Temat: Livonia, - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Źródła do dziejów południowo-wschodnich Inflant (późniejszych Inflant polskich) w latach 1561–1600 w archiwach Rygi i Wilna
Sources to the history of the South-East Livonia (later the Polish Livonia) in the years 1561-1600 at the archives of Riga and Vilnius
Autorzy:: Jeziorski, Paweł A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064692.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:: Inflanty
Inflanty Polskie
Łatgalia
Livonia
the Polish Livonia
Latgale
Opis:: The purpose of this article is to present selected sources to the history of Latgale in the years 1561-1600, the earliest period of the membership of the former Livonia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Currently the records are stored in the archives and libraries of Riga, and Vilnius cities. Latgale, one of the major contemporary historical regions of Latvia, since the late 17th century was called the Polish Livonia, but within the borders of Poland stayed to 1772. The article discusses selected sources stored in the Latvian State Historical Archives (Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs) in Riga and in the External Archives of the City Council of Riga (Rīgas Magistrate Arejais Arhīvs), as well as the National Library of Latvia (Latvijas Nacional Library). Characterized were also fonds stored in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives (Lietuvos Valstybės istorijos archyvas) in Vilnius and the former Wróblewski Library (Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių library) in Vilnius. Moreover, there was discussed the fate of public and private archives and libraries that had in their holdings sources to the history of Latgale in the last forty years of 16th century that within the 19th and first half of the 20th century were dispersed or destroyed. The attention was focused on the selected archives and libraries of Polish-Livonian nobility. Furthermore, there was discussed the holdings and fate of the Daugavpils municipal archives that was almost completely destroyed in the late 18th century.
Źródło:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2013, 20; 63-76
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Ryga wobec rozpadu średniowiecznych władztw terytorialnych w Inflantach
Riga towards collapse of medieval local governments in Livonia
Autorzy:: Ziemlewska, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064724.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:: Ryga
Inflanty
Riga
Livonia
Opis:: All parties involved in the conflict in Livonia in the mid-sixteenth century, wanted to profit from trade with the East, and strived to control the important strategic and commercial point - Riga. Proposals to surrender and guarantees to keep existing rights were made by envoys of Moscow Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Danish prince Magnus, the Swedish King Erik XIV and the Polish King Sigismund Augustus. Despite the formal subordination of the Teutonic Order and the Archbishop, Riga led independent and even contrary to the actions of its feudal lords policy. In 1561, Riga did not follow them and did not make a tribute to the king on which Sigismund Augustus and Lithuanians counted. Control of the Daugava was in the vital interest of the Lithuanian nobles, who expected creation of navigable channel of corresponding importance to the Vistula River in the Crown and the increase in exports of raw materials from the northern part of principality. Riga made the submission to the new ruler conditional on a number of stipulations. In addition to the approval of the old privileges and religious freedom for the Lutheran confessions the city of Riga demanded a guarantee of protection against restrictions of the emperor and princes of the Reich, and the subordination of Livonia to Poland, not to Lithuania that was too weak in Riga’s opinion. The necessary guarantees were granted by so called "Cautio Radziviliana prior", issued by the governor of Vilna Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł on September 8th , 1561. These promises were not fulfilled, so the delegation of the city of Riga had not make a tribute to Sigismund Augustus on November 28th, 1561, opposed to its superiors: Gotthard Kettler, and Archbishop Wilhelm and Livonian states. In this situation Radziwill tried to surrender Riga directly Sigismund Augustus. After lengthy negotiations, the city agreed to a "conditional" surrender and an oath of fidelity, which would have been in force only when the promises had been fulfilled. Promises were included in "Cautio Radziviliana posteriori", issued by Radziwiłł on March 17th, 1562. The reluctance of the Crown to engage in the affairs of Livonian, defeat of Lithuanian army and hollow promises caused that the city considered itself to be exempt from the oath to the king. The middle-class opposition was against subjection the city of Riga to Sigismund Augustus. They blocked submission to Lithuania and the King for fear of strengthening the position of the city council, the expansion of the nobility and loss of privileges. They were not so much against King’s sovereignty, as against any strong public authority. As long did the council need support of the guild in adopting contribution taxes for war, the army and the development of the fortifications, as long Riga ran a consistent, separatist politics. It was possible to 1581.
