to work out a dictionary, which could help people of geoinformatics from various disciplines to use the identical vocabulary. The work is split to thematic teams, which, working independently, but in a contact with each other, build a final product: The Multilingual, Interdisciplinary Terminological Dictionary for Geoinformatics, a very important project of the KG PAU. The Dictionary will be build up in the open formulae, using internet. AU the work stages will be public, available on the www pages. To the editorial process will be admitted also volunteers, who, under care and in cooperation with the responsible editors will help to build the dictionary data base. The internet program for editing the Dictionary, in an experimental version, is available for use. We hope to have our dictionary data base soon filled with new entries, definitions, and longer descriptions of many terms used in geoinformatics
Źródło:
Geodezja / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie; 2005, 11, 1/1; 131-137
1234-6608
Pojawia się w:
Geodezja / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Z przebiegu prac naukowych prowadzonych z funduszów Polskiej Akademii Nauk przez Katedrę Ochrony Lasu SGGW
Scientific investigation conducted by the Chair of Forest Protection, Central College of Agriculture, financed from the fund of the Polish Academy of Science
Autorzy:
Nunberg, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/811864.pdf
Data publikacji:
1964
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Źródło:
Sylwan; 1964, 108, 04
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ananiasz Zajączkowski – orientalistyka przede wszystkim
Ananiasz Zajączkowski – above all Orientalistics
Autorzy:
Zajączkowska-Łopatto, Maria Emilia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440254.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Związek Karaimów Polskich. Karaimska Oficyna Wydawnicza Bitik
Tematy:
Ananiasz Zajączkowski
Warsaw Univeristy
Institute of Oriental Studies
Department of Turcology
Orientalistics
Turcology
Iranistics
Oriental Committee
Polish Academy of Science
Department of Oriental Studies of the Polish Academy od Science
Polish Oriental Society
East-West Major Project at UNESCO
Opis:
Profesor dr hab. Ananiasz Zajączkowski w listopadzie 1945 został mianowany dyrektorem Instytutu Orientalistycznego UW na 5 lat. Powtórnie został dyrektorem w latach 1957-1961. Jego podstawowym zadaniem było stworzenie warunków do rozpoczęcia normalnego trybu nauczania. Od 1948 rozpoczyna pięcioletni cykl studiów w ramach którego wykształcił kilka pokoleń filologów orientalnych prowadzących badania dotyczące Wschodu Muzułmańskiego. W latach 1946-1950 kierował Instytutem Orientalistycznym na Uniwersytecie we Wrocławiu. W 1952 został członkiem nowopowstałej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, zorganizował Komitet Orientalistyczny PAN, którym kierował do 1965. W 1953 powstał Zakład Orientalistyki PAN, którego był kierownikiem 1969, do zamknięcia. Całe swoje życie poświęcił orientalistyce. Poza dydaktyką zajmował się pracami wydawniczymi, edytorskimi i oczywiście działalnością organizacyjną. Był prezesem Polskiego Towarzystwa Orientalistycznego w latach 1949 – 1958. Był redaktorem Przeglądu Orientalistycznego 1948 - 1952, wydał 16 tomów Rocznika Orientalistycznego 1950-1970. Współpracował z redakcjami Języka Polskiego i Poradnika Językowego. Był zapraszany na wykłady do Instytutu Wschodoznawstwa w Moskwie, na uniwersytet w Jerozolimie, na Uniwersytet w Stambule i Ankarze, Baku, do Instituto Universitario w Neapolu itd. Był przewodniczącym prezydium Polskiej Grupy Roboczej d/s realizacji projektu UNESCO „Wschód –Zachód”. Uczestniczył aktywnie w pracach naukowych i organizacyjnych wielu dziesiątków zjazdów, kongresów i konferencji międzynarodowych. Był członkiem Societe Finno-Ougrienne, Türk Dil Kurumu, Societas Uralo-Altaica, PAU, TNW, Wrocławskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego. Jest autorem 341 prac. Z okazji 60-lecia urodzin poświęcono mu XXXVI Ural-Altaische Jahrbucher Napisano o nim i jego pracach z zakresu osmanistyki, zabytków kipczackich i Złotej Ordy, zabytków piśmiennictwa tureckiego z Egiptu Mameluckiego kilka dziesiątków artykułów.
