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Tytuł:
Archeologia Krakowa. Niektóre problemy naukowe i konserwatorskie
Autorzy:
Żaki, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/537591.pdf
Data publikacji:
1955
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
archeologiczne zabytki Krakowa
badania archeologiczne w Krakowie
stanowiska archeologiczne w Krakowie
krakowski paleolit
ślady mezolitu w Krakowie
archeologiczne strefy Krakowa
osadnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne
rodzaje ingerencji konserwatorskiej
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 1955, 4; 244-251
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania nad wczesnośredniowiecznymi zaprawami występującymi w posadzkach zabytkowych reliktów w Wiślicy
INVESTIGATIONS OF^EARLY MEDIEVAL MORTARS IN FLOORINGS FOUND IN MONUMENTAL RELICS AT WIŚLICA
Autorzy:
Ciach, Teresa Danuta
Osler, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539576.pdf
Data publikacji:
1970
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
Wiślica
wczesnośredniowieczne zaprawy w Wiślicy
posadzki reliktów w Wiślicy
badania mikroskopowe
badania makroskopowe
posadzka ornamentowana
analiza termoróżnicowa
Opis:
The author presents the results o f investigations conducted on the courtyard floorings which have recently been discovered by Dr. Z. Wartołowska within an early medieval group of relics in the „Castle” area at Wiślica. Two fragments of the courtyard flooring have been discovered; one of them having th e thickness of about 12 cm, composed of fiv e different layers, and the other having the thickness of 9 cm, consisting o f four layers. The microscopic examinations, and both chemical and chemical-and-physical investigations have shown that in the earlier discovered fragment its first, i.e. the bottom layer consists o f a lime-and-sand mixture, the second and the third of gypsum whereas the fourth of lime-and-gypsum mixture, and the fifth, the top one, of gypsum alone. As the fillers in mortars present in the second to fifth layers were used m ixtures of different proportions containing the crushed gypsum stone, quartz sand and the fine organogenic lime chippings. In addition, in those mortars were present 2 to 5 per cent admixtures of pottery fragments, feldspar grains and also the fine-grained coal. Layers in the second fragment basically correspond to those characteristic for the first one with this only exception that the lime and lime-and-gypsum layers are absent. One from among the samples taken exhibited high crushing strength (amounting to 171— 211 kG/cm2) and a relatively high abrasion resistance (0,46 cm) thus evidencing its perfect state of preservation after good many centuries that passed since their production. On the basis of results obtained the ancient recipes could be reconstituted enabling the preparation of new samples and providing the possibility to subject them to the crushing strength tests. The high values obtained as result o f the above investigations and tests point to the perfect mastering of technology used for preparing of anhydrous gypsum mortars possessed by their makers in the early medieval period.
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 1970, 3; 197-209
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Skarby wczesnośredniowiecznego Śląska w kontekście znalezisk wielkopolskich
Hoards of Early Medieval Silesia in the Context of Finds from Greater Poland
Autorzy:
Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
srebro
skarby srebrne
skarby wczesnośredniowieczne monety
wczesnośredniowieczne
denary
silver
silver hoards
early medieval hoards
early medieval coins
denars
Opis:
At least 110 sites with finds of early medieval coins have been recorded so far in Silesia. These include 62 hoards, 29 graves, 22 settlements and 14 stray and undefined. Finds from Greater Poland were much more numerous, as in 2010 their number amounted to as many as 237, including about 160 hoards. The earliest Silesian finds of early medieval coins are dated to the first half of the 10thc. At the settlement in Wszemirów, 3 fragments of dirhams minted after 914 were found. The earliest find, coming from an unknown locality (Śląsk XIII), contained (apart from illegible fragments of dirhams) a small part of an English coin of Athelstan (924–939). Other deposits, containing exclusively Oriental coins are dated to after 942/3 (Śląsk XIV) and after 954 (Sośnica). West European coins are primarily German denars from the Bavarian- Swabian circle, and they appeared in assemblages dated to the 970s (Obiszów, Niemcza). Silesian hoards from the 10th c. also contained considerable numbers of Bohemian coins, cross denars, various German coins, a somewhat lower number of Danish half-bracteates, single English, Italian and French specimens, as well as Ancient Roman denars. Apart from coins, there were also ornaments and silver raw materials, sometimes blanks (usually strongly fragmented). The weight of these assemblages oscillates between c. 7 g to 1.140 g, while the average weight is c. 100–600 g. 10th c. hoards from Greater Poland represent at least 42 finds. The earliest ones appear as early as the second quarter of this century (e.g. Piwonice, Ochle, Gościejewice). Other ones are dated to the 950s and 960s. the earliest assemblages contain exclusively Oriental coins and jewellery. Earlier on in Silesia, that is, in the 950s, the first West European denars occur in deposits, apart from dirhams. Such denars come from Cologne and Bavaria (Kuźnica Czarnkowska, Grzybowo, Gwiazdowo). In somewhat later assemblages there are also Bohemian, English, Danish and Italian cross denars, Byzantine milliarenses, single Ancient Roman denars or French coins. However, the ratio of dirhams is still somewhat higher than in Silesia. Apart from coins, jewellery and silver raw materials occur, and they are less fragmented than in Silesia. The weight of Greater Poland’s deposits from this period is from c. 7 g to 15 kg of silver (Dzierżnica II), c. 200–600 g being the average range of weight.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 39-48
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Skarby wielkopolskie z początków państwa polskiego
Greater Poland’s Hoards from the Beginnings of the Polish State
Autorzy:
Kurnatowska, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
skarby wczesnośredniowieczne
znalezisko gromadne
początki państwa polskiego
kontakty handlowe
szlaki dalekosiężne
early medieval hoards
multiple finds
beginnings of the Polish state
trade relations
long-distance routes
Opis:
