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Wyszukujesz frazę "wysocki, J. J." wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Tytuł:
Simulation tests on shaping the working width of the concrete protective systems
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247035.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Opis:
The work addresses the road traffic safety issue related to the use of road safety barriers. It describes the tasks that have to be fulfilled by the protective system. It presents the barrier assessment conditions according to the requirements ofthe existing standards as far as the working barrier width is concerned. The objective of the work is to evaluate the possibilities of shaping the working width of the concrete protective systems. They have been executed on the basis of a concrete barrier equipped with a prototype joint linking individual barrier segments. It allowed defining the maximum angle of relative angle displacement of the adjacent segments. The model tests have been performed with a 900kg passenger car which allows performing TB11 test according to EN1317-2 standard The modelling has been performed with LS-DYNA software, which uses the finite element method. The work presents the numerical test results, vehicle motion trajectory and barrier displacement. It also includes examples of speed and acceleration courses of selected vehicle elements and the ASI index calculated on that basis which is used to assess the danger level for the vehicle passengers. Obtained results indicate that there is a possibility of shaping the dynamic bending and the working barrier width depending on assumed joint (boundary angle) parameters. Further areas of the analysis have been also defined.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 43-50
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on possibilities of increasing the impact resistance of KTO Rosomak
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Rybak, P.
Hryciów, Z.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241711.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
wheeled armoured carrier
loads
mine explosion
Opis:
Military vehicles are mostly designed in order to provide effective execution of tasks in regions of expected actions and operation conditions. During execution of projects, resulting from participation in peace making and stabilization missions, military vehicles are subject to the impact of various mines and improvised explosives. In many cases, the explosive material mass included in the explosive charges affecting the vehicles significantly exceeds the values specified in standards defining the required protection levels assumed at the design stage. The above determines the search for additional shields or energy-absorbing elements reducing the effects of such influence. Information concerning design solutions is usually classified or very limited. Majority of companies dealing with that issue provides information concerning the scope of their business, highlighting the military area thus high efficiency of their protective solutions, possibly presenting a general outline of a particular solution. This paper presents selected results of analyses and studies being carried out and obtained results of solutions to problems included in the study tasks covering a considered subject. Proposed solutions of protective shields against mines and IED for the KTO Rosomak are presented.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 101-110
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Operational loads of combat vehicles
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Rybak, P.
Hryciów, Z.
Wysocki, J.
Papliński, K.
Michałowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244652.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combat vehicles
maintenance
modeling and experimental research
Opis:
The paper describes dynamic load-generating sources and their effects on combat vehicles (CV), placed people and equipment within it. The variety of the operation conditions causes a complex dynamic load, both in terms of level, direction and distribution. The effects of the impacts are shown in photographs. It is important to know the level of loads in terms of the development of resistant and safe high-speed tracked combat vehicles. The selected results of its own researches of high-speed tracked combat vehicles were presented. Research were carried out under conditions similar to those typical for this class of vehicles, both during the rides on the road, the ground and obstacles on the specially constructed for this purpose. The results of research and analysis are compared in the form of graphs and the estimated value. The paper presents angular movement of the hull of the CV as well as displacements of carrying wheels during overcoming a single obstacle, elastic characteristics of hydro-pneumatic suspension components, distribution of pressure acting on a selected area of the bottom of the hull after mine explosion and power spectral density estimator of tank gun vibration as well as being the source longitudinal vibration of the hull tank. The presented scope and methodology allows the multi-variants investigation and estimate the loads of the hall, interior fittings and people in special vehicles and other objects that may be exposed to this type of loads.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 77-84
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical and experimental research on the dynamic loads in military vehicles
Autorzy:
Rybak, P.
Borkowski, W.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
military vehicle
armoured vehicle
load
research
modelling
experiment
Opis:
The work presents the fragments of research on the dynamic loads acting on selected military vehicles. Designing new armoured vehicles or introducing modifications is preceded by model tests carried out under various conditions, analysing the effect of dynamic loads which may result during the use of the vehicle, e.g. due to the roughness of the road, firing, IED explosions or the vehicle being hit by a shell. The main purpose of conducting model research and verifying their findings in experimental research is to improve the effectiveness and safety of operation of systems and installations of military vehicles, increase the dynamics of the movement, improve the protection and ensure that the crew is not killed. Among the used models of military vehicles, discrete models are applied, formulated in the adjusted Lagrange description, as well as the models based on the fine element method for highly nonlinear problems and forces acting for a very short time. Due to the unique selection of military equipment, the methods of calculation and analysis of model research (simulations) and experimental research presented in the work are considered qualitative rather than quantitative.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 4; 435-441
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of operation conditions on the wheeled armoured carrier characteristics
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Rybak, P.
