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Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7
Tytuł:
Odbudowa gmachu doświadczalnego Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie po II wojnie światowej
Autorzy:
Jarosz-Nojszewska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630302.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Higher education, War damages in the construction of cities
Opis:
In 2008 the Campus of the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) was entered into the register of monuments. The Research Pavilion, so called Building A, is the oldest of the campus buildings. It was constructed between WWI and WWII according to the design of Jan Koszczyc-Witkiewicz, one of the most renowned contemporary architects. During WWII, immediately after the end of the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans burnt down this building despite the signed capitulation agreement guaranteeing the protection of Polish national heritage monuments. The building accommodated at that time the archives of Polish pre-war state institutions, which were completely destroyed. The building was reconstructed after the WWII as a results of the efforts of the university authorities and personal involvement of Professor Stanisław Skrzywan. The paper presents the process of reconstruction of the listed building based on archive sources - the Archives of the capital city of Warsaw (the archives of the Capital Reconstruction Bureau)and SGH Archives (the minutes from meetings of the SGH Senate), the memoires and contemporary press
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2016, 3; 109-126
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reconstruction of war damaged buildings - a problem that still stands. The case of the national economy bank in Warsaw restored during the second world war
Naprawa uszkodzeń powstałych w wyniku bombardowania - problem (znowu) aktualny. Przykład budynku banku gospodarstwa krajowego odbudowanego w czasie drugiej wojny światowej
Autorzy:
Łotysz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/395868.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
reconstruction
war damages
reinforced concrete
modernism
remont
uszkodzenia wojenne
modernizm
Opis:
The Polish national historiography remains silent on the reconstruction of damaged towns and cities that was undertaken by the German administration after capturing Poland in September 1939. This paper, on the war-time restoration of the National Economy Bank’s headquarters in Warsaw, is an attempt to at least partially fill the gap. Designed by celebrated architect Rudolf Świerczyński in the late 1920s in accordance with contemporary air raid defence regulations, it was bombed and nevertheless seriously damaged during the September Campaign. Under the German management of the bank, the building was reconstructed and even modernized by commissioned Polish engineers.
Artykuł dotyczy remontu budynku Banku Gospodarstwa Krajowego w Warszawie, uszkodzonego w wyniku bombardowań w trakcie kampanii wrześniowej 1939 roku. Budynek w stylu modernistycznym wzniesiono według projektu Rudolfa Świerczyńskiego w końcu lat 20. XX wieku. Budynek spełniał wymogi stawiane obiektom wznoszonym w dobie zagrożenia nalotami bombowymi. Wybuch wojny światowej wkrótce zweryfikował słuszność tych założeń. Remont budynku banku będącego wówczas pod zarządem niemieckim przeprowadzili polscy inżynierowie i polskie firmy budowlane.
Źródło:
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports; 2016, No. 23(4); 111-123
2080-5187
2450-8594
Pojawia się w:
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nie tylko Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy. Instytucje zaangażowane w odbudowę Warszawy po II wojnie światowej
Not only the Capital Reconstruction Office. Institutions involved in the reconstruction of Warsaw after the II World War
Autorzy:
Kuba, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2152489.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-15
Wydawca:
Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa im Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego
Tematy:
Warszawa
odbudowa
straty wojenne
zniszczenia wojenne
Warsaw
rebuilding
war losses
war damages
Opis:
W artykule opisano najważniejsze instytucje zaangażowane w odbudowę Warszawy po II wojnie światowej. Powołano wówczas wiele podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za miasto, między innymi: Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy, Ministerstwo Odbudowy, Komitet Odbudowy Stolicy, Naczelną Radę Odbudowy Warszawy, Społeczny Fundusz Odbudowy Stolicy oraz Warszawską Dyrekcję Odbudowy. W rozważaniach przedstawiono ich genezę i zakres odpowiedzialności. Pod względem chronologicznym artykuł ogranicza się do lat 1945-1949.