In the 9th–11th c., hoards consisting of silver coins and ornaments chiefly occured in the Baltic zone and they are a kind of distinguishing mark of this zone against the background of other European countries. These hoards present archaeological sources which allow for the examination of various aspects of the culture and civilisation of those days. In the territory of northern Poland, especially in Pomerania, there are known hoards which are dated to as early as the 9th c., or even the 8th/9th centuries. On the other hand, in the territory of later Greater Poland, hoards mainly appear in the first half of the 10th c. They become more widespread in the second half of the 10th and in the 11th c. These hoards can be roughly divided into so-called dirham hoards and somewhat later ones, which contain Western coins. The map of the distribution of early medieval hoards in Greater Poland shows an evident concentration of such finds in the hinterland of the most important centres of the arising state of the Piasts—in the vicinity of strongholds in Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań, as well as in the hinterland of Ostrów Lednicki and Kruszwica. There are various hypotheses in scholarly literature which attempt at explaining this phenomenon. The distribution of hoards was related to the trade routes of those days. The relation of the hoards to a defined group of contemporary society was also pointed out. At that time, a group of magnates in the entourage of the duke was in the process of formation. These magnates lived in the neighbourhood of the especially significant centres of the arising state and they were believed to actively participate in the exchange of goods, especially long-distance ones. Another issue is the reason behind the deposition of hoards in the ground. Comparative studies incline the researcher to assume that artefacts made from precious metals which were deposited in the earliest of Great Poland’s hoards may have come from ceremonial exchange, or, more precisely, from gifts granted by the ruler to his men. However, another possibility must also be taken into consideration. The person who deposited the hoard was not doing this in order to temporarily secure it and to be able to extract and use it at some later time. Rather, in contrast to this, the deposition of the hoard had a completely different meaning: a non-economic and non-prestige one. It could be assumed that the deposition of the hoard was (at least in some cases) related to magical or cult activities. Such practices have been well-known since Antiquity.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 19-26
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kontekst archeologiczny miejsc odkrycia dwóch wczesnośredniowiecznych skarbów z południowej wielkopolski: z Jastrzębnik i starego miasta w Kaliszu
The archaeological context of the sites where two earlymedieval treasures from southern great Poland were discovered: Jastrzębniki and the old town in Kalisz
Autorzy:
Kędzierski, A.
Ziąbka, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/407582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczo-Rozwojowy Inżynierii Lądowej i Wodnej Euroexbud
Tematy:
wczesne średniowiecze
skarby srebrne
osadnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne
Early Middle Ages
silver treasures
early medieval settlement
Opis:
Z okresu wczesnego średniowiecza z terenu Wielkopolski było znane wiadomości na temat 140 znalezisk depozytów srebrnych: monet, ozdób i tzw. placków srebra. W wydanej w roku 2011 pracy Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski. Kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk autorzy Małgorzata i Mirosław Andrałojć, Patrycja Silska oraz Piotr Szyngiera na 74 znalezisk zweryfikowanych pozytyw nie, tylko cztery uznali za związane z wczesnośredniowiecznym osadnictwem. Niedawno odkryte dwa depozyty z Jastrzębnik koło Kalisza oraz Kalisza-Dobrzeca, ukryte pod koniec XI w. związane są ze współczesnym im osadnictwem.
There were 140 finds of silver deposits (coins, ornaments and pieces of silver) known to come from early medieval Great Poland. In the work published in 2011 called The discovery of early medieval treasures in the Great Poland area. The archaeological context of the find the authors, Małgorzata and Mirosław Andrałojć, Patrycja Silska and Piotr Szyngiera , considered only 4 of the 74 positively verified finds to be related to early medieval settlement. The two recently discovered deposits from Jastrzębniki near Kalisz and Kalisz-Dobrzec, which were hidden at the end of the 11th century, are related to the settlement at that time.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska; 2015, 13; 56-65
2082-6702
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opracowanie antropologiczne szczątków ludzkich z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska rzędowego w Gołuniu, stan. 23/24, woj. wielkopolskie
An Anthropological Analysis of Human Remains from the Early Medieval Row Cemetery in Gołuń, Site 23/24, the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
Autorzy:
Wrzesińska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532438.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
Gołuń
cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
rzędowe
osteologia
paleopatologia
paleodemografia
Early Medieval cemetery
row cemetery
osteology
palaeopathology
palaeodemography
Opis:
The Early Medieval cemetery in Gołuń is archaeologically dated to the period from the end of the 10th c. to the mid-11th c. (Małgorzata Talarczyk-Andrałojć in this volume). The span of use of the cemetery was about 50 years. In the nearest neighbourhood there is no other uncovered and examined cemetery from this period. Only in the second half of the 11th c. did two cemeteries in a close vicinity commence to exist next to each other — Dziekanowice Site 2 and Dziekanowice Site 22. Both are situated on the eastern coast of Lake Lednica (to the north, c. 10 km from Gołuń). The anthropological analysis first of all concerned the age and sex assessment (of adult individuals) (Table 1), the structure of deaths for the examined cemetery (Table 2) and the reconstruction of intravital body height, done individually for each adult individual (Table 5; Table 6). Based on measurements of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs, the average intravital body height of the examined individuals was reconstructed. It was found that the inhumation burials and stray human bones belong to no less than 54 individuals. The bones of 5 individuals were found in 2007, while the bones of another 49 individuals were discovered in 2011 (Table 1). The group of children’s burials was composed of 10 skeletons (or skeleton fragments). Among these, 7 died at the age of Infans I, while three — at the age of Infans II (for one individual the age was assessed as 13–15 years, i.e., the end of Infans II and the beginning of Juvenis). 