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    Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
    Tytuł:
    Pektyny – występowanie, budowa chemiczna i właściwości
    Pectins – occurrence, chemical constitution and physicochemical properties
    Autorzy:
    Pińkowska, H.
    Złocińska, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172265.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    pektyny wysokoestryfikowane
    pektyny niskoestryfikowane
    homogalakturonan
    ramnogalakturonan
    ksylogalakturonan
    żelowanie
    high ester pectins
    low ester pectins
    homogalacturonan
    rhamnogalacturonan
    xylogalacturonan
    gelation
    Opis:
    Pectins are important polysaccharide structure constituents of plant middle lamellae and primary cell walls ensuring their water retention performance and the pH stability [1, 11]. Due to the high gelling, stabilising and thickening properties they are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry [3, 9]. Commercial pectin substances are extracted from the waste material, especially citrus peels (from orange, grapefruit, lemon and lime fruit), apple pomace and sugar beet pulp. The high concentration of pectins is found also in other fruits and vegetables, mainly soy hull, mango peels and sunflower heads [3, 11, 12, 14]. The properties of pectins result mainly from their chemical structure. The pectin backbone is primarily composed of homogalacturonan (Fig. 1), which is a linear polymer consisting of α-1→4-linked d-galacturonic acid units, partially methylesterified or O-acetylated [3, 9]. Other structural elements of pectins are rhamnogalacturonan type I (Fig. 2) and type II (Fig. 3), xylogalacturonan (Fig. 5), arabinan (Fig. 6), arabinogalactan type I (Fig. 7) and type II (Fig. 8) [3, 5, 8]. The gelling property of pectins depends on the degree of methyl esterification of their carboxyl groups (DE). According to this parameter there are high ester pectins (DE > 50) and low ester pectins (DE < 50). The high ester pectins form gels in the presence of high sugar concentrations exceeding 55% and pH lower than 3.5, while in the case of low ester pectins the gelation process occurs even at low concentrations of sugar but the presence of divalent ions is required (e.g. calcium) [18, 21]. The aim of this study was a review of the available literature regarding the sources of pectins, their types, chemical structure and physicochemical properties.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2014, 68, 7-8; 683-700
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Swobodna powierzchnia wody i jej fizykochemiczne właściwości
    Free surface of water and its physicochemical properties
    Autorzy:
    Paluch, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171602.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    granica faz woda/powietrze
    swobodna powierzchnia wody
    struktura powierzchni swobodnej wody
    potencjał powierzchniowy wody
    water air interface
    structure of free surface of water surface potential of water
    Opis:
    The purpose of this paper is to show how interesting is free surface of water and how many problems connected with its properties were investigated. Some of them were studied in twenty century, another are quite new. The special attention was drawn to orientation of water molecules at water/air interface and connected with this orientation electric surface potential drop existing at the free surface. To date, there is no consensus both as to its value and sign. This is due to the impossibility of direct measurement of the surface potential, which caused that many scientists have attempted to estimate the value and sign of this potential indirectly by measuring other physical parameters or using simulation methods. The paper present also such properties of water/air interface as: surface density, surface viscosity, dielectric permittivity, surface conductivity ,surface tension and their changes as a result of adsorption process. As we can see from the review outlined in the paper the free surface of water in spite of long and different of studies is still fascinating for many scientists.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2015, 69, 7-8; 541-557
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Witaminy z grupy B : opis właściwości fizykochemicznych oraz bioaktywności z wykorzystaniem przykładowych narzędzi cheminformatycznych
    B vitamins : description of physicochemical properties and bioactivity by exemplary cheminformatics tools
    Autorzy:
    Banach, Sylwia
    Jezierska, Aneta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27310030.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    witaminy B
    cheminformatyka
    chemia medyczna
    projektowanie leków
    molinspiration
    bioaktywność
    B vitamins
    cheminformatics
    medicinal chemistry
    drug design
    bioactivity
    Opis:
    This paper presents a literature review of the biochemistry of vitamins B and the results of in silico physicochemical properties and bioactivity studies. The description was performed by cheminformatics tools closely related to the field of Medicinal Chemistry. It allows us to predict a great number of properties e.g. logP, TPSA, molecular volume or bioactivity associated with the chosen proteins (like kinases, proteases etc.). These investigations were carried out with the use of cheminformatics web tool Molinspiration. Its great advantages are mainly its wide availability, ease of application and quick analysis of small compounds. Thanks to the comparison with literature data of well–known B vitamins, it is possible to confirm that current cheminformatic web tools provide high reliability of the results and can support Drug Design methods.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2023, 77, 9-10; 873--896
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grzyby i odpady grzybowe jako nowe prekursory do otrzymywania adsorbentów węglowych
    Mushroom and mushroom residues as new precursors for carbon adsorbents
    Autorzy:
    Koźlarek, Natalia
    Bazan-Woźniak, Aleksandra
    Pietrzak, Robert
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086743.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    biowęgiel
    właściwości fizykochemiczne
    fizyczna i chemiczna aktywacja
    adsorpcja
    biocarbon
    physicochemical properties
    physical and chemical activation
    adsorption
    Opis:
    Undesirable changes in the bacteriological, physical and chemical properties of water are a consequence of introduction of excessive amounts of inorganic and organic materials to it. These pollutants limit or prevent the use of water for drinking, food production and household purposes. The greatest amounts of pollutants enter the watersystem with sewage. Also the pesticides,surfactants, organic dyes, artificial fertilizers along with municipal and industrial waste can easily enter water system and threaten the organisms living there. Another, equally important problem is the pollution of atmospheric air. Emission of solid liquid or gas pollutants to the atmosphere has been proved to have significant impact on human health, climate and nature. That is why the search for new and more effective technologies for the environment purification is a continuous challenge. Recently, increasingly often carbon materials are used as effective adsorbents of pollutants from liquid and gas phases.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2022, 76, 3-4; 221--236
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane właściwości fizykochemiczne polikarboksylanowych związków kompleksowych kobaltu(II), niklu(II), miedzi(II) i oksowanadu(IV)
    Selected physicochemical properties of polycarboxylate cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and oxidovanadium(IV) complex compounds
    Autorzy:
    Piotrowska-Kirschling, A.
    Drzeżdżon, J.
    Chmurzyński, L.
    Jacewicz, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171735.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    polikarboksylanowe związki kompleksowe
    kinetyka
    metoda stopped-flow
    właściwości antyoksydacyjne
    woltamperometria cykliczna
    polycarboxylate complexes
    kinetics
    stopped-flow method
    antioxidant activity
    cyclic voltammetry
    Opis:
    Cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and oxidovanadium(IV) cations are coordination centers in many polycarboxylate complexes [1‒16]. A number of coordination compounds of transition metal ions with such ligands as polycarboxylate anions and heterocyclic organic ligands, e.g. 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy) have been examined for their biological properties [3‒16]. Their selected structures and physicochemical properties have been described in the first chapter. The polycarboxylate coordination compounds of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and oxidovanadium(IV) have interesting antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antioxidant properties of polycarboxylate complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and VO(IV) with 4-picoline, 1,10-phenanhroline and 2,2’-bipyridine have been investigated towards the superoxide anion radical using the nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) test and the cyclic voltammetry (CV). Their antibacterial and antifungal activities have been tested against bacteria and fungus strains that are antagonistic to the human. The determined biological properties of the oxydiacetate Co(II), Ni(II), VO(IV) complexes with bipy/phen, the thiodiacetate VO(IV) and the iminodiacetate Cu(II) complexes have been compared with these of L-ascorbic acid, which is chemical compounds commonly used as the reference antioxidant substance. Consequently, the comparison of antioxidant properties of selected cobalt( II), nickel(II), copper(II) and oxidovanadium(IV) polycarboxylate compounds is described in this work (Section 3, Tab. 1‒4). The kinetics of substitution reactions of selected copper(II) polycarboxylate complex compounds were monitored using the stopped-flow method in various reaction conditions (concentration of complex, temperature, solvent) (Rys. 5‒6) [5, 6]. The obtained results of the kinetic studies of the substitution reactions of [Cu(tda)]n with 2,2’-bipyridine in aqueous surfactants solvents: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDSaq) and hexadecyl trimethyl- ammonium bromide (CTABaq) at 298.15 K (25 °C) are presented.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2018, 72, 11-12; 797-814