The article presents the most important institutions involved in the reconstruction of Warsaw after the Second World War. The establishment of the Capital Reconstruction Office, the Ministry of Reconstruction, the Capital Reconstruction Committee, the Supreme Council for the Reconstruction of Warsaw, the Social Fund for the Reconstruction of the Capital, and the Warsaw Reconstruction Directorate shows the multitude of entities responsible for the city in the first years after World War II. The publications present the genesis of their creation and the scope of responsibility in 1945-1949.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centralnej Biblioteki Wojskowej; 2022, 2, 18; 77-87
2354-0435
2719-8618
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centralnej Biblioteki Wojskowej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dzieje odbudowy mozaikowej figury Madonny w zamku malborskim
The story of the reconstruction of the mosaic figure of the Madonna in Malbork castle
Autorzy:
Mierzwiński, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21150982.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
zamek w Malborku
sztuka gotycka
zniszczenia wojenne
projekt konserwatorski
ochrona zabytków
Castle in Malbork
Gothic art
war damages
conservation project
protection of monuments
Opis:
Artykuł prezentuje dzieje kolosalnej figury Madonny z Dzieciątkiem z zewnętrznej niszy prezbiterium kościoła zamkowego w Malborku. Rzeźba powstała w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku jako kluczowy element zewnętrznej dekoracji malborskiego zespołu sakralnego i była największą rzeźbą średniowiecznej Europy. Jej wyjątkowość polegała nie tylko na rozmiarach, ale przede wszystkim na zewnętrznej okładzinie mozaikowej, którą została pokryta w drugiej połowie XIV wieku. W tekście skrótowo przedstawiono zniszczenie kościoła zamkowego wraz z figurą w trakcie II wojny światowej. Następnie opisano mozolne wydobywanie potłuczonych fragmentów posągu z gruzu i ich zabezpieczenie do czasów współczesnych. Przede wszystkim jednak zrelacjonowano odbudowę figury w latach 2014–2016 jako integralnego elementu kościoła zamkowego. Ukazano też kryteria, jakimi kierowało się kierownictwo Muzeum Zamkowego w tej kwestii i sposób postępowania restauratorów. Odtworzenie figury malborskiej Madonny w kształcie, jaką miała przed zniszczeniem, jest ewenementem konserwatorskim w skali europejskiej.
The article presents the history of the colossal figure of the Madonna and Child in the outer niche of the presbytery of the castle church in Malbork. It was made in the first half of the fourteenth century as a key element of the external decoration of the Malbork sacred complex and was the largest sculpture in medieval Europe. It is unique not only because of its size but, above all, because of its external mosaic cladding which was covered over in the second half of the fourteenth century. The text briefly outlines the destruction of the castle church together with the statue during the Second World War. It then describes the laborious extraction of the broken fragments of the statue from the rubble and their preservation until modern times are described. More importantly, however, it recounts the reconstruction of the figure in the years 2014–2016 as an integral element of the castle church. The criteria adopted by the management of the Castle Museum in this matter and the manner in which the work of the restorers proceeded are also discussed. The reconstruction of the figure of the Madonna at Malbork Castle according to its original shape is an unprecedented accomplishment on a European scale.
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 2022, 2; 57-72
0029-8247
2956-6606
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Straty i szkody ludności polskiej w powiecie włocławskim w okresie okupacji niemieckiej
Losses and damages to the Polish population in Włocławek district during the German occupation
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Władysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51532232.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Włocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
war losses and damages
German occupation authorities
District War Damage Department
war damage registration
questionnaires
straty i szkody wojenne
niemieckie władze okupacyjne
Powiatowy Referat Szkód Wojennych
rejestracja szkód wojennych
kwestionariusze
Opis:
Straty materialne Polski w czasie II wojny światowej obejmują straty materialne w dobytku: środkach trwałych (nieruchomościach, gruntach, budynkach, budowlach i lokalach, maszynach i urządzeniach, środkach transportu, inwentarzu żywym), a także w infrastrukturze i wyposażeniu oraz aktywach, depozytach bankowych, zapasach towarów, surowcach i zasobach, które zostały poniesione przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską i jej obywateli w latach 1939–1945. Biuro Odszkodowań Wojennych przy Prezydium Rady Ministrów oszacowało, że łączna wartość poniesionych strat wyniosła kwotę 258 mld zł przedwojennych, co stanowiło równowartość około 50 mld dolarów amerykańskich (w 1939 r.). Wśród tych strat były również i te poniesione przez mieszkańców powiatu włocławskiego.
