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Tytuł:
Stability criteria as constraints in a fleet of ships optimisation problem
Autorzy:
Oleksiewicz, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962812.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
maritime transportation
computer-aided ship design
optimisation
intact stability criteria
Opis:
The paper has been written within the European EUREKA Project E!2772, initiated and completed at the Faculty of Ocean Engineering & Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology in the years 2001-2003. A problem has been solved concerning mathematical optimisation of a fleet of multipurpose sea-river vessels for European short-shipping reguIlar lines, in the area of The North and Baltic Seas, on the level of marine transportation , task, by the non-linear programming methods with constraints. A method is proposed which enables existing criteria of stability to be included as constraints in the optimisation model of a jleet. In the numerical examples, three typical criteria of intact stabiliry: by IMO, PRS, and HSMB have been selected to demonstrate a post-optimisation feasibility analysis of principal parameters of ships.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2004, S 1; 39-53
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Safety and Security Aspects for the Effective Shipment of Radioactive Materials with Maritime Transportation
Autorzy:
Er, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Marine Transportation
Radioactive Materials
Shipment of Radioactive Materials
Safety and Security Aspects
Safety and Security in Sea Transportation
IAEA Regulations
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) Carriage of Nuclear Materials
Opis:
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) estimates that 10 million shipments of radio-active materials are transported annually. Each shipment is made up of either a single package or a number of packages transported from one location to another. The vast majority of these shipments, some 95%, relate to non-fuel cycle transports such as the transport of smoke detectors, and cobalt sources for medical purposes. Only 5% relate to nuclear fuel cycle transports. This study investigates the safety stability aspect, harmonized regulation based transportation, sustaining shipment aspect for the transportation of radioactive materials by ships. Consequently the originality of this paper appears the alignment of existing maritime rules and regulations with the IAEA regulations in order to provide easy understanding and usage for the establishment of code of safe and secure practices for seafarers with the countermeasures and harmonized regulations that are practically implemented by the navigation officers and Master.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 3; 303-309
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Paris MOU on PSC, Propulsion and Auxiliary Machinery Deficiencies and the Maritime Safety
Autorzy:
Melo, G.
Cobos, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Safety and Security in Sea Transportation
Port State Control (PSC)
Auxiliary Machinery System
Maritime Safety
Paris MOU
Propulsion
Main Engine
safety at sea
Opis:
This article tries to show the relationship between one important set of deficiencies included in the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control procedures, propulsion and auxiliary machinery, the importance of this set of deficiencies for the PSC inspection and also its importance for the Maritime Safety. The maintenance of the propulsion and auxiliary machinery systems has become less important that it deserves, that means while the ship sails everything is supposed to be properly maintained, this is the most extended policy in the Companies and accepted and supported by the Owners. This article studies the deficiencies included in the category propulsion and auxiliary machinery detected by the Port State Control Officers (PSCO) of the Paris MOU area, and tries to demonstrate how important they are in these inspections. At the same time can be seen the professional profile of the PSCO’s as well as the assessment made by them of those areas included in this set of deficiencies.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 4; 397-401
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Challenges for Polish Seaports’ Development in the Light of Globalisation Processes in Maritime Transport
Autorzy:
Przybyłowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117004.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime transport
Globalisation Processes
Polish Ports
EU Transport Policy
Integration in Maritime Transport
Blue Paper
Containerisation
Sea Transportation
Opis:
Ports operations become more capital intensive, labour saving and space consuming. Due to globalization processes and liberalization of the EU transport markets the seaports are under the huge competitive pressure put mainly by container transport operators committed in the logistic transport chains. Polish seaports have difficulties in facing such a competitive environment.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 4; 457-462
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
e-Maritime: An Enabling Framework for Knowledge Transfer and Innovative Information Services Development Across the Waterborne Transport Sector
Autorzy:
Graff, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116732.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
e-Maritime
Knowledge Transfer
Information Services Development
Waterborne Transport
Sea Transportation
Marine Stewardship
Marine Transportation
e-Navigation
Opis:
The economic and social impact of the waterborne sectors in Europe cannot be overstated, employing directly more than 3 million people and generating a turnover of about €250 billion representing more than 1% of the EU’s GDP. In order to maintain its leadership and competitiveness, Europe must take advantage of new market opportunities and address these challenges by means of focused research, development and innovation. In recent years the impact of digital technology and relevance of geospatial information has been increasingly felt across the whole maritime community bridging waterborne and coastal activities. The challenge for the maritime and marine science communities is to accelerate the transformation of the maritime sector into one that is able to exploit market-led opportunities and create high value added outputs that fully embraces technological and scientific advances. e-Maritime offers itself as the enabling framework.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 2; 213-217
