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Tytuł:
Współczesne tendencje w obszarze ochrony konsumentów na rynku usług finansowych z uwzględnieniem regulacji instytucji ochrony konsumentów: Rzecznika Finansowego i Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów
Contemporary trends in consumer protection on the financial services market and the regulations of consumer protection institutions: the Financial Ombudsman and President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection
Autorzy:
Chashchina, Sofya
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143135.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
consumer
client
consumer protection
financial market
institutional consumer protection
Opis:
The article deals with some issues related to consumer (client) protection on the financial market. Legal regulations constantly change in this area. New regulations are introduced, which makes the subject of consumer protection very topical and important, especially with many accompanying transactions on the financial market. The multiplicity of legal acts and the influence of European legislation, especially EU regulations, can lead to many misunderstandings in terms of terminology. An attempt was made to clarify the concepts of consumer and client on the basis of Polish legislation. According to numerous amendments to the regulation, the entities on the market using financial services should make efforts to conduct a correct assessment of its legal situation and the possibility of using the help of institutions. The range of protected entities differ depending on the legal act that is analyzed. The author draws attention to the ways in which the legislator created a definition of a protected entity and the areas in which it provides legal protection. The analysis also includes legal provisions concerning the competences of institutions performing consumer protection functions: the Financial Ombudsman and the President of the Office of Competition and Consumers, which is a body specializing in individual consumer matters, and a public administration body. Their competences and roles, which overlap in certain areas, have been the subject of lively discussion for a time. This was due to the proposed draft act of December 2020, the provisions of which abolished the institution of the Financial Ombudsman, and transferred his competences to the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. The paper presents the direction of legal changes in the institutional area of consumer protection of financial services, the ratio of such actions, as well as the outlined European legislator’s vision of adequate consumer protection.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2021, 4 (36); 109-127
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Потенциал Применения Системы Защиты Прав Потребителей Для Обеспечения Экологической Безопасности Города
Potential Of The Application Of The Consumer Protection System To Ensure The Environmental Safety Of The City
Autorzy:
Lyga, Andriy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1403600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej
Tematy:
consumer protection system
consumer protection policy
rational consumer
environmental safety
ecosystem
Opis:
Modern science can distinguish three main types of the origin of threats caused by human activities for the ecology and environmental safety of the planet, country, region, or city. We emphasize, that these threats have appeared in the sphere of material production, and the threats that arise in the sphere of waste management and consumption. We underline, the phenomenon of material production, on the one hand, satisfies all the basic needs of society, and on the other hand, threatens environmental safety. Material production has actualized the needs of consumers, and nowadays consumers themselves are an integral part of ecosystem life. Therefore, we underline that the current situation in Ukraine when scientific economic and legal thought in matters of ensuring environmental safety underestimates the importance of the consumer protection system for solving this problem, focusing mainly on the issues of business entities sounds rather questionable. Therefore, such excess in scientific research makes it necessary to justify the impact of the consumer protection system on environmental safety and this is the issues on which we have concentrated our research.
Źródło:
MIND Journal; 2020, 9; 1-19
2451-4454
Pojawia się w:
MIND Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Creating consumer protection law vs. responsible borrowing on the consumer loan market
Autorzy:
Borys, Grażyna
Manacka, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610982.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
consumer loans
consumer protection
responsible borrowing
Opis:
Responsible borrowing means a thorough reflection on the need to become indebted, full transfer of true information affecting creditworthiness, comprehensive analysis of the credit agreement, and refraining from avoiding the repayment of loan obligations. The main purpose of the article is to verify the hypothesis that Polish legislators make only the lenders fully responsible for excessive borrowing on the consumer loan market. The following research methods were used: critical analysis of the subject literature and economic analysis of the respective legal provisions. On the basis of the analyses conducted, areas were identified in which the legislator should use the appropriate legal instruments stimulating responsible borrowing. Among them the following were listed: the consumer’s obligation to prove the absence of overdue payments and the consumer’s notifiation of becoming acquainted with the terms of the loan agreement.