Poland’s material losses during World War II include material losses in property: fixed assets: real estate, land, buildings, structures and premises, machinery and equipment, means of transport, livestock, as well as in infrastructure and equipment, assets, bank deposits, inventory goods, raw materials and resources which were incurred by the Republic of Poland and its citizens in 1939–1945. The War Compensation Bureau at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers estimated that the total value of losses suffered was 258 billion pre-war zlotys, which was the equivalent of about 50 billion US dollars (in 1939). Among these losses were also those which were incurred by residents of the Włocławek district.
Źródło:
Zapiski Kujawsko-Dobrzyńskie; 2019, 34; 25-51
1426-7136
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Kujawsko-Dobrzyńskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza NRF w XXI wieku – Próba opisu
The compensation responsibility of the Federal Republic of Germany in the 21st century - An attempt to describe
Autorzy:
Gruszczyński, Krzysztof Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485749.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
War reparation,
Germany,
WWII,
Poland damages,
Law and Justice Party
Opis:
Poland’s Law and Justice Party (PiS) is considering whether to seek further reparations from German Federal Republic for the massive losses inflicted during WWII. PiS head Kaczynski described the move as a “historical counteroffensive.” World War II (WW II), which began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939, killed nearly 6 million Polish citizens and inflicted huge material losses, including the destruction of cultural treasures, industry and entire cities. Those crimes carry not only a moral price, but a material one as well: In 2004, Warsaw’s then-mayor, Lech Kaczynski, calculated that the Deutsche Bundesrepublik was liable for reparation payments of some $45 billion dollars (38 billion dollars) for the destruction of Warsaw alone. If one were to extrapolate the amount to include the whole of Poland, one would certainly arrive at a figure 10 to 20 times higher. That would be a sum that could only be paid out over decades and across generations. When one considers that German Federal Republic’s (GFR) final reparation payments to France and Belgium for the First World War were not made until 2010, one gets an idea of the dimensions of such a demand. Shortly after the PiS regained power in 2916 its leader, Jarosław Kaczyński, announced that Poland and the GFR had outstanding accounts to settle from the WW II. He went on to say that the issue of war reparations between the neighboring countries had never been resolved. Frank-Walter Steinmeier, GFR’s foreign minister at the time, answered Kaczynski’s claims with a letter stating that Poland had no legal basis for demanding such damages. He reminded Kaczynski of Poland’s relinquishment of reparations in 1953. Poland’s government did indeed waive its right to war reparations from its western neighbor at the time – yet that neighbor was the German Democratic Republic (GDR). A few other interesting points. The GFR has paid billions of dollars over the years in compensation for III Reich crimes, primarily to polish survivors, and acknowledges the country’s responsibility for keeping alive the memory of III Reich atrocities. After WW II, both GFR and GDR were obliged to pay war reparations to the Allied governments, according to the Potsdam Conference. Other Axis nations were obliged to pay war reparations according to the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 an early plan for a post-war GFR was the Morgenthau plan with terms that would have essentially transformed the GFR to an agrarian society... This position was completely changed by the London Agreement on German External Debts, so called the London Debt Agreement. As a consequence of aggression by the III Reich much of Poland was subjected to enormous destruction of its industry (62% of which was destroyed), its infrastructure (84%) and loss of civilian life (16.7% of its citizens during the war- 10% of them Jews). It is estimated that damages incurred by Poland during WWII total $640 billion in 2004 exchange values. As of 2012, the GFR had paid a total of $89 billion in compensation to victims of the war, in Poland and beyond, and GFR officials continue to meet regularly to revise and expand the guidelines for compensation. All in all, after WW II 17 % of Polish citizens perished, 62 % of industry & 84 % of infrastructure was destroyed. The capital Warsaw was raised to the ground as a result of Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Poland could not benefit from US Marshall Plan as other countries (incl. the GFR) as the Soviets decided for Poland to renounce it. The GFR paying WWI reparations to France in 2010 (92 years after WWI). Polish estimates of