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Tytuł:
Models and Targets for the Pronunciation of English in Vietnam and Sweden
Autorzy:
Cunningham, Una
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620651.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Pronunciation target
pronunciation model
intelligibility
EIL
English as an International Language
ELF
English as Lingua Franca
Opis:
This paper aims to account for the factors that lie behind the choice of models and targets for the pronunciation of English by learners of English in Vietnam and in Sweden. English is the first foreign language in both Vietnam and in Sweden. English is used as a language of international communication in both settings. Swedish learners have much more exposure to spoken English than do Vietnamese learners and the Swedish language is more similar to English than is Vietnamese. These reasons, among others, explain why Swedish accents of English are typically considerably more intelligible than Vietnamese accents of English. Given that the majority of English speakers in the world are not native speakers, it is argued that the traditional learner target of approaching native speaker pronunciations is not appropriate for either group, but especially not for the Vietnamese learners. Instead maximal international intelligibility is a more useful target. To this end, learners need to be exposed to a variety of native and non-native models.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2009, 7; 113-128
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Corpus-based Study on Question Tags in ELF. An Attempt to Determine an Emergent Construction
Autorzy:
Dorota, Watkowska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/888814.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
English as a lingua franca
construction grammar
question tags
Opis:
Recent research on English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) has indicated that ELF can be analyzed in accordance with the main principles of the Construction Grammar approach (Pirc 2013). Admittedly, while the majority of studies have been devoted to its creative and unpredictable character, little attention has been paid to how ELF can be conceptualized if its emergent elements are treated as constructions. Thus, the present paper conducts a corpus- based study on the Question Tag Construction (henceforth the QTxC) in ELF with a view to indicating in what way the QTxC can be determined. With the support of the VOICE and BNC corpora, the performed analysis has shown that the analyzed realizations of the QTxC in ELF, while having formal properties that deviate from the norms of English, can also be characterized as exhibiting various sub-types of the prototypical function of the QTxC.
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2020, 29/2; 135-150
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A study of Taiwanese university students’ English use, learning goals and attitudes toward English as a lingua franca
Autorzy:
Luo, Wen-Hsing
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780737.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as a lingua franca
language attitude
language learning
Opis:
  This study investigates Taiwanese university students’ experience of English use, aims of learning English and attitudes toward English as a lingua franca (ELF). The notion of ELF has been researched in the field of English language teaching. However, English teaching practice targeting native-speaker (NS) norms is still prevailing in English classrooms. To better respond to learner needs of using English in the age of globalization, this study explores learners’ English learning and use in relation to their attitudes toward ELF. Research methods including interviewing and questionnaire survey were employed to collect data from English majors at a university in Taiwan. The study finds that the learners were aware of the communicative value of ELF and actually used ELF in intercultural communication. The learners’ use of English in context affected their attitudes toward ELF and aims of learning English. It is found that the learners preferred English conforming to NS norms; yet, they wished to learn local variation of English concerning accents and word use. In light of the findings, the author suggests that English teachers incorporate an ELF perspective into English instruction and help learners develop intercultural awareness and competencies.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2018, 8, 4; 775-794
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of international student interactions in English as a lingua franca in L2 acquisition, L2 motivational development and intercultural learning during study abroad
Autorzy:
Hessel, Gianna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780717.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
study abroad
ERASMUS
English as lingua franca (ELF)
intercultural interactions
L2 self-efficacy
intercultural learning
Opis:
Crossing borders features prominently as a theme in study abroad, not only in terms of students’ physical border crossings but also in their intercultural interactions with second language (L2) speakers whose background (linguistic and otherwise) they may perceive as markedly different from their own. Researchers have had a long-standing interest in study abroad participants’ interactions with other L2 speakers abroad for their perceived potential to enhance L2 development, L2 motivation and intercultural learning processes. The focus of existing studies in this area has been on the interactions of study abroad participants with host national students, while their interactions with other international students who are also L2 users abroad have received far less attention, despite the ever-growing international student populations at European universities. This study examined students’ views regarding the role that lingua franca (LF) interactions with other international students played in their L2 acquisition, their L2 motivational development and their intercultural learning during study abroad. The data were derived from an empirical study that involved 81 German ERASMUS students who were studying in the UK for up to one academic year. The students’ views were elicited at the end of their stay with open-ended questionnaire items, and their verbal responses were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The analysis of the students’ reflections revealed a number of functions in each of the three areas, highlighting the potential of international student interactions as a viable source of L2 acquisition, L2 self-motivation, and intercultural learning during study abroad.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2019, 9, 3; 495-517
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Native-speaker and English as a lingua franca pronunciation norms: English majors views
Autorzy:
Wach, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780555.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-08
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as a Lingua Franca
teaching pronunciation
Lingua Franca Core
native-speaker pronunciation norms
Opis:
Within the communicative approach to English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching, the aims of instruction are primarily to enable learners to communicate; hence, functional and communicative intelligibility has become the goal of pronunciation training. On the other hand, contemporary approaches to EFL teaching leave sufficient room for accommodating the individual learner and contextual factors which largely influence the choice of the target pronunciation models. Moreover, in a globalized world, where English has become a contemporary lingua franca for intercultural communication, the pronunciation norms of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) appear to meet the needs and expectations of learners of English in international settings, coexisting with or replacing native-speaker pronunciation models as the target of instruction. The ELF approach and the Lingua Franca Core elaborated by Jenkins (2000, 2002) have aroused controversy among both researchers and EFL teachers. The paper presents the findings of a questionnaire study involving 234 Polish students, English majors, which aimed to determine their preferences and opinions concerning native-speaker and ELF norms as pronunciation instruction targets. The findings revealed a strong preference for native-like pronunciation models in the subjects’ own language development and a less strong preference for such models in pronunciation teaching at all levels of proficiency. Moreover, the results pointed to the significant role played by the intensity of pronunciation training and the level of awareness of native-speaker pronunciation models in shaping the subjects’ attitudes toward native-like and ELF pronunciation norms.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2011, 1, 2; 247-266
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Unscrambling jumbled sentences: An authentic task for English language assessment?