Responsible borrowing means a thorough reflection on the need to become indebted, full transfer of true information affecting creditworthiness, comprehensive analysis of the credit agreement, and refraining from avoiding the repayment of loan obligations. The main purpose of the article is to verify the hypothesis that Polish legislators make only the lenders fully responsible for excessive borrowing on the consumer loan market. The following research methods were used: critical analysis of the subject literature and economic analysis of the respective legal provisions. On the basis of the analyses conducted, areas were identified in which the legislator should use the appropriate legal instruments stimulating responsible borrowing. Among them the following were listed: the consumer's obligation to prove the absence of overdue payments and the consumer’s notification of becoming acquainted with the terms of the loan agreement.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2019, 53, 3
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawo konsumenta do obniżenia całkowitego kosztu kredytu konsumenckiego – zarys problemu
The consumer’s right to reduce the total cost of consumer credit – an outline of the problem
Autorzy:
Gnych-Pietrzak, Wiktor
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1878744.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
consumer loan
contracts
legal interpretation
consumer protection
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to present the issues related to qualifying the costs of a consumer credit, such as commission and fees, to costs associated with the loan period, and thus subject to reduction in the event of early loan repayment. Based on the research, a thesis was formulated that for the correct transposition and implementation of EU law, it is required to ensure the possibility of reducing all costs of a consumer loan, therefore the above costs should be considered related to the loan period and should be proportionally reduced. Methodology: For the purposes of the research, the legal-dogmatic and analytical methods were used. The jurisprudence of Polish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union was analyzed. The adopted time horizon of the study covered the period from 12/05/2010 to 31/12/2020. The judgments published in the resources of Lex and Legalis Legal Information Systems and the Portal of Judgments of Common Courts as at 31/12/2020 were taken into account. Results of the research: It was found that the judicature largely adopted a broad approach to the problem presented, even before the judgment of the CJEU in case C-383/18, which confirms the thesis adopted for the purposes of the article. Consequently, consumers who have concluded a consumer credit agreement are entitled to a proportional reduction to all costs they had to incur in connection with the concluded agreement. In particular, these are incidental, one-off costs such as commission and preparation fee, which are subjected to reduction.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2021, 3, 31; 41-56
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Contracts and Automation: Exploring the Normativity of Automation in the Context of U.S. Contract Law and E.U. Consumer Protection Directives
Autorzy:
Barnhizer, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529919.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
contract automation
unconscionability
consumer protection
dispute resolution
Opis:
Given a choice between two systems of contract rules, a court or legislature may have a normative obligation to adopt the rule that is more susceptible to coding and automation. This paper explores the ramifications of that normative proposition through the lens of multiple contract doctrines that traditionally involve “messy” judgments or multiple interacting judgments regarding which human beings are – arguably – capable of making finely nuanced analyses. Using the common law doctrine of unconscionability and Polish Civil Code Article 385 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, this paper explores the differences between contract rules that require human analysis versus those that can be applied with strong reliability by automated processes. Finally, the paper analyzes some of the potential pitfalls of this normative proposition in light of technological, economic, and moral/ethical concerns.
En donnant le choix entre deux systèmes de règles contractuelles, un tribunal ou une législature peut avoir l'obligation normative d'adopter une règle qui est plus susceptible de codification et d’automatisation. Cet article analyse les conséquences de cette proposition normative à travers des différentes doctrines contractuelles qui impliquent traditionnellement des jugements “désordonnés” ou des jugements multiples dépendant de la profondeur de l’analyse. En faisant la référence à la doctrine de “common law” de l’inconscience et à l’article 385 de Code Civil polonais concernant les clauses contractuelles abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les consommateurs, cet article explore les différences entre les règles contractuelles qui exigent une analyse humaine et celles qui peuvent être appliquées avec une grande fiabilité par des processus automatisés. Enfin, le document analyse certaines difficultés potentiels de cette proposition normative à la lumière des préoccupations technologiques, économiques et morales / éthiques.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2016, 9(14); 15-42
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nieprawidłowości w sprzedaży łączonej i wiązanej kredytów mieszkaniowych i ubezpieczeń
Irregularities in Bundling and Tying Practices Home Loans and Insurance
Autorzy:
Nowak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/36095538.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
mortgage
cross selling
insurance
bancassurance
consumer protection
Opis:
Banks, as part of cooperation with insurance companies, offer customers insurances. The of insurance is securing loan repayment. Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) issued a number of reports on this subject. Identified by KNF numerous irregularities and the previous nonregulation resulted in 2014 r. publish Recommendation U. After the Recommendation U the national legislator as a result of the implementation of the directives introduced many significant changes in the area of bancassurance, which fundamentally changed the way banks offer insurance and strengthened the position of consumers. The idea of offering home loans with insurance is currently being realized as part of bundling and in certain situations also in tying practices and the position of the consumer is strengthened for example by information obligations imposed on banks. The main purpose of the article is to present the definition of the concept, forms and the scope of its application by the search banks, causes and consequences of improper bundling and tying practices and to indicate repair solutions. The presented objective of the project fits in with the research gap in the literature on the subject. Currently, there are no studies that would analyze the consequences for consumers of bundling and tying practices insurance with a home loan. Methodology. In theoretical part of the article author used analysis of the literature and a review of legal regularions. In order to determine the nature of irregularities occurring in the process of offering insurance by banks author used analysis how banks offers mortgage credit with insurance. Author also used in the article several examples of complains submitted by consumer to Financial Ombudsman in the years 2017–2021. The result of the research. The research allowed to notice current irregularities that may indicate a violation of consumer interests on the bancassurance. The identified irregularities are occuring for example in offering insurance that is unsuited to the client’s needs, misleading or concluding a contract basing only verbal information. The mismatch of loan repayment insurance is largely due to deficiencies in the credit process.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2022, 2 (Numer Specjalny); 35-47
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
State Policy of Consumer Protection in the Digital Financial Services Market in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Lobozynska, Sophia
Skomorovych, Iryna
Vladychyn, Ulyana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022739.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-02-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
financial consumer protection
digital financial services and products
public policy for consumer protection of digital financial services
Opis:
The rapid development of digital financial technologies in Ukraine leads to the emergence of new risks and to significant consumers’ losses in the financial market. The aim of the study is to develop strategic directions of state policy of consumer protection in the digital financial services market considering the best world practices and features of the financial system of Ukraine.System scientific analysis was used to study the possibilities of implementing international quality standards for digital financial services in Ukrainian legislation. The method of statistical analysis of data was used to form the imperial basis of the study.Based on the global experience and taking into account the peculiarities of Ukrainian fintech market the state policy should consist of three strategic directions: 1) create a system of legal regulation of the mechanism of protection of consumers’ rights of digital financial services; 2)introducing a risk-oriented approach to regulating the digital financial services delivery processto consumers; 3) strengthening of digital financial literacy and public awareness. Such state policy will form a reliable system of consumer protection in the digital services market in Ukraine.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2020, 2, 26; 51-62
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
State Policy of Consumer Protection in the Digital Financial Services Market in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Lobozynska, Sophia
Skomorovych, Iryna
Vladychyn, Ulyana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2121688.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
financial consumer protection
digital financial services and products
public policy for consumer protection of digital financial services
Opis:
The rapid development of digital financial technologies in Ukraine leads to the emergence of new risks and to significant consumers’ losses in the financial market. The aim of the study is to develop strategic directions of state policy of consumer protection in the digital financial services market considering the best world practices and features of the financial system of Ukraine. System scientific analysis was used to study the possibilities of implementing international quality standards for digital financial services in Ukrainian legislation. The method of statistical analysis of data was used to form the imperial basis of the study. Based on the global experience and taking into account the peculiarities of Ukrainian fintech market the state policy should consist of three strategic directions: 1) create a system of legal regulation of the mechanism of protection of consumers’ rights of digital financial services; 2) introducing a risk-oriented approach to regulating the digital financial services delivery process to consumers; 3) strengthening of digital financial literacy and public awareness. Such state policy will form a reliable system of consumer protection in the digital services market in Ukraine.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2021, Numer Specjalny; 89-100
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Blaski i cienie członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej na przykładzie implementacji unijnych przepisów o gwarancji jakości w obrocie konsumenckim.
Implementation of Rules on Consumer Sales Guarantees in Polish Legal System – Bright and Shadow Sites of Membership in the European Union
Autorzy:
Kubiak-Cyrul, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505333.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
consumer sales directive
guarantee
polish civil code
consumer protection
Opis:
This paper provides an analysis of the rules of consumer sales guarantees in polish civil law, which evolved under the influence of the Consumer Sales Directive. Implementation of the Consumer Sales Directive in the area of guarantees didn’t have a positive effect in Poland. Before the implementation, polish legal system offered advanced system of rules on consumer sales guarantees. Introducing the directive has resulted in lowering the level of consumer protection in this scope.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 1; 67-79
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Misselling jako nadużywanie zaufania klienta na rynku finansowym
Misselling as an abuse of customer trust in the financial market
Autorzy:
Paduszyńska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/652666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
unfair practices
misselling
financial market
consumer protection
Opis:
The amendment to the act on competition and consumer protection, in force since 17 April 2016, introduced a ban on the so-called ‘misselling’ as a new type of practice that violates collective consumer interests. The sale of products that are not suited to the needs of clients is a frequent reason for complaints to courts and institutions of consumer protection. Thus, it has a negative impact on clients' trust in financial market entities, because it exposes them to unnecessary risk and generates additional service costs. The financial services market is a type of market that has a significant impact on its customers. The source of threats may be the fact that financial institutions operate in an area of increased risk with a relatively low share of equity, and also, they rely on the funds entrusted to them by clients. The aim of this paper is to identify the phenomenon of misselling, explain the reasons for which it is undesirable from the point of view of consumer protection, and present solutions for its reduction. The paper is based on a review, analysis, and synthesis of selected publications (domestic and foreign) which are important from the point of view of the topic. Moreover, the paper includes an analysis of secondary data from official documents and reports of financial market entities.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2019, 22, 3; 45-60
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ramy prawne aspektow sharing economy w Polsce
Legal frameworks governing the aspects of the sharing economy in Poland
Autorzy:
Aleksandra, Nadolska
Wojciech, Nadolski
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2215861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
sharing economy
EU
consumer protection
tax burdens
Opis:
Basing on general theories on the sharing economy, the authors describe the key concepts of legal framework governing that phenomenon, which arise at the EU level and the national one, in particular regarding such issues as tax and economic law as consumer protection. The phenomenon is not only a matter of theory and law, because the sharing economy is an important part of everyday life, while its economic significance clearly translates into market values. The study does not exhaust legal and tax aspects of the sharing economy, which are extremely complex and multi-faceted.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2019, 2(62); 9-26
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Marketing sent by banks to e-mail address in compliance with the law
Autorzy:
Wysocka, Kamila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1978067.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
advertising law
marketing
consumer protection
spam
data protection
mailing
Opis:
This article covers considerations on the e-mail marketing of financial products and services aimed at consumers. The research paper presents the practice of banks used by those institutions in the e-marketing; basic concepts such as information, offer, advertisement, communication or spam have been considered. The article addresses in particular relevant problems linked to sending advertising materials by e-mail, i.e specifying what types of messages a bank may send to its customers, whether a bank may send such messages to all its customers, whether a bank may send such messages only to its customers, what the consumers rights with respect to receiving unwanted and unsolicited commercial information are. The research paper took into consideration current judicature and views of legal writers.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2018, 10, 2; 432-446
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PRAKTYKA OCHRONY KONSUMENTÓW NA PRZYKŁADZIE MIEJSKIEGO RZECZNIKA KONSUMENTÓW W RZESZOWIE
THE PRACTICE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MUNICIPAL OFFICE OF FAIR TRADE IN RZESZÓW
Autorzy:
Zioło, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/512860.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
consumer
consumers rights
consumer protection
Municipal Office of Fair Trade
Opis:
Consumer protection is impossible without existence of a professional institution which remains outside current mainstream of policy making. One of them is the Municipal Office of Fair Trade. The subject of the article is to analyze and assess the activities of the Municipal Office of Fair Trade on behalf of the consumer in Rzeszów, while the purpose is to highlight the role and importance of this entity in the system of consumer protection institutions.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2013, 11, 4; 68-82 (15)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Consumer Policy in Poland in the Period of Transformation
Autorzy:
Malczyńska-Biały, Mira
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1390790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-03-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
consumer protection
economic policy
consumer policy
social policy
systemic transformation
Opis:
The article is based on an analysis of Polish and international legal acts, government programs and literature, and aims at presenting the concept and the scope of consumer policy in the period of systemic transformation in Poland. The publication features an analysis of the major factors shaping consumer policy in Poland in the years 1989-2004. Selected international legal acts affecting consumer protection in the years 1989-1997 were also analyzed. Elements of consumer policy present in selected governmental economic programs in the period of transformation were synthesized. It was assumed that consumer policy in the period of systemic transformation indirectly resulted from the economic policy of the government. Its shape was primarily affected by the social and economic transformation occurring since 1989 and the birth of free-market economy. The process of adjusting the Polish legislation to the European Union standards, which began in 1991, and subsequent accession to the European Union in 2004 also played an important role.
Źródło:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae; 2017, 35; 129-141
0081-6485
Pojawia się w:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Projekt zmian w ustawie o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów oraz Kodeksie postępowania cywilnego – kilka subiektywnych uwag
Proposed changes to competition law and civil procedure – a few subjective comments
Autorzy:
Bagdziński, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/508172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
prawo konkurencji
ochrona konsumenta
competition law
consumer protection
Opis:
Artykuł jest opinią autora na temat proponowanych zmian w ustawie o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów oraz Kodeksie postępowania cywilnego, których wnioskodawcą jest Prezes UOKiK. Autor przedstawia założenia nowelizacji, jej ocenę, a także propozycje alternatywnych rozwiązań problemów zdefiniowanych przez wnioskodawcę nowelizacji.
This article presents a subjective opinion of the author on some changes, currently championed by the Polish competition authority, to be introduced into Polish competition law as well as its civil procedure rules. Presented in the paper is the essence of these draft amendments, the views of the Author on this draft as well as shows alternative solutions to key problems defined by the NCA and addressed in the draft.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2015, 4, 2; 110-117
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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