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maritime Safety in European Concept of the Internalization of External Costs of Transport
Autorzy:
Matczak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Safety
Costs of Transport
Internalization
Sea Transportation
Efficient and Effective Transport System
External Costs of Transport
Maritime Transport Policy
Transport System
Opis:
Efficient and effective transport system is the key element for the future development of European economy. Simultaneously, the process of transport development is connected also with the negative effects for environment and society. For that reason, the concept of internalization of all external costs of transport is developing in European Union. The concept characteristics and specificity in the maritime transport is the main issue of the following analysis. The special interest is focused on the maritime safety, one of the key external cost category.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 2; 207-211
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maritime Transport Development in the Global Scale – the Main Chances, Threats and Challenges
Autorzy:
Grzelakowski, A. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime transport
Sea Transportation
Global Economy
International Transport
safety at sea
Security at Sea
Maritime Transport Process
Global Shipping Industry
Opis:
International transport is a subject to many regulatory measures worked out by governments, international organisations (e.g. IMO, ILO, EU), regional institutions and public entities. As a result, such regulatory mechanism, which is getting throughout international, strongly affects the real sphere of maritime transport as well as its productivity and efficiency. Maritime transport operators have to apply to many new standards and rules set by international public regulators aimed mainly at improving and enhancing safety and security at sea. It is sometimes very painful process in terms of costs and time but inevitable to survive in the highly competitive environment. The author analyses the nowadays existing regulatory mechanism in maritime transport and tries to evaluate it in terms of its impact on effectiveness of maritime transport processes.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 2; 197-205
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A model for risk analysis of oil tankers
Model oceny ryzyka statków do przewozu ropy naftowej
Autorzy:
Montewka, J.
Krata, P.
Goerlandt, F.
Kujala, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/224319.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
transport morski
ryzyko w transporcie morskim
tankowce
ocena ryzyka
kolizja statków
model oceny ryzyka
maritime risk
maritime transportation
collision
grounding
modelling
tankers
oil spill
Gulf of Finland
Opis:
The paper presents a model for risk analysis regarding marine traffic, with the emphasis on two types of the most common marine accidents which are: collision and grounding. The focus is on oil tankers as these pose the highest environmental risk. A case study in selected areas of Gulf of Finland in ice free conditions is presented. The model utilizes a well-founded formula for risk calculation, which combines the probability of an unwanted event with its consequences. Thus the model is regarded a block type model, consisting of blocks for the probability of collision and grounding estimation respectively as well as blocks for consequences of an accident modelling. Probability of vessbl colliding is assessed by means of a Minimum Distance To Collision (MDTC) based model. The model defines in anovel way the collision zone, using mathematical ship motion model and recognizes traffic flow as a non homogeneous process. The presented calculations address waterways crossing between Helsinki and Tallinn, where dense cross traffic during certain hours is observed. For assessment of, a grounding probability, a new approach is proposed, which utilizes a newly developed model, where spatial interactions between objects in different locations are recognized. A, ship at a seaway and navigational obstructions may be perceived as interacting objects and their repulsion may be modelled by a sort of deterministic formulation. Risk due to tankers running aground addresses an approach fairway to an oil terminal in Skoldvik, near Helsinki. [...]
W artykule przedstawiono model oceny ryzyka w transporcie morskim, w aspekcie kolizji statków oraz wejść na mieliznę. W modelu przyjęto jeden typ statków, tankowce do przewozu ropy naftowej, z uwagi na fakt, iż w przypadku wystąpienia kolizji lub kontaktu z dnem statek ten może stanowić bardzo poważne zagrożenie dla środowiska. W pracy przedstawiono dwa nowatorskie podejścia do modelowania prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia powyższych wypadków. Model do oceny prawdopodobieństwa kolizji statków definiuje w nowy sposób strefę kolizji, w oparciu o właściwości manewrowe statku oraz jego hydrodynamikę. Intensywność ruchu morskiego na analizowanym akwenie modelowana jest w oparciu o proces niestacjonarny, w przeciwieństwie do istniejących modeli. Model oceny prawdopodobieństwa wejścia na mieliznę wykorzystuje model grawitacyjny, który wyznacza bezpieczny obszar manewrowy dla danego statku i danego akwenu. W modelu tym statek i otaczające go płycizny traktowane są jako masy, wzajemnie na siebie oddziaływujące. Obydwa modele wykorzystują dane o ruchu statków zarejestrowane w systemie automatycznej identyfikacji statków (AIS). Analiza ryzyka przeprowadzona została dla dwóch wybranych akwenów w Zatoce Fińskiej. Jako konsekwencje wypadku przyjęto model kosztów, skonstruowany w oparciu o dane statystyczne z międzynarodowego funduszu IOPCF, który pokrywa koszty w związku z rozlewem olejowym na morzu.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport; 2010, 22, 4; 423-445
0866-9546
2300-8830
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Quality management approach in supply chain logistics case of shipping maritime transportation
Podejście do zarządzania jakością w logistycznym łańcuchu dostaw na przykładzie transportu żeglugą morską
Autorzy:
Benaissa, M.