4 burials were classified as juvenile persons (the age of Juvenis): 3 of these were female burials and 1 was a male burial. 13 individuals died at the age of Adultus: 3 females and 10 males. Yet another burial was that of a woman who died at the age of Adultus–Maturus. 13 individuals died at the age of Maturus: 4 females and 9 males. One man died at the age of Maturus–Senilis. 7 persons: 3 females and 4 males died at the age of Senilis. Gender was assessed for 39 adult or juvenile individuals. 14 female individuals and 25 male individuals were isolated. For 5 individuals their age was assessed as “Adult” (Table 2). The state of health of the examined group can be assessed, with some approximation, on the basis of the changes which have come into existence in the bones [Gładykowska-Rzeczycka, Sokół 2000]. In the group of analysed skeletons, lesions of disease were found within 34 skeletons (Table 1), more often in male than female ones (22:10). Two skeletons with recorded lesions of disease belonged to children (Table 1). The bone material was measured using the anthropometric technique. Individual results for each person are offered in the Tables. A poor state of preservation of the bone material rendered most measurements impossible. The obtained results of intravital body height, separately for women and men, were compared with data for various Early Medieval skeleton series from the territory of Poland. The average height of female individuals (157.9 cm) and male individuals (169.3 cm) buried in the cemetery in Gołuń displays the greatest similarity to a series from Dziekanowice 2 (women 157.0 cm, men 170.1 cm) [Henneberg, Puch 1989: Table 7, p. 153]. We can assume that the group buried in the cemetery in Gołuń was remarkable for their considerable body heights. These values are higher than the average value of this trait in the Early Middle Ages in Poland (men — 165.7 cm, women — 153.6 cm) [Stolarczyk, Lorkiewicz 1993]. Thus, the body height of individuals from this population was above the average in this period. Thanks to the detailed anthropological analysis of the examined bone remains, it was possible to carry out a reconstruction of mortality processes in the group from Gołuń. The distribution of mortality of the examined group (Table 9) diverged from the mortality model which is typical for prehistoric populations [Henneberg, Strzałko 1975; Piontek 1979]. What is absent are evenly distributed frequencies of mortality of the adult individuals, and the frequency of mortality of children too is low (18.5%). If one assumes, however, that this is a reflection of the actual mortality conditions in the examined group, it would be necessary to state that the group from Gołyń does not significantly differ from other groups from the territory of Poland in terms of their biological condition. Differences in values of individual measures, i.e., the percentage of individuals who lived until the age of x (lx), the probability of death (qx), and the average further continuation of life of an individual at the age of x (eo x) (Table 9 and 11), confirm the observations of Janusz Piontek [1979] on the considerable diversification of biological conditions of local groups in historical periods. The anthropological analysis of even such a small and poorly preserved group can be a valuable contribution to the reconstruction of the structure and the age of the dead and the reconstruction of the biostructure of this population. Based on the nature of the changes, we are able to say that in spite of the fact that in a majority of cases the dead suffered from childhood diseases related to periodical malnutrition, they belonged to a “wealthy” group, whose living conditions were at least good. The adult population rather suffered from diseases progressing with age than from too onerous physical labour.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2015, 14; 177-237
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wczesnopiastowskie cmentarzysko rzędowe w Gołuniu, gm. Pobiedziska, woj. wielkopolskie
The Early Medieval Row Cemetery in Gołuń, the Pobiedziska Commune, the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
Autorzy:
Andrałojć, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532639.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
Gołuń
cmentarzysko rzędowe
cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
cmentarzysko wczesnopiastowskie groby wojowników
topór typu M
paciorki mozaikowe
row cemetery
Early Medieval cemetery
Early Piast cemetery
warrior graves
Type M axe
mosaic beads
Opis:
This work discusses the results of rescue excavations in the Early Medieval row cemetery in Gołuń, the Pobiedziska Commune. 17 ares were examined, out of which the necropolis took up the area of 13.21 ares. Prehistoric and Late Medieval finds were also recorded in the cemetery. The cemetery in Gołuń is situated in the Gniezno Lake District, in an area which is pretty diversified with regard to its hypsometry. There are a few more prominent rises of terrain, and one of these, located near a small watercourse, was occupied by the examined necropolis (Fig. 1). All immovable features and finds related to the cemetery were discussed in detail in the catalogue. The catalogue is divided into two principal parts — one of which contains descriptions of graves, including those preserved in situ and destroyed, while the other iscusses the remaining features found within the necropolis: empty grave pits and bonfires. All the graves contained inhumation burials and the dead were buried directly at the bottom of grave pits (perhaps in one case the body was covered with bog soil). 42 graves in situ containing one burial in each were discovered. Further discoveries included 1 grave with the remains of 2 persons as well as bones belonging to 10 individuals, which came from destroyed graves. Almost all out of the 44 burials which were not destroyed were located along the E–W axis or with some deviation to the N and S from it, according to the alignment of the grave pits. The arrangement of skeletons from two graves (24 and 38) which are aligned along the N–E axis is at variance with this principle. Furthermore, these two graves disturb the row arrangement of the cemetery. On the other hand, one can see some sort of regularity for the cemetery in Gołuń, as women were deposited with their heads to the west and men — with their heads to the east. The anthropological analysis demonstrates that most of the dead were men (26 persons — c. 48%), while the women were buried in 14 graves (nearly 26%). Persons whose sex was not assessed constituted about 26% altogether, including children. The nature of the grave inventories (recorded in c. 61.5% of graves) and the co-occurrence