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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37
Tytuł:
On Degradation of Cast Iron Surface - Protective Paint Coat Joint
Autorzy:
Tupaj, M.
Orłowicz, A. W.
Mróz, A.
Bąk, G.
Abram, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381862.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
thin-wall casting
flake graphite
grey cast iron
corrosion
protective paint coat
odlewy cienkościenne
grafit
żeliwo szare
korozja
powłoka ochronna
Opis:
The paper is a presentation of a study on issues concerning degradation of protective paint coat having an adverse impact on aesthetic qualities of thin-walled cast-iron castings fabricated in furan resin sand. Microscopic examination and microanalyses of chemistry indicated that under the coat of paint covering the surface of a thin-walled casting, layers of oxides could be found presence of which can be most probably attributed to careless cleaning of the casting surface before the paint application process, as well as corrosion pits evidencing existence of damp residues under the paint layers contributing to creation of corrosion micro-cells.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 133-136
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Decarbonizing of Ductile Cast Iron Surface for Usage in Two-Layered Casting
Autorzy:
Rzepka, Grzegorz
Nawrocki, Jacek
Sieniawski, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1831341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
decarbonizing
heat-resistant ductile iron
two-layered material
casting
dekarbonizacja
żaroodporne żeliwo sferoidalne
materiał dwuwarstwowy
odlew
Opis:
The main purpose of the present study is to verify the possibility of decarbonizing the surface of heat-resistant ductile iron GJS-XSiMo5-1 to provide a significant difference in carbon content between this material and gray cast iron EN-GJL-250. In the future, this will allow to increase the diffusion of elements during the creation of the two-layered material using the casting process with materials in a liquid state and solid state. The above method was assumed to solve the problem of defects on turbocharger’s housing in an economically justified manner which occurred in some high-performance premium applications. Evaluation of decarbonized surface quality was investigated by microstructure observation (light microscopy) and alloy elements diffusion (scanning electron microscopy), and hardness measurement and the element content were checked by spark optical emission spectrometry and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, respectively.
Źródło:
Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology; 2020, 44, 4; 113-120
0137-4478
Pojawia się w:
Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Density Functional Theory Study Of The Interaction Of Hydroxyl Groups With Iron Surface
Badanie wzajemnego oddziaływania grup hydroksylowych na powierzchni żelaza za pomocą teorii funkcjonału gęstości
Autorzy:
Nunomura, N.
Sunada, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355298.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
density functional theory
hydroxyl groups
iron surface
adsorption energy
teoria funkcjonału gęstości
grupy hydroksylowe
powierzchnia żelaza
energia adsorpcji
Opis:
The electronic interaction of hydroxyl groups with Fe(100) surface is modelled using a density functional theory (DFT) approach. The adsorption energies and structures of possible adsorption sites are calculated. According to our calculations of the adsorption energies, the interaction between oxygen atom of OH species and surface iron atom is shown to be strong. It is likely to be due to the interaction of the lone-pair electrons of oxygen and the 3d orbital electrons of iron atom. At low coverage (0.25ML), the most favorable adsorption sites are found to be two-fold bridge sites, and the orientation of the O-H bond is tilted to the surface normal. Further, the adsorption energy is found to be decreasing with the increasing OH group coverage.
Wzajemne oddziaływanie elektronowe grup hydroksylowych na powierzchni Fe(100) modelowano stosując metodę teorii funkcjonału gęstości (ang. density functional theory; DFT). Dokonano obliczeń energii adsorpcji oraz struktury potencjalnych centrów adsorpcji. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników stwierdzono, że pomiędzy atomem tlenu grupy OH, a powierzchnią atomu żelaza występuje silne oddziaływanie. Jest to prawdopodobnie spowodowane oddziaływaniem wolnej pary elektronowej tlenu z elektronami atomu żelaza na orbitalach 3d. Przy niskim poziomie pokrycia (0,25 ML), najbardziej uprzywilejowane centra aktywne stanowią podwójne pozycje mostkowe, a orientacja wiązania O-H jest prostopadła do powierzchni. Ponadto energia adsorpcji zmniejsza się wraz ze wzrostem ilości grup OH na powierzchni.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2A; 931-933
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Density functional theory based modeling of the corrosion on iron surfaces
Modelowanie korozji na powierzchni żelaza w oparciu o teorię funkcjonału gęstości
Autorzy:
Nunomura, N.
