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Tytuł:
When the smile is not enough: The interactive role of smiling and facial characteristics in forming judgments about trustworthiness and dominance
Autorzy:
Olszanowski, Michał
Parzuchowski, Michał
Szymków, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2125346.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-19
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
face
facial features
smile
similarity
impression formation
judgments of trustworthiness
judgments of dominance
Opis:
People often assess other people’s personality traits merely based on their emotional expression or the physical features of their faces. In this paper we review the evidence of biases when formulating judgments of trustworthiness and confidence from two types of facial characteristics. One line of evidence documents the influence of emotional expressions representing an individual’s motivational state and reflecting agents’ intentions. People’s judgment about the trustworthiness or attractiveness of others largely depends on the emotions expressed. The second line of evidence describes how facial appearance (e.g., cues of physical strength or resemblance to one’s own face) affects the inferences of personality traits. The two experiments described in this paper investi-gated the interplay between these two factors (i.e., facial features and emotional expression) and their combined influence on social judgments. We hypothesized and tested how both facial features conveying trustworthiness (vs. dominance) and a smiling (vs. neutral) expression influence judgments of trustworthiness and confidence (Study 1). We also tested the influence of facial resemblance in an interaction with a smiling individual when forming judgments (Study 2). We found that relatively static facial features conveying trust had more impact on judgments of trustworthiness than emotional expressions, yet emotional expressions seem to be more impactful for judgments of dominance. The results of both studies are discussed from a sociocognitive perspective.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2019, 22, 1; 35-52
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preschoolers’ preferences and moral judgements are biased towards those who have more resources
Autorzy:
Myślińska-Szarek, Katarzyna
Baryła, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
preschoolers
moral judgments
Affective tagging
Opis:
Various studies have indicated that children’s preferences are biased towards those who have more resources or who are considered more fortunate than others. Little is known, however, about whether this preference translates to a moral assessment of the character of those with more or less resources. Our study included 46 children aged four to five. We asked participants to indicate their preference for the richer and the poorer in desirable resources. We also asked them to attribute the moral character of the moral agent or moral recipient. The children revealed a strong bias towards the advantaged character. Not only did they prefer him as a future friend, they also attributed morally positive social roles to him.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2018, 49, 2; 235-239
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Automatic effects of processing fluency in semantic coherence judgments and the role of transient and tonic affective states
Autorzy:
Sweklej, Joanna
Balas, Robert
Pochwatko, Grzegorz
Godlewska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430396.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-03-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
semantic coherence judgments
automaticity
affect
mood
Opis:
Recent literature reported that judgments of semantic coherence are influenced by a positive affective response due to increased fluency of processing. The presented paper investigates whether fluency of processing can be modified by affective responses to the coherent stimuli as well as an automaticity of processes involved in semantic coherence judgments. The studies employed the dyads of triads task in which participants are shown two word triads and asked to solve a semantically coherent one or indicate which of the two is semantically coherent. Across two studies in a dualtask paradigm we show that a) attentional resources moderate insight into semantically coherent word triads, whereas b) judgments of semantic coherence judgments are independent of attentional resources. We discuss implications of our findings for how people might form intuitive judgments of semantic coherence.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 1; 151-158
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formal Theory and Value Judgments
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Marek
Lissowski, Grzegorz
Świstak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930068.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-01-07
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
formal theory
experiments
value judgments
rationality
Opis:
When we assume that a survey reveals respondents’ true attitudes we tacitly assume that the subjects understood what we are asking them about and that they had no incentive to be untruthful. In typical studies none of the two assumptions holds. Subjects are asked questions that use undefined terms and they are asked about issues they have no incentive to answer truthfully. Here we argue that a way to solve the two problems lies in constructing a formal theory of an attitude in such a way that an attitude can be derived from the answers yet when answering the questions subjects cannot possibly know that their responses reveal anything about their attitude and, hence, they have no incentive to answer insincerely.We briefly discuss a study that has the desirable properties necessary for the proper design.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2014, 184, 4; 409-430
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On a scheme for subjective classifications in the case of variable sample probabilities
Autorzy:
Bartoszyński, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748615.pdf
Data publikacji:
1977
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
subjective judgments
perfect discrimination
imperfect discrimination
Opis:
Artykuł nie zawiera streszczenia
A system of axioms is given for the description of a choice situation with nonconstant subjective probabilities. It is based on the possibility of linearly ordering all alternatives by comparing them with a series of "standard'' alternatives which are ordered by preference.MR0518605