Benabdelhafid, A.
Akkouri, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/405977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
zarządzanie jakością
wydajność logistyczna
łańcuch logistyczny
satysfakcja klienta
transport morski
quality management
logistics performance
logistic chain
customer satisfaction
maritime transport
Opis:
The importance of quality management practices in the achievement of operational results and customer satisfaction in logistics has been asserted in many studies. Satisfy the customer through the control of the triptych "Quality, Cost, Time". Therefore, the survival of enterprises must include control of all processes. Or, find the links existing between the logistics chain parts and requirements of the quality process is not easy, for this reason it is better to make mapping process to award the possible links so that we can adapt these two concepts together. This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey investigating the status of quality management practices in the logistics function in the logistics chain of shipping maritime transportation.
Znaczenie praktyk zarządzania jakością w osiąganiu wyników operacyjnych i zadowoleniu klienta w logistyce udowadniane było w wielu badaniach. Satysfakcjonowanie klienta poprzez kontrolę tryptyku "jakości, kosztów, czasu". Dlatego też prawidłowe funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstwa musi obejmować kontrolę nad wszystkimi procesami lub znaleźć powiązania istniejące między elementami łańcucha logistycznego i wymaganiami jakościowymi procesów, co w rezultacie nie jest łatwe. Z tego powodu korzystniejsze będzie stworzenie procesów mapowania dla przydzielania ewentualnych powiązań, tak abyśmy mogli dostosować te dwa zagadnienia razem. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania ankietowego oceniającego poziom praktycznego zarządzania jakością funkcji logistycznych w transporcie żeglugą morską.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Management Studies; 2010, 2; 139-154
2081-7452
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Management Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Satellite Navigation Systems in the transport, today and in the future
Nawigacyjne systemy satelitarne w transporcie, obecnie i w przyszłości
Autorzy:
Januszewski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/224195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
nawigacyjne systemy satelitarne
systemy nawigacyjne
GPS
GLONAS
satelitarne systemy wspomagające
satellite navigation systems
maritime transportation
land transportation
transport markets
Opis:
Operational status and practical exploitation (October 2010) of Satellite Navigation Systems (SNS), as GPS and GLONASS, and Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), as EGNOS are presented in this paper. Other SNS are under development as Galileo and Compass, other SBAS in various part of the world are already available (WAAS, MSAS) or under development as GAGAN or SDCM. The receivers of these systems are now found in every mode of transportation - air, maritime and land. Additionally SNS markets and applications in the transport and the most significant events in the satellite navigation systems in the nearest years and SNS markets and applications are described also.
W artykule omówiono status operacyjny i problemy eksploatacyjne (październik 2010) nawigacyjnych systemów satelitarnych (SNS), takich jak GPS i GLONASS oraz satelitarnych systemów wspomagających (SBAS), takich jak EGNOS. W różnych częściach świata dostępne są inne systemy (WAAS i MSAS), kolejne (Galileo, Compass, QZSS, GAGAN) są na etapie budowy. Odbiorniki w/w systemów znalazły zastosowanie we wszystkich rodzajach transportu. Omówiono też najważniejsze wydarzenia jakich można spodziewać się w najbliższych latach w dziedzinie SNS oraz wykorzystanie tychże systemów na rynku transportowym.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport; 2010, 22, 2; 175-187
0866-9546
2300-8830
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling the accident probability in large-scale, maritime transportation system
Autorzy:
Blokus-Roszkowska, A.
Montewka, J.
Smolarek, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2069467.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Polskie Towarzystwo Bezpieczeństwa i Niezawodności
Tematy:
maritime transportation system
safety
collision probability
traffic simulation
semi-Markov model
Opis:
The probability of an accident in transportation systems can serve as a measure of these systems safety or risk, depending on the objective. Therefore numerous methods and models for risk evaluation, with respect to maritime, have been developed. However, these models are either too simplified, allowing relatively fast analysis but very often missing the substantial links among the model variables, or they are too slow for effective analysis, due to computational complexity, not necessarily being backed-up with the complexity of the model itself. Thereby, this paper introduces a novel method evaluating the probability of ship-ship collision in the maritime transportation system focusing on the open sea collisions, applying the queuing theory in the simulation model. The model allows relatively fast prediction as it focuses on the specific events (e.g. accidents), instead of simulating the whole traffic. To support this hypothesis a case study is presented focusing on a selected element of transportation system in operation.