Źródło:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2013, 20; 11-18
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Oswajanie przestrzeni. Wojna inflancka 1600-1602 w grze komputerowej Kozacy 3
Autorzy:: Szymala, Jacek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2095896.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk
Tematy:: Livonia
visual history
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossacks
Opis:: Poland (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) maintained close relations with Sweden between the end of the 16th century and the mid-17th century. Attempts at cooperation (possible union, the Vasa dynasty) intertwined with wars including the war of Livonia in the early 17th century. In the article I take a closer look at three places related to this war: Valmiera, Viljandi and Paide. I used guidebooks to the region, traditional written historiography and a computer game from 2016. The goal is to familiarize the visual history of these places, draw attention to new methods in the humanities (visual history, visual anthropology) and to modernize history itself, also in the context of memorial sites.
Źródło:: Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture; 2020, 9; 87-94
2299-4645
Pojawia się w:: Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: By whom and when was the foundation of the Cistercian nunnery in Dorpat initiated?
Kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację klasztoru cysterek w Dorpacie?
Autorzy:: Gąssowska, Maja
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106510.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-09-16
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:: Cistercian nuns
Dorpat (Tartu)
Livonia
Frederick von Haseldorf
bishop
Opis:: Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeńskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w estońskiej diecezji dorpackiej. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zakładanie klasztorów żeńskich nie było sprawą priorytetową w świeżo chrystianizowanych, słabo zaludnionych i peryferyjnych Inflantach. Pierwsze klasztory męskie na tych ziemiach powstały w pierwszej dekadzie XIII w., klasztory żeńskie – dopiero na początku drugiej połowy XIII w. Fundatorami wszystkich byli lokalni władcy terytorialni – król duński i inflanccy biskupi (ryski, dorpacki i ozylski). Należy więc uznać, że podobnie było w wypadku klasztoru cysterek dorpackich, i szukać jego fundatora wśród dorpackich hierarchów. Wydaje się, że inicjatorem tej fundacji, która po raz pierwszy była wzmiankowana źródłowo dopiero w 1345 r., mógł być biskup dorpacki Frederick von Haseldorf, sprawujący tę godność w latach 1268 – ok. 1289. Sprzyjały temu stosunkowo długi czas jego pontyfikatu, potwierdzone źródłowo wcześniejsze zainteresowanie biskupa monastycyzmem kobiecym (jego rodzinny Holsztyn, Meklemburgia, Pomorze Zachodnie) oraz wysoka pozycja społeczna i majątkowa. Wydaje się, że zamiar fundacji powstał dopiero w ostatnich latach życia biskupa Fredericka von Haseldorfa i po jego śmierci przeznaczono na ten cel pieniądze sprowadzone przez dorpacką kapitułę katedralną ze Stralsundu, a stanowiące spuściznę po zmarłym biskupie. Samo powstanie klasztoru zapewne było rozciągnięte w czasie, podobnie jak w wypadku nieco lepiej oświetlonych źródłowo i wcześniejszych fundacji żeńskich klasztorów cysterek w Rydze i Rewalu, ale być może zaczął on funkcjonować jeszcze w XIII w. – zamykając okres chrystianizacji Inflant – do którego przynależały wszystkie fundacje cysterskie na terenie Dawnych Inflant.
Źródło:: Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2022, 25; 75-95
2544-2562
Pojawia się w:: Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Wendeński epizod krakowskiego humanisty. Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki, biskup Wenden 1585–1587
The Wenden Period of Cracow humanist Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki, Bishop of Wenden 1585-1587
Autorzy:: Sawa, Robert
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064705.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:: Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki
biskup Wenden
Inflanty
Bishop of Wender
Livonia
Opis:: This article regards ecclesiastical activities in Livonia of eminent Krakovian humanist Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki (1522–1587). In 1582 he was appointed bishop of Wenden (currently Cēsis in Latvia). Lycopolis (Dioecesis Lycopolitan) took Nidecki only in 1585. He found there a complex political and religious situation. Nidecki was surrounded by Protestants, largely of German origin, who were unfriendly to Catholics. He lacked financial resources to effectively manage the diocese. Assistance in rebuilding of administrative structures of the Catholic Church and in pastoral service was given to him by a small group of Catholic clergy. The three of them: Edmann Tolksdorf, Andreas Krüger and Fabian Kwadrantyn, came to Livonia in 1582 by the Bishop of Warmia, Marcin Kromer. Nidecki’s governance over Livonia was short. After two years of his residence in Wolmar (now Valmiera in Latvia) Bishop died unexpectedly. This coincided in time with the death of King Stefan Batory. Then there was a further period of crisis and turmoil in the diocese. That crisis was managed by the next bishop only after a two-year vacancy. The new bishop Otto von Schenking was descended from the local clergy . The proof of episodic activity of Nidecki in Livonia is a tombstone in the old cathedral of St. John in Latvian Cesis (currently the Protestant church) that was renovated recently by the Polish-Latvian conservation services.