Autorzy:
Lanteigne, Betty
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780965.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as a lingua franca
language assessment
authentic
interactive
jumbled sentences
Opis:
Jumbled sentence items in language assessment have been criticized by some authors as inauthentic. However, unscrambling jumbled sentences is a common occurrence in real-world communication in English as a lingua franca. Naturalistic inquiry identified 54 instances of jumbled sentence use in daily life in Dubai/Sharjah, where English is widely used as a lingua franca. Thus it is seen that jumbled sentence test items can reflect real-world language use. To evaluate scrambled sentence test items, eight test item types developed from one jumbled sentence instance (“Want taxi Dubai you?”) were analyzed in terms of interactivity and authenticity. Items ranged from being completely decontextualized, non-interactive, and inauthentic to being fully contextualized, interactive, and authentic. To determine appropriate assessment standards for English tests in schools in this region, the English language standards for schools and English language requirements for university admission in the UAE were analyzed. Schools in Dubai/Sharjah use Inner Circle English varieties of English (e.g., British or American English) as the standard for evaluation, as well as non-native-English-speaker varieties (e.g., Indian English(es)). Also, students applying to English-medium universities in the UAE must meet the required scores on standardized English tests including the IELTS and TOEFL. Standards for evaluation of communication in English involving tasks of jumbled sentences in classroom tests must reflect the language learning goals of the school and community. Thus standards for classroom assessment of English in Dubai/Sharjah are determined by local schools’ and universities’ policies.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2017, 7, 2; 251-273
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is there EFL in ELT coursebooks?
Autorzy:
Vettorel, Paola
Lopriore, Lucilla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as lingua franca
World Englishes
ELT materials
intercultural awareness
langugae awareness
communication strategies
localization
nonnative bilingual speakers of English
Opis:
This article aims to explore whether well-attested findings in the fields of World Englishes (WE) and of English as a lingua franca (ELF) have determined a shift in perspective in the overall approach to English language teaching (ELT), and how far this shift has permeated teaching materials and coursebooks. The research study was carried out in Italy, a country where ELT coursebooks have often played a relevant role in introducing innovations in language teaching methodology. The research design included a corpus of ten coursebooks that have been published and adopted in Italian secondary schools in the last 6 years. The coursebooks were evaluated in terms of the presence or absence of references to WE and/or ELF, of awareness-raising activities, of the promotion of using English outside the school environment and of the use of effective English communication and intercultural strategies among nonnative speakers. Findings show that there have been no significant changes in the inclusion of WE- and ELForiented materials and related tasks, apart from the area of promotion of cultural and intercultural awareness.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2013, 3, 4; 483-504
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The linguistic and cultural experiences of Portuguese Erasmus+ students during their stay in Ostrava: Challenges and opportunities
Autorzy:
Włosowicz, Teresa Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15010278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
student mobility
intercultural experience
English as a lingua franca
developing intercultural skills
Opis:
The study investigates the linguistic and cultural experiences of Erasmus+ students from Portugal at the University of Ostrava in the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to the chal- lenges encountered by the students in both communication and coping with cultural differences, as well as to their language needs, ways of communicating, attitudes towards the Czech culture, and the role of English in communication. The research tool was a questionnaire covering a number of questions related to the purpose of the study. As the results show, while the intercultural experience was generally enriching and the participants appreciated some interesting aspects of the Czech culture, they were particularly disappointed by the limited number of Czechs able to speak English and some of the academic teachers’ low levels of language proficiency in English. In fact, this is not limited to the lack of language skills, as communication problems can also lead to the perception of the interlocutor as unpleasant and unhelpful.