Źródło:
Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association; 2012, 3, 2; 237--244
2084-5316
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Risk modelling and management in large-scale, distributed transportation systems
Autorzy:
Montewka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2069423.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Polskie Towarzystwo Bezpieczeństwa i Niezawodności
Tematy:
risk
maritime transport
transportation systems
F-N
RoPax
Opis:
Large-scale distributed transportation systems can pose various risks in terms of fatalities, environmental pollution, or loss of property. In particular, accident where a vehicle carrying large number of passengers is involved may pose a high risk with respect to human casualties, moreover it will immediately raise a public and political concern. This is an issue in case of maritime transportation systems (MTS), as the biggest ships nowadays can carry up to 8500 people at once (m/s Oasis of the Seas). Thereby lot of effort has been put to increase safety of ships carrying passengers; however the holistic approach to model and manage the risk existing in the MTS is still missing. This paper makes an attempt to fill this gap, by presenting a data-driven model evaluating risk level in the existing MTS and by introducing a systematic methodology for mitigating the risk. Moreover the MTS operating in the Gulf of Finland under non-ice conditions is addressed, where heavy passenger traffic is observed.
Źródło:
Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association; 2012, 3, 1; 113--122
2084-5316
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamics of transportation development as a basis for the development of logistics in Poland
Dynamika rozwoju transportu jako podstawa rozwoju logistyki w Polsce
Autorzy:
Skibińska, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/404678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
transport
modes of transport
goods
road transport
rail transport
air transport
maritime transport
pipeline transport
gałęzie transportu
dobra
transport drogowy
transport kolejowy
transport lotniczy
transport morski
transport rurociągowy
Opis:
Transportation is one of the main aspect of logistics development in Poland, even if this is due to the fact that the costs for transportation are from 25% to 40% of total costs in the total cost of logistics. This causes that it is transportation, in addition to procurement processes, production, storage and distribution is the most important process within the logistics supply chain. This article on production and transport being the type used in the Polish logistics, presented as in the period 2009-2011 was as its dynamics and development.
Transport jest jednym z najważniejszych aspektów rozwoju logistyki w Polsce. Jest to spowodowane chociażby faktem, że koszty ponoszone z tytułu transportu stanowią od 25% do 40% ogółu kosztów w całkowitych kosztach logistycznych. To powoduje, że właśnie transport, obok procesów zaopatrzenia, produkcji, magazynowania czy dystrybucji jest najważniejszym procesem w obrębie logistycznego łańcucha dostaw. Niniejszy artykuł po przedstawieniu istoty transportu i jego rodzajów wykorzystywanych w obszarze polskiej logistyki, prezentuje jak w okresie 2009-2011 kształtowała się jego dynamika i rozwój.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Management Studies; 2013, 7; 290-298
2081-7452
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Management Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Human Factors and Safety Culture in Maritime Safety (revised)
Autorzy:
Berg, H. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116791.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Safety
Human Factor
Safety Culture
Safety Management, Maritime Transportation
Maritime Safety Culture
Investigation on Maritime Accidents
Safety Performance
Opis:
As in every industry at risk, the human and organizational factors constitute the main stakes for maritime safety. Furthermore, several events at sea have been used to develop appropriate risk models. The investigation on maritime accidents is, nowadays, a very important tool to identify the problems related to human factor and can support accident prevention and the improvement of maritime safety. Part of this investigation should in future also be near misses. Operation of ships is full of regulations, instructions and guidelines also addressing human factors and safety culture to enhance safety. However, even though the roots of a safety culture have been established, there are still serious barriers to the breakthrough of the safety management. One of the most common deficiencies in the case of maritime transport is the respective monitoring and documentation usually lacking of adequacy and excellence. Nonetheless, the maritime area can be exemplified from other industries where activities are ongoing to foster and enhance safety culture.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 3; 343-352
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maritime Transportation System Safety – Modeling and Identification
Autorzy:
Dziula, P.
Kołowrocki, K.
Soszyńska-Budny, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116563.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
safety at sea
maritime transportation
safety system
Opis:
The article is showing a concept of critical infrastructure systems’ safety states model. Model construction is basing on: popular technical systems’ safety states models, and notions specified in acts of law and other studies concerning crisis management. Paper is including some concept of proposed model usage possibilities ‐ methods and procedures for estimating unknown basic parameters of safety states transitions process: identifying the distributions of its conditional lifetime at safety states, estimating probabilities of its staying at safety states at the initial moment, probabilities of its transitions between safety states and parameters of the distribution for the description of its conditional lifetimes at safety states.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 2; 169-175
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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