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1977, 5, 9
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
When Dishonesty Leads to Trust: Moral Judgments Biased by Self-interest are Truly Believed
Autorzy:
Bocian, Konrad
Baryla, Wieslaw
Wojciszke, Bogdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430780.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
moral judgments
self-interest bias
cheating
trust
Opis:
Research has shown that cheating is perceived as immoral when it serves the cheater’s interests, though it can be seen as moral when it serves the interests of the perceiver. However, are such biased moral judgments real, or are they merely lip service? To answer the question of whether biased moral judgments actually inform behavior, the authors asked participants to observe a confederate who either cheated for money or did not cheat, which benefited either the confederate alone or both the confederate and the participating observer. Then, participants evaluated the confederate and, finally, played a one shot trust game with her. Cheating influenced moral judgments and decreased behavioral trust, but this only occurred when self-interest was not involved. When self-interest was involved, participants showed no significant differences in trust levels, independent of whether the confederate had cheated or not. Implications for the dual process theory in moral psychology are discussed.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 3; 366-372
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Introducing Emotioncy as an Invisible Force Controlling Causal Decisions: A Case of Attribution Theory
Autorzy:
Pishghadam, Reza
Abbasnejad, Hannaneh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128627.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
emotioncy
judgments
causal attributions
external attribution
internal attribution
Opis:
Given the prominence of studies aimed at determining the factors influencing causal judgments, this study attempts to introduce the newly-developed concept of emotioncy as one of the guiding factors pushing attribution judgments toward a certain spectrum. To this end, two scales of attribution and emotioncy were designed using ten hypothetical situations. A total number of 309 participants filled out the scales. The construct validity of the scales was substantiated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Afterwards, structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine the possible relationships among the sub-constructs of attribution and emotioncy scales. The results indicated that as the participants’ emotioncy level increases, it becomes more likely for them to attribute probable causes to external factors. Moreover, it was revealed that while the involved individuals attribute causes to external factors, the exvolved ones attribute them to internal factors. In the end, implications of the findings were discussed in the realm of judgment and decision making.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2017, 1; 129-140
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Return to Values in Recent Sociological Theory
Autorzy:
Sztompka, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930158.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-09-18
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
values
value-judgments
valuations
ideology
syllogism
meaning
moral impulse
Opis:
The author reviews two opposite traditional positions on the role of values and value judgements in sociological research and theory: treating values as a bias interfering in research, or treating values as ideology providing privileged access to knowledge. He traces the recent revival of the debate about valuations, focusing particularly on the claims of the so-called “public sociology.” Then the author’s own position is outlined based on the fundamental particularity of the social sciences as contrasted with the natural sciences. The old argument that values do not follow from facts is acknowledged as true in the sense of logical deduction, but in the social sciences we encounter different mechanism of implication, which may be called “sociological syllogism:” values may follow from facts, and facts may imply values because, on the one hand, people act on their axiological beliefs, and human actions constitute social facts, and on the other hand, social facts (e.g. about poverty, inequality, degradation, crime, terrorism) mobilize moral impulses and valuational commitments. In other words values shape meanings of human actions and resulting social facts, and the knowledge of facts acquires valuational meaning by mobilizing human axiological impulses. The strict separation of facts and values does not work in the social sciences; there is a two-directional link between the two. This opens the possibility for “sociological ethics” deriving normative standards of social life from the research results of sociology.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2007, 159, 3; 247-261
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A critical look at partial acceptability in English and Polish
Autorzy:
Żychliński, Sylwiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-25
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
linguistic examples
informal acceptability judgments
partial acceptability
gradience
intuitions
Opis:
This paper is primarily concerned with the role of partial acceptability (and its ‘flavors’) in English linguistic examples taken from the field of generative grammar. Partially acceptable judgments as a subset of acceptability judgments form a heterogeneous group that plays a significant role in linguistic research and yet the extent to which partial acceptability is employed in the linguistic literature has not been studied extensively. The first part of the paper discusses a number of relevant issues related to the use of partial acceptability, such as problems with the conceptualization of gradience or excessive creativity with regard to levels of acceptability present in generative papers. The second part of the paper reports on a meta-linguistic study of partial acceptability in a pre-selected corpus of generative papers on English, with the focus on the types of partial acceptability and their function. Lastly, the English results are compared with the results of a previously conducted similar study of partial acceptability in Polish.