of given funds were analysed (Tables 1–2). Deformations of bone materials (e.g., a successful skull trepanation was recorded) as well as the stratigraphy of this basically single-layer cemetery are also discussed. In the work an analysis of all the portable finds discovered in the cemetery was carried out. 3 groups of finds were isolated: artefacts and tools of daily use (knives — 17 items in the graves and 1 in a secondary deposit; a bronze fitting of a leather knife sheath, vessels — 4 in the graves, 1 in the top of an empty grave pit, 1 in a secondary deposit; 2 staved buckets with iron rims; 4 phyllite whetstones; 1 double fire striker; an iron hoof; a clay spindle whorl, an iron awl and 4 artefacts with unclear functions), weaponry (a Type M iron axe and two pairs of spurs belonging to Type I:2 according to Hilczerówna, including one with a pair of buckles) and ornaments (2 silver temple rings; 2 necklaces having 9 beads each — Tab. 3, including 2 mosaic beads; a bronze bell-shaped pendant) and a single find — a silver clump. Concerning other features discovered in the area of the cemetery in Gołuń, 5 features were classified as unused grave pits based on their formal traits, while one of these may have been a cenotaph (a vessel was found in the top of this feature). Another two features — bonfires, which did not disturb graves but overlapped them — are believed to have been related to post-funeral ceremonies. C14 dating (AD 985–1043, cf. Fig. 21) demonstrates that the functioning of the cemetery in Gołuń should be dated to between the late 10th and the mid-11th c. This is also coherent with the results of a typological-chronological analysis of the discovered finds: such as first of all the Type M axe (finds from Greater Poland are dated to the first half of the 11th c.), Type I iron spurs (chiefly dated to the 10th-mid-11th c. in Central and Northern Europe), and a silver bead taken from an earring of Type Świątki, which were in use from the mid- 10th to the late 11th c., or perhaps only to the mid-11th c. Two glass polyhedral mosaic beads with a few groups of “eyelets,” probably coming from Scandinavia or Rus’, are dated to about 1000 and they belong to artefacts with a more precise chronology among those found in the “Gołuń” necropolis. Both temple rings found in the cemetery are dated to between c. the mid-10th c. and the early (?) 13th c. However, their small dimensions (Variant A according to Kóčka-Krenz) rather suggest the first half of this period. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of clay vessels of the Type Menkendorf-Szczecin and Type Vipperov demonstrate that we are dealing with partially slow-wheel made forms which became obsolete and the occurrence of fully slow-wheel made vessels. Therefore, it is justified to propose the first half of the 11th c. as the chronology for the pottery finds. Phyllite whetstones have one quality which confirms the assumed chronology of the cemetery, as in the Baltic Sea zone they have been most commonly discovered among finds from the 10th–11th c. Bronze bell-shaped pendants and staved buckets with iron rims are most often recorded in Poland in necropolises dated to the 10th/11th–11th c. The remaining artefacts, such as the fire striker, the hoof, some other types of beads and the bronze fitting of the leather sheath of a knife, although having a broader chronology, are also discovered in grave inventories which are contemporary to the cemetery in Gołuń. Furthermore, the fittings of knife sheaths with extended upper parts (as it is the case with the Gołuń find) occurred already in finds from early phases in Birka. The sparse stratigraphic relations between the graves, their low number and the relatively small area of the necropolis also suggest that it was in use for a rather short period of time. The necropolis in Gołuń belongs to a type of Early Medieval row cemeteries, which were not located next to churches. It is possible to isolate two zones of this burial ground. The main one — the southern, western and northern parts — consisted of 4 rows, running from the north to the south. However, the arrangement of some parts (especially the central one) is disturbed (Fig. 5). The cemetery with such a spatial layout is adjoined from the south-east by a much smaller cluster of 17 graves (2–3 rows), some of them overlapping each other. Within these two main parts of the necropolis one could make an attempt at isolating smaller units of division. This brings some order and reveals a better spatial organization of the cemetery in Gołuń. This is a hypothetical division, as no traces of fences were recorded in the course of excavation works. When analysing the positions of the graves in the cemetery in Gołuń one can isolate as many as 10 such smaller zones/quarters, which were marked with Roman letters from I to X (Fig. 22). The central part of the necropolis in Gołuń is taken up by Quarter I, with dimensions of c. 8 × 10 m. Only 4 graves were located in it, but they stand out with regard to their grave furnishings. In an empty square which can be seen in the centre of the southern part of the cemetery in Gołuń, no remains were discovered, which could imply an existence of any structure fulfilling a role of a sacral building, e.g., a small wooden church or a cemetery chapel. On the basis of the number of discovered graves and taking the data on destroyed burials into consideration, one can suppose that the cemetery was used by a small local community for some dozen years. Among the finds which were recorded together with the burials of the dead, one’s attention is attracted to grave goods which testify to the formation of a group of warriors, related to the Early Piast monarchy — which was coming into existence at that time. There is no doubt that two women buried with necklaces composed of 9 beads each, belonged to the group of wealthier members of the community using the necropolis. The knife in a leather sheath which is fitted with a bronze sheet with rich ornamentation, which was found in Grave 30, should also be regarded as a luxurious artefact. The analysis of the Archaeological Record of Poland’s research results, demonstrated that the cemetery is situated on the edge of an area which was used in an enormously intensive manner in the Early Middle Ages. The cemetery in Gołuń was probably one of the burial grounds which were used by this broader community, inhabiting the mentioned settlements.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2015, 14; 15-176
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kamienie żarnowe do rozcierania rud ze stanowiska nr 8 w Dąbrowie Górniczej - Łośniu
Ore-grinding quern-stones found at site no. 8 in Dąbrowa Górnicza - Łosień
Autorzy:
Garbacz-Klempka, A.