Źródło:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2013, 20; 97-112
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Where Was the Home of the Livonian Merchant? Early Urban Mobility in the Baltics
Autorzy:: Selart, Anti
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1160802.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-03-31
Wydawca:: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:: Hanseatic League
Livonia
social relations
migrations in the Middle Ages
Opis:: Medieval Livonia and its town life were created in the 12th and 13th centuries as a result of crusading conquests. Livonian urban elites immigrated mostly from German lands. A small number of people of indigenous origin were also integrated into the emerging merchant class. Besides merchants who settled down in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, or in other towns in the region, travelling merchants from the western part of the forming Hanseatic area played an important role in the urban life and even in the urban administration. On the basis of anthroponyms and geographical identifications of medieval townspeople, the author of the article argues that the migration patterns were not limited to immigration from Germany to Livonia. The social and spatial integration of this region resulted from multiple ways of travelling and relocation: people also returned to Germany or remained simultaneously connected to several places and sometimes remained permanently mobile. Early Livonian merchants could also be mobile within the area including minor towns and even rural places. Not only the “Germans”, but also people of native origin were involved in these movements. The family networks in particular supported multiple spatial identifications. An economically active person could have many places of identification; moving from one town to another during a lifetime was the rule, not an exception. However, the existing network of family and kinship relations, which provided trustworthy partners in the vast area from Westphalia to Livonia, was probably one of the main factors which made German merchants enjoy an advantage over their Scandinavian and Livonian native counterparts.
Źródło:: Zapiski Historyczne; 2019, 84, 1; 43-66
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:: Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Wyprawa zbrojna Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Pioruna” w Inflantach zimą 1579 roku
The Military Expedition of Krzysztof Radziwiłł „Perkūnas” to Livonia in the Winter of 1579
Autorzy:: Łopatecki, Karol
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075893.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018-03-31
Wydawca:: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:: Itinerarium
military cartography
Kirempe
Dorpat
Tartu
Livonia
the 15th century
Opis:: The article presents the Lithuanian expedition carried out in Livonia in the winter of 1579. On the basis of the itinerary [itinerarium] and iconographic and written sources it has been established that three regiments were to act in a coordinated manner to conduct the military action against the Russian Empire. All the three regiments were to set off from Kieś [Wenden] and through different ways reach Dorpat [Tartu] occupied by the Russians. The whole expedition included about 200 cavalry soldiers and about 400 common infantry soldiers [Polish: drab] along with several light artillery and a numerous lager. Owing to the activities undertaken by the three regiments, destructions were much more extensive, more loot was acquired and military successes were more significant – the castle of Kierepeć was conquered. The activity of three separate regiments confused the enemy and prevented them from undertaking the effective defence. The expedition was carried out from 16 February to 6 March, which also affected its outcome. The late winter provided the best conditions for the land communication, while the upcoming thaw made it impossible for the enemy to launch the counter-defence. It resulted in the safe return to Kieś and a lack of Moscovite units sent from Dorpat. To my way of thinking, the winter expedition of 1579 to Livonia was the best example of the manoeuvre art of the Polish-Lithuanian army in the 16th century. The routes of two regiments (the left one and the central one) ran close to each other, while the third one (the right one) had a totally different route entering the Russian lands from the back. The right regiment was commanded by the Oberst [Colonel] of Courland Jürgen Buttler, who conquered the castle of Kierepeć [Kirempe]. The main unit was commanded by Krzysztof Radziwiłł nicknamed “Perkūnas”, who plundered the vicinities of Dorpat. The analysis of the itinerary of 1579 prepared by Krzysztof Radziwiłł indicates that the mile recorded there corresponded to 8 kilometres. The average daily velocity of the expedition Kieś–Dorpat–Kieć amounted to 21.55 km, which corresponded to 2.7 miles. During the expedition the regiments covered from 250 to 310 km, which along with the return journey amounted to 500 km.