Źródło:
Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting; 2021, 7, 1; 129-150
2449-7525
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Format dependent probabilities: An eye-tracking analysis of additivity neglect
Autorzy:
Riege, Anine H.
Sulutvedt, Unni
Teigen, Karl Halvor
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430225.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Probability judgments
Additivity neglect
Response format
Subadditivity
Eye-tracking
Opis:
When people are asked to estimate the probabilities of uncertain events, they often neglect the additivity principle, which requires that the probabilities assigned to an exhaustive set of outcomes should add up to 100%. Previous studies indicate that additivity neglect is dependent on response format, self-generated probability estimates being more coherent than estimates on rating scales. The present study made use of eye-tracking methodology, recording the movement, frequency and duration of fixations during the solution of ten additivity problems and two control tasks. Participants produced more non-additive estimates in the Scale format than in the Self-generated format. Self-generated estimates also led to longer decision time and a higher number of repeated inspections, suggesting a deliberate comparison process. In contrast, the Scale format seemed to encourage a case-based approach where each outcome is evaluated in isolation.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2014, 45, 1; 12-20
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Judgment of the morality of an individual responsible for a fatal workplace accident involving subordinates
Autorzy:
Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola
Dobrowolska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2162472.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-05-22
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
moral incoherence
moral coherence
moral judgments
moral psychology
morality
mining
Opis:
Background The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that additional information about the perpetrator responsible for the death of subordinates at the workplace may influence the assessment of morality. The article contains the results of an empirical study conducted among young adult working Silesians (N = 262), who were asked to evaluate the morality of the person responsible for the decision, in line with which miners had started working on 6th October 2014. On that day miners died following an explosion in the “Mysłowice-Wesoła” methane mine in the Polish Silesia region. Material and Methods The study explored the stories’ method (from the moral psychology domain) as well as a short questionnaire. The respondents received information about the behavior of the perpetrator as well as emotions (socially desirable and undesirable) and (socially desirable and undesirable) views in the form of brief descriptions (stories). They were asked to evaluate the perpetrator’s morality. Results The socially desirable views of the evaluated perpetrator (lack of acceptance for the situation) and the socially desirable emotions (guilt) significantly increased the level of morality according to participants. A single piece of information about the socially desirable emotions didn’t significantly increase the perceived level of perpetrator’s morality; neither did a single piece of information about socially desirable views. Conclusions Results indicate the important role of additional information about emotions and views of the perpetrator in the process of assessing morality. It is worthwhile to implement the practical implications of this study in similar crisis situations at the workplace. Med Pr 2018;69(3):261–267
Źródło:
Medycyna Pracy; 2018, 69, 3; 261-267
0465-5893
2353-1339
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Pracy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Actual challenges for the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
Autorzy:
Jaskiernia, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-10
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
ECHR
ECtHR
judgments
implementation
Council of Europe
Committee of Ministers
Parliamentary Assembly
Opis:
The author analyzes the problem of the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). In light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), a special role in its control mechanism is played by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Despite the measures taken, there have been delays in the execution of judgments or the lack of their implementation for years. The author analyzed this problem in light of the latest reports of the Committee of Ministers and the recommendations of the Parliamentary Assembly. He pointed to the need for greater activity in this process of other bodies of the Council of Europe, including: the Commissioner for Human Rights, the Venice Commission, the CPT, the ECRI as well as institutions of the civil society. In the last decade, the interest of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in this matter has clearly increased. The author postulates that parliamentarians sitting in this body should be more active in this regard in their countries. They have instruments of control on the executive power, which could be used to increase the effectiveness of the execution of the ECtHR’s judgements.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022, 48, 1; 103-131
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Archer and Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean
Autorzy:
Koehn, Glen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
doctrine of the Mean
virtue
morality
goodness
judgments of right and wrong
Opis:
It is sometimes claimed that Aristotle’s doctrine of the Mean is false or unhelpful: moral virtues are not typically flanked by two opposing vices as he claimed. However, an explicit restatement of Aristotle’s view in terms of sufficiency for an objective reveals that the Mean is more widely applicable than has sometimes been alleged. Understood as a special case of sufficiency, it is essential to many judgments of right and wrong. I consider some objections by Rosalind Hursthouse to Aristotle’s theory and argue that they are based on a misunderstanding. However, there is indeed a tension in Aristotle’s view of goodness, hinted at in his claim that the good is "said in many ways".