Karwowski, Ł.
Rozmus, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/122179.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
hutnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne
hutnictwo srebra
hutnictwo ołowiu
archeometalurgia
kamienie żarnowe do mielenia rudy
produkcyjne stanowisko archeologiczne Dąbrowa Górnicza-Łosień st 8
ore-grinding quern-stones
early medieval metallurgical settlement in Dąbrowa Górnicza-Łosień
archaeometallurgy
early medieval smelting of lead
early medieval smelting of silver
X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry
XRF
petrographic research
Opis:
Przedstawiony komunikat jest pierwszym opracowaniem kamieni żarnowych znalezionych we wczesnośredniowiecznej (druga polowa XI w oraz druga połowa XII w.) osadzie hutniczej w Dąbrowie Górniczej – Łośniu, związanej z wydobyciem i wytopem ołowiu i srebra. Wybór kamieni żarnowych został poddany badaniom petrograficznym, a dwa zabytki kamienne zbadano metodą spektroskopii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej (XRF) pod kątem obecności na powierzchni kamieni pierwiastków metalicznych. Jak stwierdzono ślady pierwiastków metalicznych obecne są w grudkach materiału obcego w stosunku do struktury kamienia, „wprasowanych” w istniejące w kamieniach żarnowych pory. Podsumowując można stwierdzić, że pochodzące z warstw wczesnośredniowiecznych (druga połowa XI do drugiej połowy XII w.) kamienie żarnowe oznaczone jako zabytek 166/III/w. 31 oraz zabytek 139/IX w. 92 służyły do mielenia rudy. Świadczy o tym zestaw pierwiastków charakterystycznych dla rudy cynku i ołowiu z domieszką srebra odkrytych w porach kamienia żarnowego. Gdyby to była glejta (PbO) nie stwierdzono by śladów cynku i srebra. Kamienie żarnowe odkryte w warstwach średniowiecznych związanych z pochodzącym z przełomu XIII / XIV w. dworem, mogły natomiast służyć do mielenia zboża na mąkę.
The following notice constitutes the first treatment of quern-stones found in the early medieval (second half of the 11th c. and the second half of the 12th c.) metallurgical settlement in Dąbrowa Górnicza-Łosień, associated with the extraction and smelting of lead and silver. A selection of the quern-stones was subjected to petrographical research, and two stone monuments were examined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) in order to seek the presence of metallic elements on the surface of the stone. It was established that traces of metallic elements occur in the lumps of material which is alien in reference to the structure of the stone. These traces are “ingrained” in the pores of the quern-stones. In conclusion, one may state that the quern-stones derived from early medieval strata (second half of the 11th c. until the second half of the 12th c.) marked as monument 166/III/w. 31 and monument 139/IX w. 92 were used to grind ores. Testimony to this is furnished by the set of elements peculiar to zinc and lead ore with admixtures of silver that were found in the pores of a quern-stone. If this were massicot (PbO), no traces of zinc or silver would have been found. The quern-stones discovered in the early-medieval strata associated with the court dating back to the turn of the 14th century may have been used to grind wheat into flour.
Źródło:
Hereditas Minariorum; 2016, 3; 177-191
2391-9450
2450-4114
Pojawia się w:
Hereditas Minariorum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rekonstrukcja ewolucji układu przestrzennego średniowiecznego miasta i portu Szczecin
Reconstruction of the spatial evolution of the medieval city and port of Szczecin
Autorzy:
Krośnicka, K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/294053.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
Szczecin
miasto wczesnośredniowieczne
port wczesnośredniowieczny
dynamika rozwoju miasta
miasta wielokrotne
early medieval city
early medieval port
dynamics of urban growth
multiple cities
Opis:
Praca rekonstruuje ewolucję układu osadniczego Szczecina w okresie od połowy VIII w. do początku XIV w., w oparciu o interpretację dostępnej literatury naukowej dotyczącej historii i archeologii Szczecina oraz metodę analizy planistycznej. Bardzo istotnym elementem opisu struktury urbanistycznej wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina było określenie roli i położenia portu. W wyniku analizy zmian układu przestrzennego miasta w omawianym okresie wyłoniono sześć kolejnych etapów jego rozwoju: 1. Osada otwarta na Wzgórzu Zamkowym i jej przystań (2. poł. VIII w.– 2. poł. IX w.), 2. Gród i przystań grodu (2. poł. IX w.–2. poł. X w.), 3. Wczesnośredniowieczny kompleks osadniczy: gród, podgrodzie i port podgrodzia (2. poł. X w.–poł. XII w.), 4. Ośrodek wczesnomiejski: gród, podgrodzie słowiańskie i port podgrodzia, podgrodzie niemieckie i Havening, osady otwarte (2. poł. XII w.–koniec 1. ćw. XIII w.), 5. Średniowieczne miasto podwójne: „dolne miasto”, „górne miasto” (koniec 1. ćw. XIII w.–8. dekada XIII w.), 6. Proces wykształcania się miasta średniowiecznego (8. dekada XIII w.–koniec 1. ćw. XIV w.). Rozwój Szczecina w okresie wczesnośredniowiecznym i średniowiecznym odbywał się skokowo, poprzez przyłączanie kolejnych, autonomicznych funkcjonalnie i zorganizowanych przestrzennie osad. Tak przebiegający proces wzrostu miasta, polegający na istnieniu miast „podwójnych i wielokrotnych”, stanowić może ciekawą alternatywę dla rozwoju współczesnych aglomeracji, borykających się na co dzień ze zjawiskiem „urban sprawl”. Przedstawiona koncepcja w wielu miejscach bazuje na przypuszczeniach wynikających z logiki procesów osiedleńczych znanych z urbanistyki. Dlatego też do chwili zweryfikowania jej za pomocą nowych dowodów archeologicznych należy ją traktować jako hipotezę badawczą.