Źródło:: Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 39-67
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:: Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Księga Terra Mariana – wybitne zwierciadło historii i przedmiot badań
The Terra Mariana Book – a Brilliant Mirror of History and an Object of Research
Autorzy:: Moreino, Irena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1918293.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:: Historia chrześcijaństwa
Inflanty Polskie
Księgoznawstwo
Leon XIII
Liwonia
Manteuffel Gustaw
Terra Mariana
1186–1888
Book science
The history of Christianity
Leo XIII
Livonia
Polish Livonia
Opis:: W artykule omówiono album Terra Mariana. 1186–1888, sporządzony w jednym egzemplarzu i przekazany papieżowi Leonowi XIII przez polsko-niemiecką szlachtę bałtycką. Album ten jest źródłem informacji i artystyczną opowieścią o historii chrześcijaństwa w Liwonii, a szczególnie w Inflantach Polskich. Znaczną część artykułu poświęcono twórcom księgi, przede wszystkim Gustawowi Manteufflowi. Zaprezentowano także sylwetki inicjatorów wydania faksymilowego w XXI w., które wraz z księgą naukowych komentarzy stanowi niezaprzeczalną wartość dla historii i księgoznawstwa Łotwy. Powołano się na wspólną historię Łotwy i Polski oraz przedstawiono omawiane dzieło jako przedmiot dalszych badań.
The article discusses the album entitled Terra Mariana. 1186–1888, of which a single copy was prepared and handed over to Pope Leo XIII by the Polish -German Baltic noblemen. The album is a source of information and an artistically crafted story about the history of Christianity in Livonia, and especially in Polish Livonia. The bulk of the article is devoted to the creators of the work, above all to Gustav Manteuffel. The article also presents the figures of the initiators of a 21st century facsimile edition, which along with a book of scholarly commentaries constitutes an undeniable contribution to the history and book science of Latvia. Reference was made to the common history of Latvia and Poland, and the work in question was presented as an object of further research.
Źródło:: Nowa Biblioteka. Usługi, Technologie Informacyjne i Media; 2017, 1(24); 7-27
1505-4195
2451-2575
Pojawia się w:: Nowa Biblioteka. Usługi, Technologie Informacyjne i Media
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Inflanty i Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii — inflanckie „Prusy” trochę inaczej. Kilka uwag o zapomnianej unii wileńskiej 1561 roku
Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia – slightly different approach to the Livonian "Prussia". Some observations on the forgotten Union of Vilnius of 1561
Autorzy:: Jankiewicz, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1063038.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:: Inflanty
Kurlandia
Semigalia
Unia Wileńska
Livonia
Duchy of Courland
Semigallia
Union of Vilnius
Opis:: The Treaty of Krakow signed in 1525 which ended definitively the existence of the Teutonic state in Prussia, became a challenge for its Livonian part. For over 30 years the Livonian province of The Order of Brothers of Saint Mary tried jointly with the Archbishopric of Riga and Livonian towns to boost development of civilization on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, seeking proper legal shape of the state. In view of the ever-increasing process of reformation, aspirations of the Livonian states, and external expansion of Moscow, Denmark and Sweden representatives of Livonia were forced to seek refuge in alliance with the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Ultimately, these efforts were crowned with submission of the province to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Augustus in exchange for rights and privileges. Finally, the union was concluded on November 28th, 1561, in Vilnius and was signed by the king and the representatives of the Livonian estates, first of all, by Gotthard Kettler – the last Master of the Livonian Order and Wilhelm Hohenzollern – the last Catholic Archbishop of Riga. Terms of surrender in feudal dependence to the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were formulated in two very momentous acts: Pacta Subjectionis Livoniae – Provisio Ducalis that created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia on the Prussian pattern, and granted to Gotthard Kettler the title of Duke and the general estate privilege for the nobles and burghers of Livonian towns, known as: Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti. The latter document, relatively unknown in Polish and Lithuanian historiography, deserves special attention. It was referred to by the representatives of the German nobility in the Russian Empire until 1914, as a major source of legal and cultural autonomy. It established indygenat – political rights for people from the province of Livonia, built around three core concepts of autonomy: religion (right to their own religion), law (legal autonomy), school (right to their own education). The vast majority of the rights granted to the Livonian nobility was linked to the republican and civic values proclaimed in Poland that were typical for the executionist movement of "enforcement of the laws" as well as with certain regulations of so-called second edition of the Statute of Lithuania (1566) that was developed in Vilnius at that time. The authors of that statute, especially Lithuanian Chancellor Mikołaj Radziwiłł The Black, Lithuanian Marshal Ostafii Wołłowicz or Piotr Roizjusz, took direct part in the negotiating Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.