Sunada, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
density functional theory
aqueous corrosion
iron surface
water molecules
oxygen
teoria funkcjonału gęstości
korozja wodna
powierzchnia żelaza
cząsteczki wody
tlen
Opis:
In order to understand the first steps of the aqueous corrosion of iron, we have performed density functional theory (DFT) based calculations for water molecules and pre-covered oxygen on iron surface. The surface structure is modeled by iron atomic layer and vacuum region, and then oxygen atom and water molecules are displaced on the surface. Self consistent DFT calculations were performed using a numerical atomic orbital basis set and a norm-conserve pseudopotential method. According to our calculations, with increasing surface oxygen coverage, the iron surface is found to be not activated, which leads to a feeble adsorption of water molecules on iron surface. Our results show that the surface covered oxygen exerts an influence on the adsorption of water molecules on iron surface.
W celu zrozumienia początkowych etapów korozji żelaza w środowisku wodnym wykonaliśmy obliczenia dla cząsteczek wody i powierzchni żelaza pokrytej tlenem przy użyciu teorii funkcjonału gęstości (DFT). Model struktury powierzchni zawiera warstwę atomów żelaza i obszar próżni, a następnie atomy tlenu i cząsteczki wody rozmieszczane na powierzchni. Obliczenia DFT wykonano w zastosowaniem bazy orbitali atomowych i metody pseudopotencjału zachowania normy (norm-conserve). Zgodnie z wynikami naszych obliczeń, ze wzrostem pokrycia powierzchni przez tlen, powierzchnia żelaza nie jest aktywowana, co prowadzi do słabej adsorpcji cząsteczek wody na powierzchni żelaza. Nasze wyniki wskazują, ze powierzchnia pokryta tlenem wywiera wpływ na adsorpcje cząsteczek wody na powierzchni żelaza.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2013, 58, 2; 321-323
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Reclaim Primary Quality on Moulding Sand Parameters and Quality of Ductile Iron Casting Surface Layer
Autorzy:
Kamińska, Jadwiga
Angrecki, M.
Puzio, S.
Stachowicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134210.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
foundry industry
furfuryl resin
reclaim
self-hardening moulding sand
surface quality
ductile iron
przemysł odlewniczy
żywica furfurylowa
masa formierska
masa samoutwardzalna
jakość powierzchni
odlew z żeliwa sferoidalnego
Opis:
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the primary quality of reclaim from dry mechanical reclamation on the strength properties and service life of moulding sands based on this reclaim. Another aim was to establish the effect of the quality of reclaim, sulphur content - in particular, on the surface quality and thickness of the deformed surface layer in ductile iron castings. The research has revealed differences in the strength parameters and service life (mouldability) of sands based on the tested reclaims, depending on the type of the furfuryl resin used, including resins whose synthesis was done as part of the Żywfur project. Examinations of the structure of the surface layer of test castings poured in moulds made of loose self-hardening sands containing the addition of reclaim have confirmed the occurrence of degenerated spheroidal graphite in this part of the casting. It should be noted here that when massive castings with a long solidification time are made, the graphite degeneration effect can be more visible and the layer with the changed structure can increase in thickness. The research has clearly shown that it is necessary to control the parameters of the reclaim, including sulphur content which is transferred from the hardener and accumulates on the grains. This phenomenon has a negative impact not only on the sand strength and technological properties but also on the surface layer of castings.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2022, 22, 2; 83--88
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Removal of 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solution by granular activated carbon/nanoscale zero valent iron based on Response Surface Modeling
Autorzy:
Majlesi, M.
Hashempour, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/205422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
response surface methodology
4-chlorophenol
NZVI/AC
activated carbon
nano zero-valent iron
Opis:
The phenolic compounds are known as priority pollutants, even in low concentrations, as a result of their toxicity and non-biodegradability. For this reason, strict standards have been established for them. In addition, chlorophenols are placed in the 38th to 43th in highest priority order of toxic pollutants. As a consequence, contaminated water or wastewaters with phenolic compounds have to be treated before discharging into the receiving water. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used in order to optimize the effect of main operational variables responsible for the higher 4-chlorophenol removal by Activated Carbon-Supported Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (AC/NZVI). A Box-Behnken factorial Design (BBD) with three levels was applied to optimize the initial concentration, time, pH, and adsorbent dose. The characterization of adsorbents was conducted by using SEM-EDS and XRD analyses. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm and kinetics of 4-chlorophenol on AC and AC/NZVI under various conditions were studied. The model anticipated 100% removal efficiency for AC/NZVI at the optimum concentration (5.48 mg 4-chlorophenol/L), pH (5.44), contact time (44.7 min) and dose (0.65g/L). Analysis of the response surface quadratic model signified that the experiments are accurate and the model is highly significant. Moreover, the synthetic adsorbent is highly efficient in removing of 4-chlorophenol.
Źródło:
Archives of Environmental Protection; 2017, 43, 4; 13-25
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of the Surface Layer of Iron Casting on the Growth of Protective Coating During Hot-Dip Galvanizing
Autorzy:
Kopyciński, D.
Guzik, E.