the damage the country suffered are in the hundreds of billions of dollars, with a government figure from 1945-47 putting material losses at $850 billion, not including human losses. In 2004, Kaczynski’s late twin brother Lech, as mayor of Warsaw, put the damages to the capital city alone at $45.3 billion. Poland is the biggest net beneficiary of the bloc’s 140 billion-euro ($164 billion) annual budget, having been granted more than 250 billion dollars since entry. The monstrosity of III Reich crimes, not only against Polish Jews but also others, including the 150,000 civilians butchered during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, will forever remain a disgrace and an unforgettable injustice. It is all the more so given that hardly any of those Germans responsible for the deeds were ever brought to account. In 2004 a special commission estimated that damages incurred by the Polish capital alone during WW II amounted to more than $45 billion (38 billion dollars). The commission was convened by Lech Kaczynski, then Warsaw’s mayor. The topic has routinely strained German-Polish relations since the national-conservative party PiS returned to power in 2016. On 23 August 1953, the Communist People’s Republic of Poland under pressure from the Soviet Union announced it would unilaterally waive its right to war reparations from the German Democratic Republic on 1 January 1954, with the exception of reparations for III Reich oppression and atrocities. The GDR in turn had to accept the Oder-Neisse border, which gave around 1/4 of GDR’s historic territory to Poland and the USSR. Poland’s former communist government, agreed in 1953 to not to make any further claims on GDR. Poland’s former Communist government waived its right to German post-war compensation back in 1953, as part of its commitment to “contribute to solving the GDR question in the spirit of democracy and peace.” However, many argue that the agreement was unlawful since the government at the time was under pressure from the Soviet Union, and following the reunification of the GFR in the 1990s the matter has faced new scrutiny. As to the GFR the federal government has claimed that its duty to compensate Poland was denounced in the 1950s but insists that it continues to stand by its moral and financial duties to the victims of the war. The GFR hadn’t paid reparations to non-Jewish recipients for the damage inflicted in Poland. The agreement signed by Mr. Gierek and Mr. Schmidt in 1975 in Warsaw, stipulated that 1.3 billion DM will be paid to Poles who, during Nazi occupation, had paid into GFR’s social security system without receiving pension. After German reunification, Poland demanded reparations again, as a reaction to claims made by German refugee organizations demanding compensation for property and land repossessed by the new Polish state that they were forcibly deported from as a stipulation of the Potsdam Agreement and the mentioned Oder-Neisse border. In 1992, the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation was founded by the Polish and GFR governments, and as a result GFR paid Polish sufferers ca. 4.7 billion PLN. There is still an ongoing debate among international law experts if Poland still has the right to demand war reparations, with some arguing that the 1954 declaration wasn’t legal. According to a statement made by the German government in 2017, the reparations issue was resolved in 1953 as Poland declined receiving any payments from the GFR. However, it’s worth remembering that in 2004, the Polish government reaffirmed that decision when, in return, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder promised that the GFR’s government would not support demands for damages lodged by expellees against the Polish government. The decision came about dueto the fact that the GFR had relinquished former eastern territories to Poland as compensation for III Reich war crimes. Poland’s ruling officials are stepping up calls to demand compensation from the GFR for damages caused in WW II, potentially deepening a divide between the European Union’s largest eastern member and the bloc’s biggest economy. Between the collapse of communism in 1989 and 2004 when Poland joined the EU, subsequent governments declared the issue of war reparations from the GFR closed, based on a declaration of the 1953 communist administration in Warsaw and treaties from 1970 and 1990 with the GFR. Presently the Polish parliament’s research office is preparing an analysis of whether Poland can legally make the claim and will have it ready by Aug. 11, 2017 according to Deputy Arkadiusz Mularczyk, a lawmaker with the ruling Law and Justice party who requested the report. One of the reasons that the government is reopening the question may be to demonstrate it isn’t intimidated by the EU’s criticism for democratic backsliding. The bloc has opened an unprecedented probe into Poland over the