Źródło:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua; 2012, 3, 1; 155-168
2082-7539
Pojawia się w:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rational technology assessment in need of a philosophical framework
O potrzebie dostarczenia ram filozoficznych dla racjonalnej oceny techniki
Autorzy:
Lekka-Kowalik, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/326584.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
rational technology assessment
rationality cognitive-practical-evaluative
value-judgments
normative structure of reality
rational justification of value-judgments
racjonalna ocena techniki
racjonalność kognitywna-praktyczna-ocenna
sądy wartościujące
normatywna struktura rzeczywistości
racjonalne uzasadnienie wartościowań
Opis:
Armin Grunwald sketched a program of rational technology assessment (RTA) which binds TA and ethics of technology in order to secure both an empirical dimension and a normative dimension of judgments evaluating technology. The paper suggests a way of radicalizing that program. Against the background of basic presuppositions of TA, first Grunwald's program is presented, and then it is argued that in order to fullfil its task of issuing value-judgments and recommendation for decision-makers, RTA needs to be imbedded in a philosophy which grasps a normative structure of reality. Only the those value-judgments obtain rational justification. Seeing value-judgments as judgments optimizing various values involved in technology or as “if-then” judgments (thus, ultimately descriptive judgments value-neutral) does not respect cognitive, practical and evaluative rationality which Grunwald required for his RTA. At the end a hypothesis is posed that classical philosophy developed by the Lublin School of Philosophy is a promising paradigm for RTA.
Armin Grunwald zaproponował program racjonalnej oceny techniki (RTA), łączący etykę techniki i TA, tak by zapewnić zarówno empiryczny, jak i normatywny wymiar sądów wartościujących technikę. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia sposób radykalizacji tego programu. Na tle podstawowych założeń TA zostaje naszkicowana propozycja Grunwalda, a następnie pokazane, że zrealizowanie celów RTA – formułowanie ocen i rekomendacji dla decydentów – wymaga osadzenia RTA w filozofii, która uznaje normatywną strukturę rzeczywistości. Dopiero wtedy sądy wartościujące i płynące z nich rekomendacje RTA uzyskają racjonalne uzasadnienie. Traktowanie tych sądów albo jako sądów optymalizujących rozmaite wartości obecne w technice, albo jako sądów typu “jeżeli-to” (a więc ostatecznie jako sądów opisowych aksjologicznie neutralnych) nie respektuje wskazanych przez Grunwalda wymiarów racjonalności (kognitywnego, praktycznego i ocennego). Zostaje postawiona hipoteza, że filozofia klasyczna, rozwijana przez lubelską szkołę filozoficzna jest dla RTA obiecującym paradygmatem.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2018, 115; 221-233
1641-3466
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Architecture for Making Judgments Using Computing With Words
Autorzy:
Mendel, J. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/908008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
informatyka
computing with words
footprint of uncertainty
perceptual computer
type-2 fuzzy logic system
judgments
Opis:
Our thesis is that computing with words needs to account for the uncertainties associated with the meanings of words, and that these uncertainties require using type-2 fuzzy sets. Doing this leads to a proposed architecture for making judgments by means of computing with words, i.e., to a perceptual computer - the Per-C. The Per-C includes an encoder, a type-2 rule-based fuzzy logic system, and a decoder. It lets all human-computer interactions be performed using words. In this paper, a quantitative language is established for the Per-C, and many open issues about the perceptual computer are described.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2002, 12, 3; 325-335
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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