Źródło:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2013, 20; 19-42
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Sources to the history of Livonia and Courland from 13th c to 18th c. in the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records
Źródła do dziejów Inflant i Kurlandii w XIII–XVIII wieku w zasobie Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych
Autorzy:: Kulecki, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064701.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:: Inflanty
Kurlandia
Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Livonia
Courland
the Central Archives of Historical Records
Opis:: This paper is an attempt to review preserved at the Central Archives of Historical Records sources to the history of Livonia in the period from the 13th to the 19th century. The author presents in this respect individual archival fonds, starting from the Middle Ages and the modern era, describing records of official character (Collection of Parchment Records, The Warsaw Crown Archives, The Polish Crown Chancery - Metrica Regni Poloniae, The Crown Treasury Archive), very few records of 19th c., ending with private archives, stored mainly in the Radziwiłłs Archives, and in the Archives of Warklany Estate. This review confirms the importance of sources that survived at the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records for research on the history of Latvian territory.
Źródło:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2013, 20; 85-89
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:: Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: The Apostles of medieval Livonia (until the beginning of 13th Century)
Apostołowie średniowiecznych Inflant (do początku XIII w.)
Autorzy:: Gąssowska, Maja
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/560391.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017-06-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:: Livonia
Baltic crusades
missionary bishop
christianization
conversion
Daugava
Inflanty
krucjaty bałtyckie
biskup misyjny
chrystianizacja
konwersja
Dźwina
Opis:: Livonia, encompassing the area of today’s Latvia and Estonia, was one of the last regions of Northern Europe to be incorporated into the Christian/ Latin civilization. Its direct neighbourhood with Ruthenian duchies, which observed the Eastern Christian rite, did not contribute to the earlier conversion. It was only after late 12th century missions, organized independently of each other by the Danish Church in the form of a venture by Cistercian friar Fulco, consecrated as the Estonian bishop ca 1171–1180, as well as a grasrooots – at least in its initial phase – initiative of Augustine friar Meinhard of the Segeberg monastery in Holstein (ca 1184–1196), first bishop of Üxküll, and Cistercian friar Theodoric, active in the vicinity of Treiden (ca 1186-1202), the first abbot of Dünamünde monastery (1205-1211) and finally bishop of Estonia (1211-1219) and their successors – Cistercian friar Berthold (1197–1198), the second bishop of Üxküll and most importantly Albert, canon of the Bremen Chapter, founder of Riga and its first bishop (1199–1229) culminated with the conquest and subsequent christianisation of Livonia. They can undoubtedly be called apostles of the Barbarian Europe, although in the case of Fulco it not clearly confirmed whether his quest took place in reality. In the case of others we may speak of an initially peace mission, as attempted conversions were undertaken by setting an example to follow and doing favours to local population, in exchange for which the beneficiaries were obliged to undergo baptism. When such tactics failed to deliver significant effects, armed crusades were organized, as a result of which the entire Livonia was formally converted to Christianity by the end of the 13th century.
Inflanty obejmujące tereny obecnej Łotwy i Estonii zostały włączone w krąg chrześcijańskiej cywilizacji łacińskiej jako jedne z ostatnich obszarów północnej Europy. Ich bezpośrednie sąsiedztwo z ruskimi księstwami, wyznającymi chrześcijaństwo w obrządku wschodnim nie przyczyniło się do ich wcześniejszej konwersji. Dopiero rozpoczęte w drugiej połowie XII w. misje, organizowane niezależnie od siebie przez Kościół duński w postaci przedsięwzięcia francuskiego cystersa Fulco, wyświęconego na biskupa Estończyków (ok. 1171–1180), jak również oddolnej – przynajmniej w początkowej fazie – inicjatywy augustiańskiego mnicha Meinharda z klasztoru w Segeberg w Holszytnie (1211-1219), pierwszego biskupa Üxküll, i cystersa Teodoryka, działającego w okolicach Treiden (ok. 1186-1202), pierwszego opata klasztoru w Dünamünde (1205-1211) i późniejszego biskupa Estonii (1211–1219) oraz ich następców – cystersa Bertholda (1197–1198), drugiego biskupa Üxküll oraz przede wszystkim Alberta, kanonika kapituły bremeńskiej, założyciela miasta Rygi i pierwszego biskupa Rygi (1199–1229) zakończyły się podbojem i formalną chrystianizacją Inflant. Bez wątpienia wszystkich ich można nazwać apostołami barbarzyńskiej Europy, chociaż w przypadku Fulco brak jest jednoznacznego potwierdzenia, że jego wyprawa faktycznie doszła do skutku. W przypadku pozostałych mamy do czynienia początkowo z misją pokojową, gdyż starano się nawracać mocą przykładu i czynienia przysług miejscowej ludności w zamian za co zobowiązywano obdarowywanych do przyjęcia chrztu. Gdy taktyka ta przez ponad dekadę nie odniosła większych efektów, przystąpiono do organizowania zbrojnych krucjat, dzięki czemu do końca XIII w. całość Inflant została formalnie schrystianizowana.