rule-of-law that’s centered on a government push to strip the judiciary of its independence by giving politicians greater control over the courts. In response to the Poland’s new demand Ulrike Demmer, deputy spokeswoman for the GFR government, said that, while the GFR assumed political, moral and financial responsibility for the WW, the question of restitution was closed. The deputy spokeswoman added, that the GFR has made significant reparations for general war damage, including to Poland, and is still paying significant compensation for III Reich wrongdoing. Further it is stated that the federal government has paid billions over the years in compensation, namely to Polish survivors, for war crimes committed during WW II. The country has also acknowledged its responsibility for keeping alive the memory of atrocities committed by the III Reich. As far as German lawyers and scholars are concerned, the issue was resolved years ago and are not afraid of any possible lawsuit in the International Court of Justice. In 2004, Jochen Frowein, an expert on international law and the former director of the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, along with a Polish historian, came to the conclusion that no such demand by Poland had any chance of being upheld in a court of law – and that remains the case today. In his opinion the question has been “legally resolved and definitively settled.” He also points to the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to the GFR, known also as the Two plus Four Agreement. The agreement, signed in 1990, paved the way for German reunification and also made clear that the GFR would not be responsible to pay any further reparations stemming from WW II. Frowein refutes Polish Defense Minister Senor Antoni Macierewicz’s claim that Poland’s 1953 waiver is invalid because communist Poland was not a sovereign state. “Poland’s 1953 renunciation of reparations claims against the GFR remains valid even today. The fact that the constitutional situation in Poland has changed and that it is no longer a communist state does nothing to change the validity of that declaration. Many other treaties that Poland signed at the time have also remained in effect.
Źródło:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2017, 4(27); 81-115
1898-8431
Pojawia się w:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ewakuacja podczas odwrotu wojsk polskich w okresie czerwiec-sierpień 1920 roku – wybrane zagadnienia
Evacuation during the Retreat of Polish Troops in June–August 1920 – Selected Issues
Эвакуация при отступлении польских войск в июне–августе 1920 г. Избранные вопросы
Autorzy:
Odziemkowski, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1916404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-11
Wydawca:
Wojskowe Biuro Historyczne
Tematy:
wojna polsko-bolszewicka
ewakuacja przymusowa
ewakuacja planowa
instrukcja ewakuacyjna
strefa ewakuacyjna
centra ewakuacyjne
tabor kolejowy
obszar etapowy
odwrót
transport ewakuacyjny
ludność cywilna
zniszczenia
chaos
Polish-Soviet War
enforced evacuation
planned evacuation
evacuation instructions
evacuation zone
evacuation centers
rolling stock
rear area
retreat
evacuation transportation
civil population
damages
польско-большевистская война
принудительная эвакуация
плановая эвакуация
инструкции по эвакуации
зона эвакуации
центры эвакуации
поездные составы
плацдарм
отступление
эвакуационный транспорт
гражданское население
разрушения
хаос
Opis:
Dowództwo polskie już wiosną 1919 r., w związku z groźbą inwazji niemieckiej, stanęło przed koniecznością przygotowania planu ewakuacji z zajętych terenów Litwy i Białorusi. Kolejne plany powstające w okresie sukcesów wojsk polskich i marszu na wschód przewidywały ewakuację niewielkich obszarów na zagrożonych odcinkach frontu. Pierwsza ofensywa Michaiła Tuchaczewskiego w maju 1920 r. obnażyła niedostatki polskich planów ewakuacyjnych, m.in. braki taboru kolejowego, szwankującą łączność, niedostateczną współpracę z władzami cywilnymi, samorzutną, trudną do opanowania ewakuację ludności i administracji państwowej. Zebrane doświadczenia pozwoliły przygotować bardziej precyzyjną instrukcję ewakuacyjną. Nikt jednak nie przewidział rozmiarów ewakuacji, jaką trzeba było przeprowadzić latem 1920 r. Kierownictwo nad nią sprawowały władze wojskowe. Objęła zaplecze całego frontu od Łotwy po granicę z Rumunią. Wiązała się z koniecznością przewozu ładunków i ludzi na odległość 400–600 km w głąb kraju. Przebiegała w warunkach stałego nacisku nieprzyjaciela, zwłaszcza na północnym odcinku frontu. Oparta była głównie na kolei, jedynym wówczas szybkim i pojemnym środku transportu. Mimo ekstremalnie trudnych warunków i nieuniknionych przypadków chaosu ocalono masę cennego sprzętu, zapasów, ewakuowano dziesiątki tysięcy rannych oraz uchodźców i cenny tabor kolejowy niezbędny dla pomyślnego przeprowadzenia przegrupowania wojsk do kontrofensywy znad Wieprza.