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Struktura i właściwości fizykochemiczne polimerów koordynacyjnych oraz materiałów typu MOF kadmu(II) i cynku(II)
    Structure and physicochemical properties of coordination polymers and MOF materials based on cadmium(II) and zinc(II)
    Autorzy:
    Pobłocki, Kacper
    Drzeżdżon, Joanna
    Jacewicz, Dagmara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1413238.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    polimery koordynacyjne
    sieci metaliczno-organiczne
    związki kadmu(II)
    związki cynku(II)
    MOF
    coordination polymer
    metal organic framework
    cadmium(II)
    compounds
    zinc(II) compounds
    Opis:
    In 1964, J.C. Bailat Jr. was one of the first scientists who use coordination polymers in his research. He established the rules of structure and the composition of compounds containing metal ions and organic ligands connected by coordination bonds to form layered or chain structures. He compared inorganic compounds belonging to polymeric species with organic polymers. The term Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) was first used in the publication by О. M. Yaghia. Crystalline, microporous structures contain rigid organic ligands (used interchangeably: organic building blocks) that bind metal ions. This is called reticular synthesis. MOF surface area values usually range from 1000 to 10000 m2/g-1, thus exceeding the area values of traditional porous materials such as zeolites and carbons. Metal Organic Frameworks create porous three-dimensional structures, unlike coordination polymers. Inorganic minerals from the aluminosilicate group are used in the widespread heterogeneous catalysis and processes such as: adsorption and ion exchange, while compared to Metal Organic Frameworks, shows a lower potential than zeolites, moreover, the design of structures is less precise and rational due to the lack of shape, size and control functionalization of pores. To date, MOF are the most diverse and most numerous class of porous materials. All aspects have made them ideal structures for storing fuels such as hydrogen and methane. They are perfect for catalytic reactions and are good materials for capturing pollutants, e.g. CO2. The number of publications on coordination polymers (CP), Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) or a group of hybrid compounds (organic-inorganic) increased tenfold at the turn of 2005, which proves the growing interest in this field by scientists around the world. MOF diversity in terms of structure, size, geometry, functionality and flexibility of MOF has led to the study of over 20,000 different MOF’s over the past decade. The search for new materials consists of combining molecular building blocks with the desired physicochemical properties. To produce a solid, porous material that can be used in the construction of a "molecular scaffold", rigid organic moieties, which are described in the literature as rods, must be combined with multi-core, inelastic inorganic clusters that act as joints (also called SBU secondary building units). By design, multi-core cluster nodes are able to impart thermodynamic stability through strong covalent bonds and mechanical stability due to coordination bonds that can stabilize the position of metals in the molecule. This property contrasts with those of the unstable single coordination polymers. The size and most importantly the chemical environment of the resulting voids are determined by the length and functions of the organic unit. Therefore, adjusting the appropriate properties of the material is made by appropriate selection of the starting materials. The isoretical method made it possible to use MOF structures with large pores (98 Á and low densities (0.13 g/cm3). This method involves changing the size and nature of Metal Organic Frameworks without changing the topology of their substrate. Thanks to this, it was possible to include large molecules such as vitamins (e.g. B12) or proteins (e.g. green fluorescence protein) into their structure and use the pores as reaction vessels. The thermal and chemical stability of many MOFs has made them amenable to functionalization by post-synthetic covalent organic complexes with metals. These properties make it possible to significantly improve gas storage in MOF structures and have led to their extensive research into the catalysis of organic reactions, activation of small molecules such as hydrogen, methane and water, gas separation, biomedical imaging and conductivity. Currently, methods of producing nanocrystals and MOF super crystals for their incorporation into specialized devices are being developed. Crystalline structures of MOF’s are formed by creating strong bonds between inorganic and organic units. Careful selection of MOF components produces crystals of giant porosity, high thermal and chemical stability. These features allow the interior of the MOF to be chemically altered to separate and store gases. The uniqueness of MOF materials is that they are the only solids to modify and increase the particle size without changing the substrate topology.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2021, 75, 7-8; 1041-1073