Źródło:: Folia Historica Cracoviensia; 2017, 23/1; 119-141
0867-8294
Pojawia się w:: Folia Historica Cracoviensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kaprzy Augusta II Wettina w latach 1700–1701 w świetle nieznanych szwedzkich poloników wojennomorskich
Privateers of Augustus II in 1700–1701 in the Light of the Previously Unknown Polish Maritime Warfare Sources from Sweden
Autorzy:: Kuczyński, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388100.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023-03-31
Wydawca:: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:: Great Northern War (1700–1721)
privateer fleet
navy
Augustus II
Polska
Saxony
Courland
Livonia
the Baltic Sea
Opis:: During the war with Sweden in Livonia in 1700, Augustus II decided to call up his own privateer flotilla. The most information about its activities can be found in the legacy of the Swedish commissioner in Gdańsk, Per Cuypercrona, kept at the Riksarkivet in Stockholm. In the late 1700s and early 1701s, he reported to Charles XII on the activities of the Polish privateers from the base in Puck. The first researcher to study this issue was Przemysław Smolarek in the 1950s. He concluded that the establishment of the flotilla in the autumn of 1700 was not part of a broader policy, but an ad hoc decision prompted by the withdrawal of the Danes from the Northern War as a result of the Peace of Travendal. However, Smolarek did not manage to access all records related to privateers, including copies of privateer patents issued by Augustus II and the Saxon resident in Copenhagen, Johann de Schade. Another analysis of Cuypercron’s legacy led to their discovery. The purpose of the article is to discuss and analyse the aforementioned materials. According to these sources, the establishment of the privateer flotilla by August II took place earlier, on 15 August 1700, i.e. before the Danish surrender, and the main area of their activity was the coasts of Courland and Livonia.
Źródło:: Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 1; 5-23
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:: Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Choroby i ich objawy w XIX-wiecznym Słowniku polsko-łacińsko-łotewskim Jana Kurmina
The Names of Diseases and their Symptoms in the Nineteenth-century Słownik polsko-łacińsko-łotewski by Jan Kurmin
Autorzy:: Szamryk, Konrad Kazimierz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035341.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-12-27
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Polish-Latvian dictionary
Polish language in 19th century
19th-century lexicography
Livonia
names of diseases
Polish medical terminology
Opis:: This article presents an analysis of the names of diseases and their symptoms in Słownik polsko-łacińsko-łotewski (The Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary) by Jan Kurmin (ed. Vilnius, 1858). The number of excerpted lexical items (377) is presented in 11 semantic fields (from the most expanded to the smallest one): diseases of the motor system, skin diseases, respiratory system diseases, symptoms of multiple diseases, internal diseases, infectious diseases, diseases of the sensory organs, wounds and cuts, digestive system diseases, mental diseases, cardiovascular diseases. The analysis shows that despite the high ability to observe symptoms, the knowledge of treatments remained limited, which is why the dictionary presents mostly diseases that can be easily observed with the unaided eye. The non-professional character of the dictionary is also evidenced by the use of synonymous sequences, vocabulary with indistinct meaning, and descriptive names of diseases.