Szczęsny, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379701.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hot-dip galvanizing
ductile iron
surface roughness
surface layer
cynkowanie
żeliwo sferoidalne
chropowatość powierzchni
Opis:
The paper presents the results of investigations of the growth of protective coating on the surface of ductile iron casting during the hot-dip galvanizing treatment. Ductile iron of the EN-GJS-600-3 grade was melted and two moulds made by different technologies were poured to obtain castings with different surface roughness parameters. After the determination of surface roughness, the hot-dip galvanizing treatment was carried out. Based on the results of investigations, the effect of casting surface roughness on the kinetics of the zinc coating growth was evaluated. It was found that surface roughness exerts an important effect on the thickness of produced zinc coating.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 1; 25-28
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A way of neodymium-iron-boron magnets regeneration in surface-mounted PMSM used in electric vehicles
Autorzy:
Łebkowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
permanent magnet
magnetization
synchronous motor
BLDC
magnes trwały
namagnesowanie
silnik synchroniczny
Opis:
The paper describes an efficient method of magnetization of permanent magnets, mounted on synchronous and BLDC motor rotors, which employs an air coil. A developed mathematical model of an electromagnetic circuit is presented, which was simulated in an ANSYS-MAXWELL environment. The performed simulations and experimental tests allowed optimization of the physical process of magnetization of permanent magnets mounted on an electrical machine rotor. The adopted method allowed achieving more favourable conditions of magnetization – less financial expenditure allowed to achieve the same results.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2017, 65, 5; 751-758
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diffusion Coefficient in the Zinc Coating Shaped on the Surface of Cast Iron and Steel Alloys
Autorzy:
Kopyciński, D.
Guzik, E.
Szczęsny, A.
Siekaniec, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379933.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hot-dip galvanizing
intermetallic sublayer
diffusion coefficient
cynkowanie zanurzeniowe
podwarstwa międzymetaliczna
współczynnik dyfuzji
Opis:
The article presents the method to assess the diffusion coefficient D in the sub-layer of intermetallic phases formed during hot-dip galvanizing “Armco” iron and ductile cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. Hot-dip galvanizing is one of the most popular forms of long-term protection of Fe-C alloys against corrosion. The process for producing a protective layer of sufficient quality is closely related to diffusion of atoms of zinc and iron. The simulation consist in performed a hot-dip galvanizing in laboratory condition above Fe-C alloys, in the Department of Engineering of Cast Alloys and Composites. Galvanizing time ranged from 15 to 300 seconds. Then metallographic specimens were prepared, intermetallic layers were measured and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated. It was found that the diffusion coefficient obtained during hot-dip galvanizing “Armco” iron and zinc is about two orders of magnitude less than the coefficient obtained on ductile cast iron EN-GJS-500-7.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 2; 43-46
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructural Evolution During Laser Surface Alloying of Ductile Cast Iron with Titanium
Autorzy:
Janicki, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351680.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
in-situ composites
TiC
laser surface alloying
diode laser
ductile cast iron
Opis:
Diode laser surface alloying process was used to the in-situ synthesis of TiC-reinforced composite surface layers on the ductile cast iron substrate. The obtained composite surface layers were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and XRD diffraction. It was found that the morphology and fraction of TiC phase is directly dependent upon both the concentration of titanium in the molten pool and also the solidification rate. With increasing titanium content, the fraction of TiC increases, whereas the fraction of cementite decreases. The TiC phase promotes a heterogeneous nucleation of primary austenite grains, what reduces a tendency of cracking in the alloyed layers.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 4; 2425-2431
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Magnetic Properties of Steel Ball Samples, Investigated before and after Nitriding
Autorzy:
Fuks, H.
Kaczmarek, S. M.
Leniec, G.
Michalski, J.
Kucharska, B.
Wach, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
EPR-FMR
magnetization
iron
nitriding surface
Opis:
Group of steel balls with different chemical composition, diameters and nitriding treatment parameters were investigated with using magnetic resonance and magnetization methods. Emerging nitrided regions consists of diffusion and surface layer of iron nitrides. The thickness of the individual layers depends on the type of steel and process parameters. Resonance signal shape and position were successfully described in the ferromagnetic resonance regime expected for dense iron magnetic system. Influence of the sample size, thermal treatment and carbon content on the absorption signal has been analyzed. Significant magnetic anisotropy has been revealed, as well as non-usual increasing of the magnetization as a function of temperature. It suggests, that overall antiferromagnetic ordering, destroyed by thermal movement, lead to increasing of the ferromagnetic region.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1235-1242
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Increasing the Surface Hardness of Cast Iron by Electrodeposition of Borides in Molten Salts
Autorzy:
Al-Azzawi, A. H.
Sytchev, J.