Already in the spring of 1919, due to the threat of a German invasion, the Polish command had to prepare a plan of evacuation from the occupied territories of Lithuania and Belarus. Subsequent plans, prepared during the period of success of the Polish troops and the march to the east, assumed evacuation of small areas on endangered sections of the front. Tukhachevsky’s first offensive in May 1920 revealed the deficiencies of Polish evacuation plans, such as lack of rolling stock, poor communication, insufficient cooperation with civil authorities, a spontaneous and barely controllable evacuation of civil population and state administration. The experience gathered allowed to prepare more precise evacuation instructions. No one, however, predicted the scale of the evacuation that had to be carried out in summer 1920. It was managed by the military authorities. It was supervised by military authorities and covered the entire front line from Latvia to the border with Romania. It involved the transportation of cargo and people 400–600 km into the country and took place under constant enemy pressure, especially in the northern section of the front. It was based mainly on railroads, the only fast and capacious means of transport at that time. Despite extremely difficult conditions and inevitable chaos, a lot of valuable equipment and supplies were saved, tens of thousands of injured people and refugees were evacuated, as well as valuable rolling stock necessary for the successful regrouping of troops for the Wieprz counteroffensive.
Еще весной 1919 г. из-за угрозы немецкого вторжения у Верховного командования польской армии возникла необходимость подготовить план эвакуации с оккупированных территорий Литвы и Белоруссии. Последующие планы, разработанные в период успеха польской армии и продвижения на восток, предусматривали эвакуацию небольших участков фронта, находящихся в опасном положении. Первое наступление Тухачевского в мае 1920 г. выявило недостатки польских планов эвакуации, в том числе недостаточное оснащение железных дорог, неисправности связи, недостаточное взаимодействие с гражданскими властями, стихийную, трудно контролируемую эвакуацию населения и государственной администрации. Полученный опыт позволил составить более точную инструкцию по эвакуации. Однако никто не предвидел масштабы эвакуации, которую необходимо было провести летом 1920 года. Руководили ею военные власти. Эвакуация проходила по территориям, связанным практическим со всем фронтом от Латвии до границы с Румынией. Это было продиктовано необходимостью перевозки грузов и людей на 400–600 км вглубь страны. Эвакуация проходила под постоянным натиском противника, особенно на северном участке фронта, и, в основном, с помощью поездов – единственного в то время быстрого и вместительного транспортного средства. Несмотря на чрезвычайно тяжелые условия и неизбежные ситуации хаоса, было спасено много ценного оборудования и припасов, эвакуированы десятки тысяч раненых и беженцев, а также ценные в той ситуации поездные составы, необходимые для успешного проведения перегруппировки войск для контрнаступления со стороны реки Вепш.
Źródło:
Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy; 2020, XXI (LXXII), 3 (273); 12-46
1640-6281
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7

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