In November 1945 Professor Ananiasz Zajączkowski was appointed director of the Oriental Institute of Warsaw University for 5 years. Later, he became its director once more in the years 1957–1961. His primary task was to prepare the groundwork for launching the normal curriculum. In 1948 he started a five-year cycle of study in which he educated several generations of oriental philologists, who conducted research on the Muslim East. In the years 1946–1950 he was head of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Wroclaw. In 1952 he became a member of the newly formed Polish Academy of Science, where he organized the Committee of Oriental Studies, which he headed till 1965. In 1953, the Department of Oriental Studies of Polish Academy of Science was created and Professor Zajączkowski directed it from its very beginnings until its closure in 1969. He devoted his entire life to oriental studies. In addition to teaching, the Professor also focused on research and publishing, as well as editorial and organizational work. He was president of the Polish Society of Oriental Studies from 1949 to 1958. He was the editor of the “Oriental Review” between 1948 and 1952, and issued sixteen volumes of the Rocznik Orientalistyczny from 1950 to 1970. In addition, he collaborated in the editing of Język Polski and Poradnik Językowy. He was invited to give lectures at the Institute of Eastern Studies in Moscow, at the University of Jerusalem, the Instituto Universitario in Naples, etc. He was the president of the Board of the Polish Team working on the UNESCO “East-West” project. He played an active academic and organizational role in several dozen conferences, congresses and convention. He was a member of the Société Finno-Ougrienne, Türk Dil Kurumu, Societas Uralo-Altaica, PAU, TNW, Wroclaw Scientific Society. Professor Ananiasz Zajączkowski is the author of 341 publications. To mark the 60th anniversary of his birth the 36th volume of Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher was named in his honour. Dozens of articles have been written about him and his work on Ottoman studies, the Kipchak monuments, the Golden Horde and the historical Turkish literature of Mameluke Egypt.
Profesor dr hab. Ananiasz Zajączkowski w listopadzie 1945 został mianowany dyrektorem Instytutu Orientalistycznego UW na 5 lat. Powtórnie został dyrektorem w latach 1957-1961. Jego podstawowym zadaniem było stworzenie warunków do rozpoczęcia normalnego trybu nauczania. Od 1948 rozpoczyna pięcioletni cykl studiów w ramach którego wykształcił kilka pokoleń filologów orientalnych prowadzących badania dotyczące Wschodu Muzułmańskiego. W latach 1946-1950 kierował Instytutem Orientalistycznym na Uniwersytecie we Wrocławiu. W 1952 został członkiem nowopowstałej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, zorganizował Komitet Orientalistyczny PAN, którym kierował do 1965. W 1953 powstał Zakład Orientalistyki PAN, którego był kierownikiem 1969, do zamknięcia. Całe swoje życie poświęcił orientalistyce. Poza dydaktyką zajmował się pracami wydawniczymi, edytorskimi i oczywiście działalnością organizacyjną. Był prezesem Polskiego Towarzystwa Orientalistycznego w latach 1949 – 1958. Był redaktorem Przeglądu Orientalistycznego 1948 - 1952, wydał 16 tomów Rocznika Orientalistycznego 1950-1970. Współpracował z redakcjami Języka Polskiego i Poradnika Językowego. Był zapraszany na wykłady do Instytutu Wschodoznawstwa w Moskwie, na uniwersytet w Jerozolimie, na Uniwersytet w Stambule i Ankarze, Baku, do Instituto Universitario w Neapolu itd. Był przewodniczącym prezydium Polskiej Grupy Roboczej d/s realizacji projektu UNESCO „Wschód –Zachód”. Uczestniczył aktywnie w pracach naukowych i organizacyjnych wielu dziesiątków zjazdów, kongresów i konferencji międzynarodowych. Był członkiem Societe Finno-Ougrienne, Türk Dil Kurumu, Societas Uralo-Altaica, PAU, TNW, Wrocławskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego. Jest autorem 341 prac. Z okazji 60-lecia urodzin poświęcono mu XXXVI Ural-Altaische Jahrbucher Napisano o nim i jego pracach z zakresu osmanistyki, zabytków kipczackich i Złotej Ordy, zabytków piśmiennictwa tureckiego z Egiptu Mameluckiego kilka dziesiątków artykułów.