Baumli, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/958199.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electrodeposition
boron
cast iron
Opis:
In this paper the electrodeposition of boron on the surface of cast iron as a coating is applied to increase the hardness and protect the substrate against abrasive wear. The boron containing coating was synthesized by electrodeposition process from a NaCl-KCl (1:1 mol)-10 w%NaF-10w% KBF4 molten salt. The effect of electrolysis parameters (temperature and time) on the hardness is presented; the current density varied in the range –37 – –4.5 mA/cm2, allowing perfect coverage of and respect for dimensions. The electrochemical process was carried out at different temperatures (750°C-900°C) and for different periods of time (5-10 hours). Depending on the current density and duration of electrolysis, the deposits consist of FeB or Fe2B. Microhardness measurements across the boride layer indicated very high hardness values (between 1600 and 2100 HV0.05).The structure of the boride layer is linked to its boron content and thermal history: as-deposited coatings present very small grain sizes and can be considered as nearly amorphous.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1015-1018
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Repair of Structural Steel Surface Groove by Using Flame Welding Method by Spraying Pure Iron Powder
Autorzy:
Keyhany, P.
Vahdat, S. E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381026.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
structural steel
repair
welding
tensile strength
mechanical properties
oxyacetylene
reducing flame
konstrukcje stalowe
naprawa
spawanie
wytrzymałość na rozciąganie
własności mechaniczne
Opis:
To improve mechanical properties and increasing useful life of metal pieces, different methods of welding are used for repairing surface crack of metal pieces. In this research, performance of flame welding method by spraying pure iron powder evaluated for repairing surface grooves of structural steel. First, four specimens including one control specimen and other three specimens grooved specimens in depth of 1mm and in length of 12.5mm and groove width in the sizes of 0.5, 0.75 and 1mm.were prepared then, powder melted using oxyacetylene reducing flame and spraying iron powder in the flame path and attached to the inner surface of the groove and finally, the specimen repaired. Results showed that after repairing surface groove, tensile strength of the repaired specimens were reached to the tensile strength of control specimen with the margin of 2.5%.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 167-171
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New possibilities of shaping the surface properties in austempered ductile iron castings
Autorzy:
Myszka, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379832.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
austempered ductile iron
surface treatments
surface properties
casting
heat treatment
żeliwo sferoidalne austenityczne
obróbka powierzchni
właściwości powierzchniowe
odlew
obróbka cieplna
Opis:
The paper presents recent developments concerning the formation of surface layer in austempered ductile iron castings. It was found that the traditional methods used to change the properties of the surface layer, i.e. the effect of protective atmosphere during austenitising or shot peening, are not fully satisfactory to meet the demands of commercial applications. Therefore, new ways to shape the surface layer and the surface properties of austempered ductile iron castings are searched for, to mention only detonation spraying, carbonitriding, CVD methods, etc.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 1; 103-106
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Initial Analysis of the Surface Layer of AVGI Cast Iron Subject to Abrasion
Autorzy:
Jakubus, Aneta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127510.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
vermicular cast iron
abrasion resistance
austempering
abrasion of cast iron
surface layer
AVGI
żeliwo wermikularne
odporność na ścieranie
hartowanie
ścieralność
warstwa wierzchnia
Opis:
The article presents the results of research on the abrasion resistance of cast iron with vermicular graphite in the as-cast state and after austempering (the latter material is referred to as AVGI – Austempered Vermicular Graphite Iron). Austenitization was carried out at the temperature values of either 900°C or 960°C, and austempering at the temperature values of either 290°C and or 390°C. Both the austenitization and the austempering time was equal to 90 minutes. The change of the pearlitic-ferritic matrix to the ausferritic one resulted in an increase in mechanical properties. Abrasion tests were conducted by means of the T-01M pin-on-disc tribometer. The counter-sample (i.e. the disc) was made of the JT6500 friction material. Each sample was subject to abrasion over a sliding distance of 4000 m. The weight losses of both samples and counter-samples were determined by the gravimetric method. It was found that the vermicular cast iron austenitized at 900°C and austempered at 290°C was characterized by the lowest wear among the evaluated cast iron types. The geometric structure of the surface layer after the dry friction test exhibited irregular noticeable grooves, distinct oriented abrasion traces, plastic flow of the material, microcracks, and pits generated by tearing out the abraded material. The largest surface roughness was found for the AVGI cast iron heat-treated according to the variant 3 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 390°C), while the smallest one occurred in AVGI cast iron subject to either the variant 2 (Tγ =960 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) or the variant 4 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) of heat treatment and was equal to either 2.5 μm or 2.66 μm, respectively. It can be seen that the surface roughness decreases with the decrease in the austempering temperature.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2022, 22, 2; 50--56
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37

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