Hryciów, Z.
Wysocki, J.
Michałowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245920.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
wheeled armoured carrier
characteristics
traction features
loads
Opis:
Participation of Polish military contingent in peach and stabilization missions resulted in the need for new vehicles. Special vehicles - multiaxle ones of good protection abilities and high motion dynamics - have to be adjusted to operation in various climate and terrain conditions. The work presents operation conditions of the wheeled armoured carriers resulting from the execution of required tasks. Threats resulting from driving on unpaved roads and wilderness have been presented as well as their influence on the motion dynamics, technical condition of vehicle chassis, durability and reliability. It is particularly important for the passenger safety. A mathematical vehicle model, imitating special multiaxle vehicle, have been presented. Calculation abilities of original numerical software for the analysis of vehicle traction characteristics have been presented. Mechanical and hydromechanical drive vehicles can be analysed. Examples of calculation results, illustrated on the diagrams, have been also included. Influence of selected technical - structural parameters on a multiaxle vehicle has been shown. Their influence on traction characteristics and dynamic loads affecting the vehicle, its internat equipment and the passengers has been estimated.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 1; 59-65
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testing the results of a passenger vehicle collision with a rigid barrier
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245925.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
road safety barrier
crash tests
computer simulation
LS-DYNA
Opis:
High accident index in Poland, including one of the highest death rates in EU, forces undertaking the intense works in order to improve traffic safety. Published road accident statistics indicate that the most dangerous accidents include a vehicle collision with a tree, post or other road object. The road safety barriers make the road infrastructure elements that can signiflcantly protect against that type of accidents. The work presents basie tasks and requirements imposed on the barriers. Problems related to a proper selection of the barriers have been also highlighted. The tools facilitating the barrier design include numerical modelling. The modelling has been done by means of the LS-DYNA software, using the finite element method. A general structure and a developed barrier model as well as vehicle model have been presented. The conditions of the numerical tests have been also specifled. The work presents the results of influence of car impact angle with a rigid safety barrier. Presented results refer to a car o f mas s of 900 kg, making a bas is for the tests of the limiting systems for several limiting levels: including normal limit N2 (according to EN 1317-2). Compared to standard requirements, the scope of numerical tests has been extended by other car impact angle values. The work presents vehicle trajectories and deformations of their bodies. It also includes examples of velocities and acceleration courses and acceleration severity indexes (ASI) calculated on their basis. Obtained results indicate that the barrier location angle has a high influence on the safety level ofthe car passengers as well as on the car motion trajectory after collision
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 1; 51-57
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selection of elastic suspension elements for the special use vehicle
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Michalowski, B.
Paplinski, K.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242198.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
special vehicle
suspension
spring
elastic element
lateral tilt stabilizer
Opis:
The work analyzes the possibility of using a truck chassis in terms of installing a specific device. As part ofwork was selected the vehicle, identified the necessary geometric parameters and the mass allowing of modernization, with particular emphasis on the required structural changes in the front and rear suspension. To this were used, the developed two phase methodology of calculation of the metal elastic elements (springs) and mechanical lateral tilt stabilizers. Results of numerical calculations are presented in the form of recommendations to redesign of the front and rear suspension. However, in the front suspension should be made a new spring and a mechanical lateral tilt stabilizer, while rear spring suspension meets the requirements in terms of elastic characteristics (adequate the coefficient of rigidity) is requiredonly adjustment of the static deflection of the suspension for example by adjusting the radii of leaf of the spring. Because of the design solution of the driving rear axle (so called driving axle trolley) was not proposed mechanical lateral tilt stabilizer. Paper present diagram of the forces acting on a vehicle with special equipment, results of the calculation loads acting on the suspension components fitted to a lorry with a special device, results of the calculation loads acting on the base vehicle suspension components, the basic parameters of a lorry with special hull and performance graph of the front suspension leaf spring resilience.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 3; 47-54
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental research on identifying data for modelling special purpose vehicles
Autorzy:
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Hryciów, Z.
Michałowski, B.
Wiśniewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245056.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
special purpose vehicle
combat vehicle
loads
experimental research
modelling
Opis:
The work presents selected results of experimental research on special purpose vehicles used on military training grounds, and bench tests of their main structural elements. The results are connected mainly with identifying the main vibration parameters of those vehicles (regarding weight, resilience and damping), and with the assessment of the level of dynamic loads. The more output data experimental research provides, the more input data we have for designing models. Determined in laboratory tests, weight parameters (regarding weight and moments of inertia), coefficients of stiffness and damping, as well as selected resilience and damping characteristics, are applied in the process of creating the numerical models of assemblies, systems, and complete vehicles. The numerical models created are subject to full verification in order to minimize the differences between the real objects and their representations. The models are applied in multivariate simulation tests of the existing design solutions, upgrading them, or creating new designs. Due to a certain sensitivity of the range of special purpose vehicles, the results of experimental tests and simulation analyses presented in the work are mainly qualitative rather than quantitative.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 3; 245-252
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prototype articulated joint in connections of the concrete protective barrier
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244656.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
road safety
concrete protective barrier
crash test
articulated joint
Opis:
The work describes methodology of selection of a prototype articulated joint used to connect the segments of the concrete protection barrier. The barrier and the joint have been made according to the original project of the authors of this paper. Dimensions of the component elements of the joint were defined on the basis of numerical calculations in LS-DYNA system, using finite element method. They also allowed to identify places sensible to damage. Based on the project, the experimental tests have been performed for the joint strength to stretching. The tests performed on the resistance machine showed improper technology and poor quality of welds joining individual elements, particularly the bolt with connecting steel. Results of these tests made the basis for introducing the changes to the project. Repeated tests confirmed their rightness. The final evaluation of quality and usefulness of the prototype articulated joint in the connections of movable protection barrier were defined during the crash tests on the test track of the Certified Research Laboratory of the Research Institute for Roads and Bridges. The crash tests were performed for selected collision criteria (TB11 and TB32), normal restrain level (N2), using three passengers cars. Applied concrete barrier test procedures are in accordance with the requirements of national standards, that make the equivalents of the European standards.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 85-92
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental crash tests involving passenger cars and the prototype concrete protective barrier
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247037.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
experimental tests
test track
concrete protective barrier
crash test
experimental verification
Opis:
The work describes the experimental test methodology and results obtained during the experimental crash tests involving passenger cars and the prototype concrete protective barrier, which was built according to the original design prepared by the authors of this article. The crash tests involving a vehicle and the protective barrier cover the experiment results in three basic areas: severity ofthe collision impact on vehicle passengers, the impact on a vehicle and deformation of the road protective system. Applied testing procedures meet the requirements of the national standards, that make the equivalents of the European standards EN-1317-1:1998, EN-1317-2:1998, EN-J 317-3:2000. The tests have been performed for selected crash criteria (TB11 and TB32), for a normal restrain level (N2), using three passenger's cars (Dodge Neon and 2 units of Suzuki Swift). Applied testing procedures meet the requirements of the national standards [1-5]. The work presents examples of experimental test results in three basie areas: intensity of the crash impact on the vehicle passengers, the impact on a vehicle and deformation of the road protective system. The test results have been presented in a form of courses of speeds and accelerations along the vehicle body axes x, y, z. Acceleration severity index (ASI), theoretical head impact velocity (THIV), post-impact head delay (PHD), vehicle cabin deformation index (VCDI) and deformation levels of the road protective system (W) have been also defined.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 35-42
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assessment of the possibility of carrying people inside military field workshops
Autorzy:
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Wiśniewski, A.
Michałowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
noise
vibration
military field workshop
experimental researches
risk assessment
Opis:
Military vehicles are used less intensively than the civil ones, and many types of the vehicles used by the army are stored for a long time. Therefore, this type of vehicles can be used even for a dozens of years. Due to the constant development of technology, used armament and military equipment has to be adjusted to current needs. The above applies also to recovery vehicles, including field workshops. This work analyses the level of safety and comfort of the crew of the modified field workshop (Sarna II) when the vehicle is moving under various conditions. The scope of improvement included two seats inside workshop for the transportation of the crew members. Experimental research involved measuring the accelerations on the seats of the crew and the noise inside the vehicle body. The assessment was conducted on the basis of the highest value of 8-hour of the exposure to the whole body vibrations A(8). The accelerations acting on the seats were determined mainly by the kind of the road, its roughness and the speed of the vehicle. The occupational risk connected with the exposure to the mechanical vibrations was in most cases assessed to be low or moderate. The risk was assessed to be high only when the vehicle was moving on the dirt road. Results of experimental researches indicated that passengers travelling in the body of Sarna II workshop, mounted on the underbody of STAR 266M2 vehicle, have ensured proper conditions of transport, both in terms of exposure to mechanical vibrations and to the noise.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 185-192
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on the effectiveness of the innovative road safety system