Źródło:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2022, 49, 2; 181-205
0072-4769
Pojawia się w:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Redundancy in ELF: A Corpus-Based Study on Negative and Modal Concord
Autorzy:
Watkowska, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049138.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
English as a lingua franca
contact languages
redundancy
negative concord
modal concord
Opis:
English as a lingua franca (henceforth ELF) is a contact language that has attracted great attention due to its unique global role. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted to determine its characteristics, among which research on such processes as, for example, simplification, added prominence or redundancy underlying language use in the ELF context is of the main interest. Therefore, the paper aims to broaden the per- spective on redundancy in ELF, focusing on negative and modal concord in spoken and written data. With the reliance on VOICE, ELFA, and WrELFA corpora, the analysis shows that both phenomena are noticeable in ELF; however, while redundancy in terms of modal concord appears in spoken and written ELF, negative concord is characteristic only of spoken data.
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2021, 30(2); 71-86
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fostering awareness of the pedagogical implications of World Englishes and ELF in teacher education in Italy
Autorzy:
Vettorel, Paola
Corrizzato, Sara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780491.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
World Englishes
English as a lingua franca
teacher education
ELT materials and practices
Opis:
Teacher education represents an essential step to raise awareness of the sociolinguistic changes brought about by the current pluralization of English and by its lingua franca role. Within the pre-service teacher education programs run at the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Verona, Italy, part of the English language course focused on issues related to World Englishes (WE) and English as a lingua franca (ELF), aiming at fostering awareness of and active reflection upon their pedagogical implications. After taking into consideration recent developments in WE- and ELF-aware teacher education, we will report on findings from a research study involving trainee teachers attending the aforementioned courses for English in academic years 2012-13 to 2014-15. The main aim of the study has been to investigate whether, how and to what extent trainee teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and reasoning about a WE and ELF-informed perspective in teaching practices may undergo a change after attending these courses. Drawing upon different sets of data (questionnaires, reflections in e-learning discussion forums, interviews and final reports), the trainees’ increased awareness of and readiness to include a WE- and ELF-informed didactic approach after attending the course will be discussed, together with implications for foreign language teacher education.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2016, 6, 3; 487-511
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Język angielski jako lingua franca a kształcenie nauczycieli języka angielskiego
English as a lingua franca and the implications for English language teacher training
Autorzy:
Bobin, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530395.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim
Tematy:
angielski jako lingua franca
nauczanie języka angielskiego jako obcego
English as a lingua franca
teaching English as a foreign language
Opis:
English as a lingua franca is a name which refers to an approach to using English rather than a distinct variety of the English language. It is undeniable that English today has become a tool and is used for communication mostly by non-native speakers, which posits major questions about pedagogical implications, such as: who is entitled to set norms and rules of the use of English, or how to train teachers of English as foreign language. The paper is an attempt at presenting certain arising features of ELF and a number of resultant questions. As international research into ELF is under way, the text does not offer any definitive answers, but outlines the emerging trends.
Angielski jako lingua franca (ELF) jest określeniem paradygmatu użycia języka angielskiego, a nie konkretnej odmiany. Język angielski jako narzędzie komunikacji służy obecnie przede wszystkim nierodzimym użytkownikom języka, co pociąga za sobą istotne pytania i dyskusje dotyczące implikacji pedagogicznych: kto powinien narzucać reguły użycia języka i normy lub jak kształcić nauczycieli języka angielskiego. Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia pewnych kształtujących się cech angielskiego jako ELF oraz wynikających z tego procesu pytań. Międzynarodowe badania ciągle trwają, dlatego nie znajdziemy tu definitywnych odpowiedzi na nie, tylko opis zarysowujących się trendów.
Źródło:
Studia – konteksty pogranicza; 2020, 4; 9-18
2543-6465
Pojawia się w:
Studia – konteksty pogranicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ELF-awareness and Teachers' Attitudes Towards Classroom Materials' Evaluation: A Mini-survey Results
Nauczanie ze świadomością ELF oraz postawa nauczycieli w odniesieniu do materiałów dydaktycznych – wyniki mini-ankiety
Autorzy:
Rzońca, Natalia Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1192797.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Krakowskie Towarzystwo TERTIUM
Tematy:
English as a Lingua Franca
ELF-aware pedagogy
classroom materials
jako lingua franca
nauczanie ze świadomością ELF
materiały dydaktyczne
Opis:
The present article focuses on the impact of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) research on English language pedagogy in relation to teaching materials and, more specifically, the way culture and different varieties of English are included in them. Moving beyond the traditional native speaker norm-based approach to teaching English requires a substantial reassessment and rethinking of teachers’ current beliefs, assumptions and classroom practices. The author seeks to investigate teachers' prevailing attitudes towards this development. The first part of the paper discusses some vital theoretical issues concerning ELF and their implications for teaching English with special attention paid to classroom materials. The concept of ELF-aware teaching is also introduced. The findings of the empirical study which aimed at investigating whether English language teachers in the Polish context follow ELF-aware pedagogy based on cultural diversity are presented then. More specifically, the respondents' attitudes towards ELT materials embracing various cultures and accents are discussed.   
Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na wpływie wyników badań nad językiem angielskim jako lingua franca (ang. English as a lingua franca – ELF) na nauczanie języka angielskiego w odniesieniu do materiałów dydaktycznych, a w szczególności na sposób, w jaki kultura i różne odmiany języka angielskiego są w nich przedstawione. Odchodzenie od tradycyjnego nauczania języka angielskiego opartego na normach wyznaczonych przez rodzimych użytkowników języka angielskiego wymaga dokładnej oceny obecnych przekonań i założeń nauczycieli oraz ewaluacji ich działań w klasie. Celem artykułu jest analiza dominujących postaw nauczycieli wobec rozwoju, jaki niosą za sobą badania nad językiem angielskim jako lingua franca. W pierwszej części omówiono kilka istotnych zagadnień teoretycznych dotyczących ELF i ich implikacje dla nauczania języka angielskiego, biorąc pod uwagę przede wszystkim materiały dydaktyczne. Przedstawiona została również koncepcja nauczania ze świadomością ELF (ang. ELF-aware teaching). Następnie zaprezentowane zostały wyniki badania, które miało na celu ocenę, czy nauczyciele języka angielskiego w Polsce propagują pedagogikę opartą na ELF, która skupia się na różnorodności kulturowej. Zanalizowana została postawa respondentów wobec sposobu, w jaki różne kultury i akcenty są przedstawione w materiałach dydaktycznych.
Źródło:
Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium; 2019, 4, 2; 211-232
2543-7844
Pojawia się w:
Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
"They can achieve their aims without native skills in the field of work or studies": Hungarian students views on English as lingua franca
Autorzy:
Kontra, Edit H.
Csizer, Kata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781061.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as a lingua franca
EFL users
native and non-native speakers
ELF awareness
native varieties
Opis:
This article explores the potential offered by complexity theories for understanding language learners’ sense of self and attempts to show how the self might usefully be conceived of as a complex dynamic system. Rather than presenting empirical findings, the article discusses existent research on the self and aims at outlining a conceptual perspective that may inform future studies into the self and possibly other individual learner differences. The article concludes by critically considering the merits of a complexity perspective but also reflecting on the challenges it poses for research.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2011, 1, 1; 135-152
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Diachronic Perspective on the Changing Roles of English as a Medium of Instruction
Autorzy:
Anderson, Robin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
English language teaching approaches
English as a lingua franca
English as a medium of instruction
the economic
academic and social place of English
English hegemony
Opis:
What are the implications for the unassailable position of the English language in social, professional and academic contexts in the world today? In this paper we briefly outline some of the watershed changes in the way we have viewed the teaching/learning of English and how we have evolved our notions as to what kind of English needs to be taught/learned. We argue that we are again at a watershed moment and intend to briefly analyse this and ask where we should be heading in the future.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny; 2017, 2; 127-142
0023-5911
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva in comparison with English as a lingua franca – some remarks on multilingual modes of communication with reference to CSS and ICC
Autorzy:
Steciąg, Magdalena
Majdańska-Wachowicz, Urszula
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1921573.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
lingua receptiva (LaRa)
English as a lingua franca (ELF)
communication strategies (CSs)
intercultural communicative competence (ICC)
intelligibility
język angielski jako lingua franca (ELF)
strategie komunikacyjne
interkulturowa kompetencja komunikacyjna
zrozumiałość komunikatu
Opis:
The present study aims to investigate the use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva (LaRa) in comparison with English as a lingua franca (ELF) between Polish and Czech students when making semi-spontaneous dialogues. With this aim in mind, the notion of intelligibility together with communication strategies (CSs) and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) are discussed. The study is inspired by Bulatović’s et al. (2019) who investigated the effectiveness of LaRa and ELF between Croatians and Slovenes. The study investigated listening skills and showed that the mean of intelligibility was high irrespective of the mode. The study in question aims to expand prior research with reference to spoken interactions between Polish and Czech speakers. In particular, it examines the role of communication strategies and intercultural communicative competence in achieving intelligibility in two multilingual modes. The results of the study show that the level of intelligibility is high irrespective of the mode. In LaRa and ELF sessions intelligibility and negotiation strategies are determined by careful language choices, certain communication strategies, and intercultural communicative competence (intercultural attitude towards the partner and modes of communication).
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2021, 56/2; 237-257
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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