The paper reconstructs the evolution of the urban growth of Szczecin between half of the 8th century and the beginning of the 14th century, basing on the interpretation of the available scientific literature on history and archeology of Szczecin, and on the method of planning analysis. A very important element of the description of urban structure of the early medieval Szczecin was a determination of the role and location of the port. The analysis of changes in the spatial layout of the city in the mentioned period allowed us to define the six successive stages of its development: 1. The open settlement on the Castle Hill and its’ haven (the 2nd half of the 8th century–the 2nd half of the 9th century), 2. The gord and its haven (the 2nd half of the 9th century–the 2nd half of the 10th century), 3. The early medieval urban complex: the gord, the slavic borough and its port (the 2nd half of the 10th century–half of the 12th century), 4. Townlike urban complex: the gord, the slavic borough and its port, German borough and its port Havening, open settlements (the 2nd half of the 12th century–the end of the first quarter of the 13th century), 5. The double city: “Lower town”, and “Upper town” (the end of the first quarter of the 13th century–the 8th decade of the 13th century), 6. The formation of the medieval city (8th decade of the 13th century–the end of the first quarter of the 14th century). The early medieval Szczecin was not growing simply in a linear manner, but it was developing in a stepwise manner, by attaching new, already spatially organized settlements. Such a model of an urban growth, consisting of the existence of “double” or even “multiple” cities, can be an interesting alternative for the development of contemporary urban areas, which are struggling with the phenomenon of “urban sprawl”. The presented concept is basing in many places on assumptions, resulting from logic of the settlement process, known from urban planning theory. Therefore, this work should be regarded as a research hypothesis, until finding new archaeological evidences will give a chance for its verification.
Źródło:
Architectus; 2016, 4 (48); 3-22
1429-7507
2084-5227
Pojawia się w:
Architectus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10. Wstępne wyniki badań
Early medieval cemetery in Giecz, site. 10. Preliminary research results
Autorzy:
Miciak, Magda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
Giecz
wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe
XI–XIII w.
early medieval inhumation cemetery
eleventh-thirteenth centuries
Opis:
Discovered in 2013, the inhumation cemetery in Giecz, site 10, is the fourth funeral site related to the early medieval settlement complex that developed around one of the principal stronghold centres of the first Piast site. The cemetery is located about 500m north-west of the stronghold, near an early medieval settlement discovered during surface research in 1928. During three excavation seasons (2014–2016), 55 burials and several dozen settlement features from the period preceding the establishment of the cemetery were discovered and excavated at the site. In general, the graves were oriented along an east-west axis, forming a row system characteristic of early medieval cemeteries. The burial pits were distinct, mostly rectangular, with rounded corners, of varying dimensions. In a few cases, traces of wood were observed. These were interpreted as a formwork or a wooden construction framing the grave or a specific widening of a burial pit suggesting a remnant of the bier. The deceased were placed in an extended supine position, their heads mostly to the west, with arms folded along the body or on the pelvis. These rules were not always respected in the case of the graves of small children, but also several adults were positioned differently in graves (with the head facing east, flexed on the side or with the hand on the abdomen or the chest). Most of the burials were single, but a double grave was also discovered, in which a small child was later interred into in the grave of an adult woman. Grave goods were recovered from 31 burials. They were mainly everyday items (knives, buckets with iron rings, spindles or fragments of combs), coins and ornaments, among which noteworthy are two necklaces consisting of glass beads and semi-precious stones found in children’s graves. A very preliminary analysis of the grave goods (the excavated artefacts have not yet been subject to conservation) suggests that the cemetery functioned between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries. Excavations at Giecz, site 10, are going to be continued under a research programme implemented by the Archaeological Reserve in Giecz in cooperation with the Slavia Foundation.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2017, 16; 39-59
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jeden z dziesięciu. Pomorskie kontyngenty dla Krzywoustego według relacji Herborda
One in Ten. Pomeranian Contingents for Bolesław Iii Krzywousty (Wrymouth) According to Herbord’s Account
Autorzy:
Babij, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591106.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
early medieval Pomerania
military organization
select levy
expeditionary levy
hagiography
wczesnośredniowieczne Pomorze
organizacja sił zbrojnych
wybranieckie pospolite ruszenie
ekspedycyjne pospolite ruszenie
hagiografia
Opis:
Artykuł traktuje o interpretacji relacji Herborda, w którym autor jednego z żywotów św. Ottona opisał wymiar kontyngentów wojskowych, jakie Pomorzanie mieli dostarczać Bolesławowi III. Istnieją trzy zasadnicze interpretacje tego przekazu. Pierwsza oparta jest na rozumieniu sformułowania patres familias jako warstwy możnych. Zgodnie z drugą byli oni grupą niewolnych wojowników wyspecjalizowanych w wyprawach łupieżczych. Zdaniem autora najwłaściwsze będzie jednak dosłowne rozumienie tekstu Herborda. Wymiar pomorskich kontyngentów najczęściej porównywano z realiami monarchii karolińskiej i ottońskiej. Warto odnieść się też do materiału porównawczego z obszaru Danii i Połabia. Duńska organizacja sił zbrojnych znała ekspedycyjne pospolite ruszenie o charakterze morskim. Słowianie Połabscy również mobilizowali oddziały na zasadzie terytorialnej, jednak nie wiadomo, czy było to wybranieckie pospolite ruszenie tak samo jak na Pomorzu. Liczba 1/10 wydaje się prawdopodobna, jednak należy pamiętać, że Herbord był hagiografem i bardziej zależało mu na symbolicznym znaczeniu liczb niż ich dokładności.