Źródło:
Almanach Karaimski; 2014, 3; 133-148
2300-8164
Pojawia się w:
Almanach Karaimski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Grupy nieletnich przestępców
Gangs of juvenile delinquents
Autorzy:
Pawełczyńska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699155.pdf
Data publikacji:
1960
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
grupy przestępcze
nieletni przestępcy
badania
Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa
criminal groups
juvenile offenders
research
Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
Warsaw
kradzieże
chuligaństwo
thefts
hooliganism
Opis:
In the years 1953 to 1955 the Department of Criminology of the Institute of Legal Sciences carried out research on gangs of juvenile delinquents; it was a matter of the offences committed by three or more boys aged up to 17 who formed gangs of offenders. At the Warsaw Juvenile Court the records of 716 juveniles who had, during the period in question; participated in 181 crime-committing gangs, have been investigated. Out of this material detailed investigation has been carried out on 50 groups, comprising 215 juveniles. Such detailed investigation comprised environment interviews in the family home, comprehensive conversations with the mothers, interviews at the schools, psychological examination of the minors themselves (part of them were also examined by a physician) and talks with the juveniles, who were investigated in detail from the point of view of the problem of gangs. Apart from the research carried out in Warsaw, 74 gangs comprising 309 juvenile offenders were investigated at the Juvenile Courts in the following provincial cities: Łódź, Katowice, Cracow, and Bialystok. The research dealt with all the gangs of juvenile offenders whose cases came before the above-mentioned four Juvenile Courts in the first six months of 1954. Such research has been carried out by the Judges of the Juvenile courts themselves, according to a special questionnaire; and consisted in the juveniles giving detailed evidence concerning circumstances such as participation in the gangs, in talks with the mothers, and environment interviews (with part of the cases also psychological examination was carried out). The basic material for the present, contribution are the 50 Warsaw and the 74 provincial gangs, all of them investigated in detail. 1. Out of a total of 255 gangs investigated (181 gangs investigated on the basis of judicial record and 124 gangs investigated in detail) there were: a) 113 gangs systematically committing thefts. b) 36 gangs committing either thefts or else deeds consisting in aggressively accosting or beating up (whether boys of their own age or older persons), in destroying property and in disturbing public peace. These are so-called acts of hooliganism. c) 24 gangs committing only acts of a hooligan character mentioned above. Finally, out of the 255 gangs investigated 82 gangs were selected which had committed only one theft, and the majority of which cannot be considered to be offender gangs because of the lack of any real bond between the members of such gangs. The age of the members of the offender gangs was as follows: 17.3 per cent of the boys were under 10 years of age. 34.6 per cent were from 11 to 12. 31 per cent were from 13 to 14. 17.1 per cent were from 15 to 17. The percentages in the several types of gangs are, in principle, rather similar. In the gangs which systematically committed thefts a bigger span between the ages of the members was found than in the other types of gangs. While in the remaining types of gangs the juveniles are usually of the same age, or else the difference of age between them amounts to from one to two years, in the gangs which systematically commit thefts, in 37 per cent of the cases the difference of age amounts to more than three years. As far as the number of members of whom a gang was composed is concerned, detailed investigation has established the fact that gangs numbering from three to four members amounted merely to 16 per cent, while gangs composed of six and more members were as many as 64 per cent (gangs of ten and more members were 22 per cent), It ought to be stressed that the actual number of members of a gang was not known to the Court; in the records the number of members of such an offender gang was, as a rule, considerably smaller. 