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Wiśniewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
road safety barrier
crash tests
computer simulation
LS-DYNA
FEM
Opis:
The paper evaluates the effectiveness of the innovative road safety system equipped with prototype component segments composed of a body made of a plastic filled with reinforced concrete. Main advantages of the new safety barrier include increased resistance to corrosion as well as easy transport and assembly directly on a road section being secured. Model tests were performed on a car of 900 kg weight allowing for carrying out the TB11 tests according to the EN 1317-2 standard. LS-DYNA software was applied for modelling, using the finite element method. The work presents the numerical test results, trajectory of vehicle movement after collision as well as the concrete barrier displacement. It also includes examples of stress in steel bars and joint coupling. Detailed assessing of simulation test results were made on the basis of ASI, THIV and PHD index. They were calculated on the basis of velocity and acceleration courses of selected car bodywork points. Numerical test results confirm the fact that this system meets the normative requirements. They allow for qualifying that system for B impact severity level and W4 working width. The results presented in the paper make the initial stage of the study and further calculations will be oriented towards a possibility of meeting the requirements for higher restraint levels.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 27-32
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical simulation of the standard TB11 and TB32 tests for a concrete safety barrier
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Rybak, P.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
road safety barrier
crash tests
computer simulation
LS-DYNA
Opis:
The work presents the traffic safety issue related to a use of the road protective barriers. It describes a purpose and tasks that should be fulfilled by the safety system. Conditions of crash tests and their evaluation according to the requirements of the existing standard documents are also presented. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the influence of applied barrier type on the car collision process. A barrier composed of the segments that can move on the ground due to the impact force and a barrier fixed to the road surface were assumed for the model tests. The modelling was carried out by means of the LS-DYNA sofrware, using the finite element method. The tests were performed for two types of cars, mass of 900 kg and 1500 kg. The work includes the numerical test results, deformations of car bodies and barrier displacement. Examples of velocities and acceleration courses of selected vehicle elements and the ASI index, calculated on their basis, used for evaluation of the passenger danger level were also presented. Obtained results indicate a significant influence of the barrier installation method (joint with the road) on the collision process course and dynamic loads affecting the car passengers. They also indicate directions of safety improvement.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 63-71
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Traction properties of the tracked combat vehicle at lowered power of the driving engine
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Rybak, P.
Michałowski, B.
Wysocki, J.
Hryciów, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246171.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combat vehicle
tank
renewable fuel
drive characteristic
mobility
Opis:
Contemporary and future battlefield may be characterized by a great dynamism of action in both defensive and offensive operations. It is possible, that armoured and mechanized troops, acting at first attack, will suffer from shortages of supplies of materials and other equipment, especially propellants. It concerns particularly a fuel to engines of driving vehicles. Therefore in many cases for engine powering (as multi-propellant engines or adapted to work on substitute fuels) may be used substitute fuel. The fuel parameters sometimes may be much different from parameters of diesel. So it is substantially important to estimate their dynamics during the planning stage of combat missions. Paper includes attempt to estimate dynamic features of the combat vehicles using substitute propellants. Applying substitute propellants leads to reducing the power of the engine up to 10 % comparing to diesel. It has essential impact on lowering the dynamic ratio at similar level. That leads to lower maximum drive speed at given resistance ofmotion and reducing the ability to climb slopes. There also appears deterioration of spurt, extending the time of reaching speeds at about 17%. Paper shows results of traction calculations of combat vehicles and the influence of powering them with renewable fuel on their effectiveness.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 1; 59-68
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental research on the dynamic loads of the wheeled armoured personnel carrier
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Hryciów, Z.
Michałowski, B.
Rybak, P.
Wiśniewski, A.
Wysocki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243711.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
experimental research
dynamic loads
wheeled armoured personnel carrier
acceleration
vibrations
Opis:
The results of the experimental research on the influence of the special vehicle movement conditions on the body shell and the vehicle crew dynamic load will be presented in the paper. ROSOMAK Wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier (Wheeled APC), the basic version, was the subject of the research. The research work was aimed at analysis of the dynamic loads resulting from the deterministic inputs and driving on the selected types of surfaces generating random kinematic inputs. The personnel carrier service conditions, measuring apparatus, and testing methods will be described. The vertical accelerations of the selected points of the vehicle, and deflection of the prime and second suspension of the vehicle left side were measured. The time and the acceleration RMS value spectrum charts for the selected implementations will be presented. The cumulative statistics will be shown in the form of a table. The conclusions regarding the influence of the road surface on the personnel carrier driver's working comfort will be formulated. The assessment of the suspension quality will be included in the conclusions. Driving on the smooth surface is comfortable. However, the road surface worsening causes decreased proficiency sense until the exposure limit boundary is reached when the vehicle drives on a poor quality cobble road with 50 km/h speed. The vehicle basic version is not fitted with the seats for assault troops, therefore the influence of the road irregularities on the centre of mass of the body shell, and the driver's and commander's seats were determined. It is recommended to make further tests on the personnel carrier combat and special versions.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 69-76
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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