Źródło:: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza; 2021, 28, 2; 143-157
1233-8672
2450-4939
Pojawia się w:: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Próba mitologii romantycznej i politycznej. Kilka uwag na temat "Gryfa" Olgi Daukszty
Autorzy:: Zając, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030269.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-12-14
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:: Daukszta
Livonia
Latvia
romantic mythology
epic poem
cultural landscape
localism
borderlands
Inflanty
Łotwa
mitologia romantyczna
poemat epicki
krajobraz kulturowy
lokalność
pogranicze
Opis:: Prezentowany artykuł poświęcony jest poematowi epickiemu Olgi Daukszty pt. Gryf. Napisany na przełomie lat 30. i 40. XX w., poemat konstruuje specyficzną polską i chrześcijańską tożsamość na ziemiach dawnych Inflant Polskich i współczesnej Łotwy. Daukszta, która uważała się za Polkę, ale także Niemkę, Tatarkę czy Żmudzinkę, zamieszkiwała region, w którym przez wieki spotykały się, współistniały oraz walczyły różne narodowości. W czasie, gdy polskość na Łotwie była tłumiona, wskazywała na polskie elementy i aspekty w historii Łotwy. Aby uzasadnić konkretne prawa narodowe i polityczne, skonstruowała w swoim poemacie mitologię romantyczną, w ramach której na nowo zinterpretowała pewne symbole i alegorie (jak gryf, lew, ale także św. Jerzy, itp.) oraz umieściła je w kontekście kultury europejskiej i chrześcijańskiej w ogóle. Poemat nigdy nie został opublikowany, niemniej jednak stał się ciekawą próbą stworzenia lokalnej i w pewien sposób różnorodnej tożsamości, w raczej typowym romantycznym stylu.
The presented article focuses on Olga Daukszta’s epic poem “Griffin”. Written at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s, the poem constructs specific Polish and Christian identity on the lands of former Polish Livonia and contemporary Latvia. Daukszta, who considered herself Polish as well as German, Tatar or Samogitian, lived in the region where various nationalities met, co-existed and fought over centuries. In the time when Polish identity in Latvia was suppressed, she was pointing out the Polish components and aspects of Latvian history. In order to justify specific national and political rights, in her poem she constructed romantic mythology that re-interpreted certain symbols and allegories (like griffin, lion, but also St. George, etc.) and put them in the context of European and Christian culture in general. The poem was never published, nevertheless, it became an interesting attempt to create a local but somehow diverse identity in a rather typical romantic way.
Źródło:: Tematy i Konteksty; 2021, 16, 11; 597-608
2299-8365
Pojawia się w:: Tematy i Konteksty
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Oblężenie i kapitulacja twierdzy Kokenhauzen (2–7 X 1700)
The Siege and Capitulation of the Kokenhausen Fortress
Autorzy:: Trąbski, Maciej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065072.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018-09-30
Wydawca:: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:: the Great Northern War
Livonia
Kokenhausen
early modern military art
siege
capitulation
August II Wettin
Adam Heinrich von Steinau
the year 1700
Opis:: The conquest of the Kokenhausen Fortress in October 1700 was the last act of an eight-month campaign conducted by the army of August II in the territory of Swedish Livonia. After the disgrace related to the premature abandonment of the siege of Riga (the main target of this campaign), it was a significant military and political success. Kokenhausen could have been a convenient bridgehead for the Saxon troops on the right bank of the Daugava River and a potential operational base to launch military operations in the Swedish province in the spring of the following year. At the same time, the conquest of this fortress made it possible to use the Daugava River to transport heavy cannons and ammunition from the Russian border to Riga. In addition, this success could be used for propaganda purposes. Tsar Peter I received the confirmation that August II had maintained the anti-Swedish alliance, thanks to which in Warsaw it was possible to strive for Poland’s joining the war against Sweden. In the publications devoted to the Great Northern War the information on this event is mostly scarce, and often contradictory, making the image of the siege and capitulation of the Kokenhausen Fortress look unclear and raise doubts. The reason seems to be the lack of information from a direct source, and the authors’ reliance on indirect sources (e.g. press coverage). Below, a new attempt to present the circumstances of the conquest of Kokenhausen by the army of August II will be presented; it was prepared primarily on the basis of a letter written in the Saxon army camp on 9 October 1700, probably by the court treasurer Atanazy Miączyński, and works of two French historians: Pierre Massuet – Histoire des rois de Pologne, et du gouvernement de ce Royaume […] and Jean-Baptiste de Parthenay – History of the reign of the Polish king Frederic August II […], which come from the 1730s.
Źródło:: Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 3; 59-82
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:: Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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