2. The data concerning the home environment of the members of the gangs under investigation, their way of life and personality look more or less similarly as those concerning juvenile recidivists whose cases are discussed in the same volume of the Archives, and this is why we do not discuss these data in detail here. It is worth noting that a bad material situation of the families was more frequent in the case of the juveniles belonging to the gangs which went in for systematic thefts than with the other types of gangs: there were 60 per cent of such cases, while e.g. with the members of hooligan gangs the same situation was found in a mere 21 per cent. In the gangs which went in for systematic thefts there were more juveniles who hailed from homes where the family life had altogether gone to pieces. They were families in which an accumulation of such factors as the alcoholism of the fathers, continual brawls in the home, delinquency, etc., was found. In 66.6 per cent of the gangs which went in for systematical stealing all their members came just from such families, while e.g. in 45 per cent of the hooligan gangs all their members carne from families in which no decay of the family was found. Similarly, the number of children deprived of parental control at home was the largest among the members of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing. On the other hand, a bad attitude of the parents towards their child was more frequently found among the members of hooligan gangs than in the other types of gangs. The percentage of fathers who treated their children brutally was also highest here. 3. With offender gangs it is a matter of great importance whether the members of such gangs had committed criminal offences prior to their starting criminal their activities in gangs. In the areas of the several Juvenile Courts the percentage of juveniles who had previously been committing offences amounted to from 30.3 per cent to 52.6 per cent. The largest number of juveniles who had been committing crimes before, and consequently brought a considerable degree of depravation with them into the gangs belongs to the hooligan-and-stealing gangs (62.4 per cent) and to the gangs which go in for systematic thefts (42.4 per cent). On the other hand, the percentage of recidivists is low in the hooligan gangs and in those gangs which committed theft but once. Thefts constitute 76.7 per cent of the total of the offences committed previously, thefts together with hooligan acts - 14 per cent, and hooligan offences alone - only 9.3 per cent. Prior to their joining the gang, the boys stole mostly small sums of money, and' in the next place, food and sweets. Thefts of intoxicating liquor appear more frequently than with other types with those juveniles who later on joined hooligan gangs. At the time of making our investigations, the juveniles who acted in delinquent gangs had already gone astray considerably, and their way of life was almost entirely disorganized. 4. The data concerning the origin of the gangs show that: 40 per cent of the gangs arose owing to contacts between boys who lived in the neighborhood; 32 per cent of them arose partly owing to neighbourly contacts, and partly owing to acquaintance struck at school; 15 per cent of the gangs arose as a result of boys meeting in the street, in public parks, at the cinema, in various places of public entertainment; 9 per cent of the groups were composed of boys who had met only at school; 4 per cent of the gangs were composed of boys who had come near each other during escapes from home or a correctional institution. The large majority of the gangs which arose owing to neighborhood and school contacts consists of stealing gangs. The picture is altogether different in the case of gangs which arose in places of common entertainment. Here the majority consists of hooligan gangs mostly formed by older boys. The period of activity of such a gang down to the moment of it committing its first offence is mostly very brief. The mechanism of the formation of such criminal gangs also varied: the boys, as a rule, at first formed groups just with the view to having good time. The transformation of ordinary neighborhood groups for purposes of play into criminal gangs was fostered by the family conditions of the members of such groups; by the lack of adequate care and of proper bonds between the boy and his family home, as well as by the harmful influence of the social environment at large. School becomes, under certain circumstances, an additional factor favorable for the creation of gangs. Part of the members of such gangs consist of children who are excitable, nervous, retarded in development, and encountering great difficulties in adapting themselves to study at school and to the requirements set by the school. Such children easily become alienated from the pupils community, forming a peculiar social margin within the school. 