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zastosowanie polikarboksylanowych związków kompleksowych w tworzeniu sieci metaloorganicznych typu MOF
    Application of polycarboxylate comlexes in the formation of metal-organic frameworks
    Autorzy:
    Zych, Dominika
    Drzeżdżon, Joanna
    Jacewicz, Dagmara
    Chmurzyński, Lech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171746.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    związki metaloorganiczne typu MOF
    trójwymiarowa struktura
    fizykochemiczne właściwości związków typu MOF
    zastosowanie związków typu MOF
    Metal–Organic Frameworks
    MOF
    three-dimensional framework structure
    physicochemical properties of MOF
    applications MOFs
    Opis:
    The first research on Coordination Polymers began at the beginning of the 20th century. Wider understanding of their structure has enabled the development of crystallography. Since then compounds, which belong to this group, have been the subject of broad-spectrum scientific research. A particular class of these compounds, known relatively recently, are Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOF). The MOF structure is based on negatively charged organic linkers, e.g. polycarboxylic anions connected to various metal cations or metal clusters. MOFs are mainly built up from metal cations: transition, alkaline earth, main groups of the periodic table, as well as rare earth metals. Moreover, organic ligands used in the construction of MOF materials should contain electron donors. A characteristic bond, that allows the formation of hybrids, through the interactions of nodes and bridges is the coordination bond. It allows to synthesize a three-dimensional framework structure. Modern synthesis leads to the generation of porous materials with a very large surface area of pores and unique properties. Considering their synthesis, crystalline structures and physicochemical properties of MOF, as well as broad MOFs applications including gas storage, separation, catalysts, luminescence, magnetism and others, it is reasonable to state that MOFs can be used in many areas, not only in science, but also in environmental protection and in industry, for example, energy industry, chemical and biochemical industry.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2019, 73, 5-6; 401-423
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metody syntezy i właściwości fizykochemiczne 2,4,6,8,10,12-heksanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-heksaazaizowurcytanu (HNIW)
    The methods of synthesis and physicochemical properties of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW)
    Autorzy:
    Borkowski, J.
    Czerwińska, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171958.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    Cl-20
    HNIW
    synteza
    właściwości chemiczne
    właściwości wybuchowe
    CL-20
    synthesis
    chemical properties
    explosive properties
    Opis:
    Explosives have a very rich history of its creation. This history dates back to the ninth century, when the Chinese invented a black powder. In the end of the twentieth century, the first nitroamine polycyclic cage structure was obtained. The representative of this group is 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaizowurtzitane (HNIW, Cl-20). HNIW has recently been the subject of an interest as one of the strongest explosive material. As nitroamine, HNIW is compared to the other energetic materials: RDX i HMX [1, 2]. Researchers [5, 6] showed, that it is possible to replace a variety of typical explosives by HNIW and thanks to that obtain compositions with higher densities, heat of explosion and higher velocity of detonation. In the published papers [7-13, 16] there were presented six polymorphs of HNIW: αβγδε with specific stabilities and structural characteristics. Unfortunately, there is no a direct method of obtaining HNIW. There are at least four steps needed to obtain HNIW. The first step is the synthesis of HBIW [20-22]. The next one is debenzylation reaction of HBIW [20-29] in order to remove the benzyl groups. The third step is removal of the two other benzyl groups and replace them by nitroso, formyl or acetyl groups [20, 24, 30, 32]. In the final step there is a nitration of HNIW precursors [31-37]. The HNIW seems to be a promising explosive and it can replace other currently used energetic materials. However, using HNIW is limited due to the complicated and expensive technology of its production. Therefore, research groups carried out new syntheses of HNIW to eliminated these problem. In this article, review of the literature on the physicochemical properties and synthetic methods for HNIW were presented. The basic physical and explosive parameters of HNIW were summarized. The spatial structure was presented and polymorphs of HNIW were characterized. The methods for obtaining HNIW and intermediate products needed for its preparation were described. The methods of preparation of different HNIW polymorphs were also given.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2013, 67, 1-2; 93-109