This article covers the interpretation of Herbord’s account, in which the author describes the size of the military contingents which the Pomeranians were supposed to provide to Bolesław III. There are three main interpretations of this source. The first one relies on understanding “patres familias” as the upper class or magnates. The second interprets the same phrase as a group of slave warriors specialised in raids. According to the author of this article, the literary interpretation is the most appropriate one. The size of the Pomeranian contingents was most commonly compared to the reality of Carolingian and Ottonian monarchy. One may also use comparable sources from Denmark and Polabia. The Danish military organisation included maritime expeditionary levy. The Polabian Slavs mobilised their troops based on territorial rules but it is not certain whether they were select levy as in Pomerania. The one in ten ratio seems to be probable but it should be noted that Herbord was a hagiographer and wanted to emphasize the symbolic meaning of the numbers rather than their accuracy.
Źródło:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski; 2017, 2; 43-66
0552-4245
2353-3021
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ślady prac górniczych w Libiążu pow. Chrzanów
Traces after mining works in Libiąż, Chrzanów County (Poland)
Autorzy:
Rozmus, D.
Szymaszkiewicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/122129.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
górnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne
górnictwo kruszcowe srebra
górnictwo kruszcowe ołowiu
halsztacki wytop
produkcja ozdób ołowianych
wyrobiska
szyby kopalniane
chodniki kopalniane
early medieval lead
silver mining
hallstatt smelting of metals
production of lead ornaments
mining pits
shafts
drifts
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu są wyniki nadzoru archeologicznego przeprowadzonego w 1988 r. po odkryciu szybów górniczych w Libiążu. Jest to jeden z rzadkich przykładów badań archeologicznych na reliktach górnictwa kruszcowego, na obszarach pogranicza Górnego Śląska i Zachodniej Małopolski. Podczas nadzoru archeologicznego nad pracami budowlanymi natrafiono na szyb, od którego odchodziły promieniście chodniki poziome w liczbie przynajmniej trzech. Chodniki występowały na głębokości 2,5–3 m, w warstwie skalnej dolomitu o niezbyt zwartej strukturze. Poziome wyrobiska miały płaski spąg, w miarę wyrównane ociosy i łukowato sklepiony strop. Ich szerokość wynosiła około 100 cm a wysokość około 80–100 cm. Jeden z chodników posiadał rozgałęzienie. Prawa odnoga, była ściśle zasklepiona regularnie ułożonymi bloczkami dolomitu. Tajemniczo przedstawia się chronologia znalezisk. Najprawdopodobniej związane są one z wczesnośredniowiecznym górnictwem kruszcowym. Prawdopodobne jest też postawienie hipotezy, że związane są one z okresem halsztackim. Byłyby zatem śladami prac górniczych prowadzonych przez ludność kultury łużyckiej, która na omawianym regionie (cmentarzysko ciałopalne w Żarkach, około 5 km od miejsca odkrycia szybów) eksperymentowała z wytopem ołowiu z lokalnych rud i produkcją z niego ozdób znalezionych pośród darów grobowych.
The article is devoted to the results of archaeological supervision conducted in 1988 afer the discovery of mining shafts in Libiąż. This is one of the rare examples of archaeological studies in the relic of ore mining, in the border areas of Górny Śląsk and Zachodnia Małopolska. During the archaeological supervision and the construction work a vertical shaft was discovered, from which spread at least 3 horizontal drifts projected in a radial manner. The drifts were located at the depth of 2.5–3 m in a dolomite rock layer whose structure was of relatively poor density. The horizontal tunnels (adits) had a flat bottom, relatively straight lateral walls and an arched vault. Their width was about 100 cm and their height was about 80-100 cm. One of the tunnels bifurcated – there was a side tunnel, oriented at about 25 degrees. The chronology of the finds is a source of mystery. Most probably the finds are associated with early medieval ore mining. One may also venture a legitimate hypothesis that they may be associated with the Hallstatt period. Therefore they are the traces of the mining work which was conducted by the people who represented Lusatian culture and experimented with the technology of smelting lead from local ores and with the production (from this material) of ornaments found among the burial gifs in the region in question (a cremation grave in Żarki located about 5 km from the place where the shafts were discovered).