5. From the point of view of organizational structure we can distinguish, in the material under investigation, loose gangs, gangs with certain elements of organization, and organized gangs. Loose gangs amounted to 52.4 per cent. Their composition varied, they lacked elements of an organization altogether, they had no leader and no ,,den" of their own. Organized gangs, with a leader and a crystallized division of roles within the gang, amounted to 23.4 per cent. Gangs with but some elements of organization amounted to 24.2 per cent. Organized gangs occur more frequently among the gangs which go in for systematic stealing (35 per cent) than among other types of gangs, while, on the other hand, loose gangs are typical, of hooligan gangs (91 per cent). There exists a very essential difference between the gangs which go in for systematic stealing and those of a hooligan character. While the former are offender gangs the prime purpose of which is to commit thefts, the gangs which go in for hooligan offences are really groups for purposes of play, with whom the offence is closely connected with perverted play. 6. With the gangs which committed thefts the object of such thefts were mostly things of very small material value - food in 31 per cent of the cases, sums of money, mostly very small, in 10 per cent, sports and technical articles in 10.1 per cent, sweets in 9.1 per cent, alcoholic liquors in 8.5 per cent, building materials in 7 per cent, clothing in 6,4 per cent, while bicycles accounted for only 1.1 per cent, and watches and jewelry - for 0.8 per cent. A comparison between the objects stolen by the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs with those stolen by the stealing ones shows obvious differences in accordance with the type of the gang. In the gangs which went in for stealing only, the most frequent object of theft is food (37 per cent), then sport and technical articles (12.9 per cent), sweets (11.8 per cent), clothing are (8.3 per cent). Alcoholic liquors one of the most infrequent objects of theft (0.8 per cent). On the other hand, with the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs, it is precisely alcohol that constitutes the most frequent object of theft !34.5 per cent); the next place is occupied by money (22.3 per cent), while the remaining objects of theft appear much more seldom; they are mostly such objects as can be sold (e.g. building materials account for 12.6 pe cent). In a definite majority of the investigated gangs the value of the stolen object is the outcome of mere chance, and it is dependent on the opportunity of theft which has arisen. The largest number of theft committed by the gangs investigated took place in shops (70.3 per cent). Specialization as to the mode of performing theft is an extremely rare phenomenon with the gangs investigated. The investigated boys who belonged to hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs have committed the following acts of a hooligan character: Aggressive accosting and beating up 41.6 per cent. Destruction of property (breaking window-panes, street-lamps ect.) 37.6 pe cent. Disturbance of public peace and order 19.1 per cent. Others 1.7 per cent. The character of the hooligan acts perpetrated is closely connected with the age of the investigated. For the younger age groups the characteristic offences are destruction of property (44.4 per cent) and disturbance of public peace (39.5 per cent). 66 per cent of the offences committed by older boys consist of more serious offences - accosting and beating up. Along with the age of the boys and the length of time a gang has existed the number of frequency of hooligan acts perpetrated by them also increases. Hooligan offences were mostly committed by them at school (68.1 per cent) and in the streets and gardens (27 per cent). 7. In the investigation concerning the 50 Warsaw gangs follow-up studies have been carried out, from two to four years after the trial and the following was stated: In this period only 42 per cent of the gangs underwent complete decay, while 58 per cent of them continued to go in to their criminal activities, including 38 per cent, the numerical strength of which had even increased. Nearly all the groups which had committed theft but once underwent a complete decay; so did one half of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing, and one about one-fourth of the hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs. In the light of our investigation it appears that the gangs composed of younger boys (9 to 12 years) are much more permanent than the gangs composed of older boys. As far as the individual destinies of the several members of the gangs are concerned, the follow-up studies which have been carried out have shown that only 28 per cent of the investigated have completely mended their ways. One half of the investigated have been declared to be recidivists, while with 22 per cent further symptoms of serious demoralization were found, in spite of lack of data concerning the commission of any criminal offences by them. Improvement took place mostly in the case of the less demoralized boys, those who played but a marginal role in the gang. The improvement with younger boys was much more infrequent than that with the older ones (more than 70 per cent of the members of the hooligan-cum-stealing and systematically stealing gangs, aged up to 12, have proved to be incorrigible). The lack of improvement was also related to the length of the period of a juvenile offender's association with his gang. The longer they had participated in the offences committed by the gang, the more difficult it was for them to mend their ways, even after having severed any contacts between themselves and the gang.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 113-163