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Prekatalizatory oligomeryzacji olefin oparte na kationach chromu(III) oraz kobaltu(II) : właściwości fizykochemiczne oraz katalityczne
    Precatalysts for olefin oligomerization based on chromium(III) and cobalt(II) cations : physicochemical and catalytic properties
    Autorzy:
    Malinowski, Jacek
    Drzeżdżon, Joanna
    Sikorski, Artur
    Jacewicz, Dagmara Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200439.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    kation chromu(III)
    oligomeryzacja olefin
    2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol
    aktywność katalityczna
    MALDI-TOF MS
    chromium(III)
    olefin oligomerization
    catalytic activity
    Opis:
    The introduction describes the most important facts about the development of polyolefins. This is followed by a description of the role of polyolefins and the most important applications in industry and everyday life. The paper presents new, highly active precatalysts for oligomerization of olefins. These are coordination compounds based on chromium(III) cation, anions of various polycarboxylic acids and auxiliary ligands, such as 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridyl. This review presents their crystallographic structures and basic parameters describing the elementary cell. The catalytic properties of the obtained oligomerization products using chromium(III) coordination compounds by MALDI-TOF MS are described. In conclusion, the presented precatalysts are compared with others described in the literature.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2022, 76, 11-12; 943--962
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Właściwości fizykochemiczne, biologiczne i aplikacyjne izocyjanków. Część 2., Zastosowanie w medycynie i materiałoznawstwie
    Physicochemical, biological and application properties of isocyanides. Part 2., Medical and materials science applications
    Autorzy:
    Pawlak, Marta
    Pobłocki, Kacper
    Drzeżdżon, Joanna
    Jacewicz, Dagmara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200417.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    isocyanides
    medicine
    pharmaceuticals
    polymers
    IBPs
    izocyjanki
    medycyna
    farmaceutyki
    polimery
    Opis:
    Isocyanides are compounds with a triple bond between a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom. Thanks to this structure, there is an electron lone pair on the carbon atom, which allows these compounds to participate in many reactions in organic chemistry. Due to their properties and the number of reactions in which they can participate, this group has been applied in medicine. Both natural and synthetic isocyanides have antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiviral and anticancer properties. The reactions involving them allow for a much simpler and faster synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. In addition, these compounds have application properties, making it possible to obtain polymers. Despite the polymerization of these compounds raising many objections, many polymeric materials based on isocyanides have found applications both in science and in everyday life.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2023, 77, 3-4; 239--256
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Właściwości fizykochemiczne, biologiczne i aplikacyjne izocyjanków. Część 1., Pochodzenie, otrzymywanie i reakcje chemiczne
    Physicochemical, biological and application properties of isocyanides, Part 1., Origins, derivation and chemical reactions
    Autorzy:
    Pawlak, Marta
    Pobłocki, Kacper
    Drzeżdżon, Joanna
    Jacewicz, Dagmara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200424.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    isocyanides
    isocyanates
    isonitriles
    electrophile nucleophile
    reactions of isocyanides
    izocyjanki
    izocyjaniany
    izonitryle
    elektrofil
    nukleofil
    reakcje izocyjanków
    Opis:
    Isocyanides are the most unusual and unique group in organic chemistry. They possess an unusual valence structure and reactivity. Isocyanides are the only class of stable organic compounds with a formal divalent carbon, which allows them to be the subject of virtually all reactions in organic chemistry. It can be either an electrophile, a nucleophile, a caraben and a radical acceptor. We distinguish between naturally occurring and synthetically produced isocyanides. Both groups of isocyanides have become recently the subject of scientific interest.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2023, 77, 3-4; 215--237
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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