Źródło:
Hereditas Minariorum; 2017, 4; 209-220
2391-9450
2450-4114
Pojawia się w:
Hereditas Minariorum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Od tamy szkieletowej do wału obronnego na Ostrowie Tumskim w Poznaniu – uwagi o konstrukcji najmłodszej linii umocnień
From a timber frame dam to a defensive bank on Ostrów Tumski in Poznan – comments on the structure of the youngest line of the fortifications
Autorzy:
Sikora, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164846.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Poznan
early-medieval banks
hydrotechnical devices
Poznań
wały wczesnośredniowieczne
urządzenia hydrotechniczne
Opis:
The article contains an analysis of woven fascines located under the northern part of the early-medieval defensive banks on Ostrów Tumski in Poznan. The structures, similar to the contemporary timber frame structures, had the task of accumulating the material (sand) carried by the river along the line of the planned fortifications. The author analysed woven fascines located under the northern piece of the defensive banks of the Poznan stronghold (registered at the 5 Posadzego site) and identified them as remains of hydro-technical infrastructure. The structures, similar to the contemporary timber frame structures, had the task of accumulating the material (sand) carried by the river along the line of the planned defensive banks. Similar structures had been discovered in the northern part of the 17 Ostrów Tumski site yet their function was not identified. The author also presents the chronology of the specific phases of the bank construction (based on the results of tree-ring-dating) and structure elements (pilots, starlings, the bank’s turn, stone founda¬tions). This is also an indication of an intended constructing the Poznan cathedral as the possible reason for extending the range of the fortifications around 980.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2018, 2 (17); 68-85
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monety z cmentarzyska w Gieczu, stanowisko 4, jako źródło do badań obrzędów funeralnych
Coins from the burial ground in Giecz, site 4, as a source for the research of funeral rituals
Autorzy:
Indycka, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532523.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
Giecz
monety
zwyczaje pogrzebowe
wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko
XI–XIII wiek
coins
funeral rituals
early medieval burial grounds
11th–13th century
Opis:
The article presents the results of the analyses of coins, which were found during excavation works on the early medieval skeleton cemetery in Giecz (site 4). 281 graves were uncovered and examined there, among which were the ones with coins. The conducted archaeological and numismatic analyses refer to funeral rituals, chronology of the burial ground and various cultural phenomena connected with coins. The obtained data indicate that the ritual of depositing coins with the dead at the cemetery located next to the castle-town in Giecz appeared over half century after converting to the new religion and continued for 200 years. On the basis of the conducted analysis it can be stated that the coins were placed with the dead regardless of their sex or age at the moment of death. The deceased were buried in the same way as the majority of the decedents at the burial grounds; their graves did not stand alone. With the exception of the shears, no other special objects were placed in them and no two groups of graves of the same type were registered. Graves with coins, regardless of their orientation as well as sex and age of the individuals buried in them, and regardless of the chronology of the coins which they contained, were placed on the entire burial ground. They were orientated similarly to the majority of graves. The relationship between the type of coin and the grave’s orientation, where the coins were put, was not identified. The complete coins were placed in graves and these included almost exclusively saxon cross coins and princely denars. The custom of placing coins in graves was probably restricted to the elite groups which were in the possession of coins. At the present stage of research one could risk saying that it also showed the bonds connecting members of the family. It is possible that families had their quarters “assigned” at this cemetery, which can be reflected in graves with coins of different chronology located next to each other. The family bonds can also be indicated by the coins minted with the same stamps, which were found in the graves. The archaeological analysis of graves with coins also brought crucial data, which can be pertained to the stages of the functioning of the burial ground. It has been pointed out that in the third decade of the 11th century the custom of placing coins in graves appeared in Giecz. However, it was not prevalent in those days and was probably limited to a small group of the local community which was in the possession of money in the period when the monetary economy had just started to popularize [Łosiński 1991: 251–257]. Presumably the first coins, which were placed in graves of both segments after the incursion of Bretislav, are the cross denars type V, which were first issued in 1060. The research also revealed that in both periods when the burial ground was in use, at least two of its segments were occupied simultaneously. The coins manifested, among other things, power, prestige, wealth and religious content [Kiersnowski 1988: 38; Dzieduszycki 1995: 85–86]. The coins spread, among other ways, through wealth redistribution [Dzieduszycki 1995: 64–69]. The presence of coins in graves — the symbols of wealth and glamour, of which a small piece was placed with a deceased member of the family — despite the absence of other “precious” objects, points to the high social status of both the buried individuals and the contributor. In the research concerning the importance of coins in graves, the iconography of coins attracts attention, especially the religious symbols visible on them [Kiersnowski 1988: 314– 326; 170, 378–379]. Such varied images of a cross and saints can also be found on coins from Giecz. Therefore, it can be assumed that some of the coins were placed with the deceased as a confession of their faith and/or an offering to the Creator. It could be possible that the coins in the youngest children’s graves were their baptism certificate. Only one object from a grave which depicted religious symbols has been identified so far. It was a metal pendant. Its décor presents a miniature Maiestas Crucis, derivative from the pattern known from cards and the covers of Carolingian and Ottonian books [Indycka 2017]. Hence, the coins found in the graves should be included in the group of objects which express the Christian ideology. Diverse aspects of belief in the magic of coins show that the living could have multiple motives for placing coins with the deceased member of the family and community [Miechowicz 2006: 149–153]. Further analyses of the coins minted with the same stamps may lead to the research concerning the origins and distribution of the coins [Paszkiewicz 2015: 237]. The presence of coins in graves, with different periods of emission, brings data concerning the period of their circulation [Suchodolski 2016: 184], as well as their hoarding [Dzieduszycki 1995: 73–78]. The above considerations also point to the family bonds. Due to numismatic and archaeological analyses, the data concerning various cultural phenomena related to coins and funeral rituals and their chronology was obtained. The remarks concerning the usefulness of coins in social analyses, both in the aspect of social hierarchy and family bonds of the Giecz community, are also crucial. However, almost all the issues mentioned in the present article require further interdisciplinary research and profound comparative studies.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2019, 18; 207-243
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Datowanie najstarszych denarów krzyżowych (Gumowski CNP Typ I)
Zur Datierung der ältesten Kreuzpfennige/Hochrandpfennige (Gumowski CNP Typ I)
Autorzy:
Ilisch, Peter
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2089973.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Early Medieval German Coinage
Sachsenpfennige
Hochrandpfennige
Kreuzpfennige
cross deniers
anonymous Coins
wczesnośredniowieczne mennictwo niemieckie
krzyżówki
monety anonimowe
Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2020, 64; 93-107
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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