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nieletni recydywiści
500 juvenile recidivists
Autorzy:
Kołakowska, Helena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699132.pdf
Data publikacji:
1960
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
nieletni recydywiści
badania
Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa
Łódź
Katowice
Kraków
przestępczość nieletnich
juvenile recidivists
research
Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
Warsaw
Cracow
juvenile delinquency
Opis:
The research conducted by the Department of criminology of the Institute of Legal sciences has covered 240 juvenile recidivists in Warsaw, and 260 juvenile recidivists in Łodź, Katowice, Cracow and Białystok. In a total of 500 juvenile recidivists there were 463 boys and 37 girls. The age of the juveniles covered by the investigation was as follows: 116 recidivists were between 7 and 12 years of age, while 384 were between 13 and 16. The research carried out in Warsaw in the years 1954 to 1955 consisted in examining judicial records, in environment interviews, interviews at school, at the place of work, as well as in psychological and medical examinations. All the cases of recidivism, whether formal or actual, which came before the juvenile court, were included in the research. Follow-up studies, carried out several times, have made it possible to establish what were the further destinies of the juvenile recidivists after the lapse of some three years from the termination of the research. The research carried out in the four provincial juvenile courts was less detailed and did not comprise psychological or medical examination. Moreover, they could not be supplemented with follow-up studies. All the cases of juvenile recidivists which came before the juvenile courts in six months of the year 1954 were included in the research. The results of the follow-up studies in Warsaw are the following: It appeared that out of the 240 juvenile recidivists examined 116 continued to commit criminal offences within the following three years, 32 of them did not, to be sure, commit offences, but they could be considered as but partly reformed considering their unsettled way of life, their unsystematic work and the whole of their social attitude, while 54 had completely mended their ways. The remaining 38 examined persons could not be included into any of the preceding groups, since part of them still remained in correctional institutions and concerning the rest of them reliable data were lacking. Thus out of 202 juvenile recidivists in Warsaw the percentage of those who continued to commit offences within a three-year period after the termination of our research amounted to 57 per cent, and, over and above that, a further 16 per cent could not be considered as truly reformed. 1. Out of the 500 juveniles recidivists examined only 49 per cent have both parents living, 30 per cent are being brought up only under the care of solitary mothers, 16 per cent have a stepfather and mother, or else a stepmother and father, 3 per cent are brought up by a solitary father, and 2 per cent are orphans who remain under the care of relations. The percentage of factory workers among the fathers amounted to 65 per cent, 13 per cent of the fathers were unskilled manual workers, 10 per cent were clerical workers, 4 per cent were handicraftsmen, and 2 per cent farmers. 32.3 per cent of the mothers did not have any trade and had never worked, 30 per cent were employed as workers, 2s per cent worked manually as cleaners, laundresses, while 9 per cent were clerical workers. In the families where both parents are alive both father and mother worked in 52 per cent of the cases, and the father only - in 48 per cent. In the families where the mother is solitary, as many as 90 per cent of the mothers work. The material situation in the families investigated was described as bad in 47 per cent of the families, middling in 36 per cent and good - in 17 per cent. Taking into consideration both the social outlook of the families and an evaluation of the total of educational factors at work in the family home, four categories of families have been singled out: Family Group A, the most negative, where we have to do, first and foremost, with a particularly intense alcoholism of the fathers, a complete neglect of the home by the parents, bad relations between the parents, a delinquency of the father, a bad attitude towards the child, a lack of care for the child and control over it, and similar factors. These are family environments of the lowest moral level, in which the habitual drunkenness of the fathers has led to a decay of family life. Of such families there were 101, i.e. 20.2 per cent. Family Group B includes the families which also deserve a negative evaluation, but the intensity of negative factors in them is less than in the Group A families. The alcoholism of the fathers is also a typical factor here, only it assumes slightly lesser proportions, while the mothers show more care for their home. A lack of protection of the child, bad educational methods, bad material conditions are present in these families too, just as they are in Group A. of such families there were 125, i.e. 25 per cent. Family Group C consists, first and foremost, of those families in which the children are usually brought up by a solitary mother (42.5 per cent of the cases), who cannot cope with all her duties, and in which the children are deprived of proper care and control. Moreover, in those families where there is a stepfather or stepmother, a very bad attitude to the child and very faulty educational methods have been found to exist. Of such families there were 162, i.e. 32.4 per cent. Family Group D is composed of the families described as ,,good home environment", in which investigators have failed to find any factors negative in the educational sense. Both the moral level of the parents, their mutual relations and the care of the child were beyond any obvious criticism. Of such families there were only 112, i.e. 22.4 per cent. It ought to be stressed, however, that on the basis of the investigation which has been carried out it was not possible to establish properly either the whole of the complicated factors which go to form the educational atmosphere of the home, or fully to elucidate the father's and mother's emotional attitude to their child. It is, therefore, probable, that a detailed analysis of such good family environments (Group D) could yet bring to light the sources of such psychical experiences and emotional conflicts with the children under investigation, as did influence them, causing character deviations. In analyzing how, apart from the delinquency factor, data concerning the degree of demoralization of the five hundred juvenile recidivists investigated looked in the several family groups, and making use of such factors only as the degree of neglecting school work, the amount of playing truant from school, the number of flights from home, strolling about the streets in the company of demoralized schoolmates, etc., on the basis of the Chi-square test a significant relationship has been stated to exist between the type of family environment and the intensity of the demoralization of the juveniles investigated. What is noteworthy, besides, is the fact that among the brothers and sisters of the investigated there were the following percentages of children above 10 years of age, showing symptoms of very serious demoralization: in Group A families - 90 per cent, in Group B families - 32 per cent, in Group C families - 30 per cent, and in Group D families - only 8 per cent. The data concerning the further destinies of 202 Warsaw juvenile recidivists after a lapse of three years also testify to the fact that there exists a significant relationship between the type of family environment and the recidivism or else improvement of the investigated in the future. Of the juveniles seriously demoralized and continuing to steal systematically only 15.2 per cent came from Group D homes, i.e. those with a good reputation, while among the juveniles who had completely mended their ways a mere 7.4 per cent came from the worst family environments (Group A). Among the investigated brought up in those worst family environments as many as 68.5 per cent continued to steal systematically after a lapse of three years, while among the investigated who belonged to Group D families only 26.6 per cent continued to show recidivism on a large scale. 2. On the basis of the results of psychological and psychiatric examination it can be stated that 42 per cent of the Warsaw juvenile recidivists exhibited various pathological traits, while among those of the investigated who later on proved unreformed the percentage of juveniles with pathological traits amounted to 53.4 per cent, among the partly reformed - to 40.6 per cent, and among the entirely reformed - to 18.5 per cent. The percentage of children with psychopahatic traits and of children with symptoms of neurosis together constituted 22 per cent of the total of those examined in Warsaw (42 cases). Of children with symptoms of a post-traumatic state there were 16, of sufferers from epilepsia - 7, with post-encephalitic disorders - 3. Mental deficiency (feeblemindedness) has been stated in g per cent of the cases. Even though the majority of the recidivists who continued to commit criminal offences in the period of the next three years exhibited pathological traits, yet 47 per cent of the recidivists, with whom no such traits were found, also committed offences. On the other hand, among the entirely reformed there were 18.5 per cent of such recidivists who also exhibited pathological traits. Although on the basis of the Chi-square test we find a significant relationship to exist between pathological traits and the lack or the presence of moral improvement, yet we ought not to forget the dependence between other factors and the lack of improvement, which has been established in the course of tests. 3. All the 500 juvenile recidivists examined committed thefts, even those few (16 per cent) who were tried for various other offences, also committed thefts. Barely 8 per cent of the boys examined committed thefts individually, while a typical phenomenon are thefts committed by them in a group of juvenile accomplices. 68 per cent of the investigated acted in gangs of three or more. 43 per cent of the juvenile recidivists (boys) began to steal between the 7th and the 10th  year of their lives, and 28 per cent between the 11th and 12th. There exists a significant relationship between the early starting of delinquent activities and recidivism later on. Out of the investigated with whom the first thefts took place between the 7th and the 10th year of their lives as many as 72.5 per cent continued to steal during the period of follow-up studies, while only 11.4 per cent reformed. Similarly, those recidivists who had begun stealing at the age of from 11 to 12 continued to steal systematically in 68.4 per cent of the cases. On the other hand, such recidivists with whom the first thefts took place only at the. age of 13 or 14, or even of 15or 16, later on figured in the entirely reformed groups in 44 per cent and 52 per cent respectively. There also exists a significant association between the length of the period of committing thefts and the further destinies of the investigated. Those juvenile recidivists who had previously been stealing for from 3 to 4 years and from 5 to 9 years, later on figured in the ,,unreformed" group to the amount of 69 per cent and 63.5 per cent respectively. On the other hand, those juveniles with whom the period of committing thefts did not exceed two years formed almost equal percentages in the unreformed groups (52 per cent and 48 per cent respectively). The results of the investigation seem to speak in favor of the view that the younger the age of the juvenile delinquent, and the longer the period of his criminal activities, the bigger the probability that he will continue to commit thefts for at least several years to come. Moreover, those juvenile offenders who had started stealing at the age of from 7 to 10 years continued to steal then systematically in 85 per cent of the cases, while those juveniles who had started stealing only after completing their 13th or 14th year of age, later on stole only sporadically, at least in an overwhelming majority of the cases. Moreover, there exists a significant relationship between the systematic character of committing thefts and the lack of improvement later on. Out of the juvenile recidivists who stole ,systematically only 14 per cent were found, after the lapse of three years, in the entirely reformed group, while among those who stole only sporadically the percentage amounted to as many as 47 per cent. 4. The majority of the juvenile recidivists stole, first and foremost, money, and, apart from money, food articles and single articles of clothing. OnIy 11 per cent of the investigated went in for stealing objects of greater value, such as watches, bicycles, etc. A typical theft concerned but a small number of objects and the damage thereby caused was, as a rule, negligible. The place where thefts are most frequently perpetrated are shops and kiosks, and only after them - the family home and the school. Depending on the age of the investigated and on various lengths of the periods during which they committed offences there are, of course, differences, both as to the objects of theft and as to the places where the latter were committed. The thefts committed by the 37 recidivist girls investigated differed from the thefts committed by the boys. The girls stole almost exclusively money and articles of clothing, and it was only in exceptional cases that they committed thefts in shops. Girls began stealing a great deal later in Iife than the boys, and, as a rule, stole alone, without partners. The last chapter of the contribution discusses critically the practice of juvenile courts 'concerning the fight against the recidivism of juvenile offenders and the activities of the probation officers and correctional institutions.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 55-112
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
International conference Agrobiotechnology95. Center of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, September 17-20, 1995, Poznan, Poland
Autorzy:
Twardowski, T
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048201.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
plant biotechnology
environment protection
modern agriculture
food industry
environmental biotechnology
animal biotechnology
agrobiotechnology
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Genetics; 1995, 36, 4; 395-399
1234-1983
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Genetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 60

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