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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    A Double-Edged-Sword Approach to Fighting Pandemics: Patent Waivers and Incentives to Innovate
    Autorzy:
    Kostka, Katarzyna
    Kovač, Mitja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40450184.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    Pandemic
    intellectual property
    innovation
    patent waivers
    incentives
    Opis:
    Although continents recently experienced an apocalyptic pandemic that posed a mortal danger to millions of people, a new, even deadlier pandemic could soon emerge… The paper seeks to address the role played by patent waivers and current contractual arrangements in the pharmaceutical industry in addressing the dangers caused by the current and future pandemics. The process of waiving patents is explored where it is argued that it sadly cannot amount to the knight in shining armour that everyone has been expecting. Due to the lack of coordination, the tremendously long process, and the potential block in innovation arising from pharmaceutical companies having smaller incentives, more attention must be paid to other alternative institutional solutions. Drawing from the economics literature on innovation in the pharmaceutical sector, a conceptual framework is proposed for improved legal intervention in the case of patent waivers in international intellectual property law instruments. In addition, the paper provides a comparative law and economics treatment of current patent waivers in US, EU, and international law instruments.
    Źródło:
    Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, 54, 3; 239-278
    2545-384X
    Pojawia się w:
    Review of European and Comparative Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Exchange of Information and Evidence between Competition Authorities and Entrepreneurs’ Rights
    Autorzy:
    Błachucki, Mateusz
    Jóźwiak, Sonia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530103.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-03-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    exchange of information
    exchange of evidence
    international cooperation
    ECN
    ICN
    ECA
    NCAs
    waivers
    due process
    Regulation 1/2003
    Opis:
    This article concentrates on the exchange of information and evidence between competition authorities. The issue is analyzed from the perspective of both antitrust and merger cases. The level, scope and intensity of cooperation between competition authorities differs in respect to these two kinds of cases and, to an extent, the applicable legal framework varies as well. Our analysis is based on EU law, national legislation, and relevant case law, with attention also given to other sources of law such as bilateral and multilateral agreements, best practices, recommendations etc. In addition the problem of exchange of information is examined through the prism of the Polish Competition Act. Regulation 1/2003 and the ECN, created upon its provisions, provide detailed rules applicable for the exchange of evidence and information between competition authorities in antitrust cases at the European level. With respect to mergers, the provisions of Regulation 139/2004 do not have the same high degree of influence, hence considerable attention is given to soft law acts, such as recommendations of OECD and ICN, or best practices and informal agreements adopted by national competition authorities.
    L’intégration progressive des économies nationales et la mise en place de corporations internationales font que l’activité de tels acteurs peut regarder un nombre important de pays. En particulier, l’activité des corporations transnationales est susceptible d’impacter l’état de la concurrence sur de nombreux marchés nationaux. Cette situation apparaît tant en cas de pratiques anticoncurrentielles que de concentrations d’entreprises. En réponse à ce phénomène, les autorités nationales de concurrence élargissent progressivement leur coopération et des autorités supranationales compétentes pour la concurrence sont mises en place. L’article et l’exposé visent à faire le point sur les fondements juridiques de l’échange d’informations et d’éléments de preuve entre les autorités de concurrence dans les affaires de concurrence. L’analyse portera essentiellement sur les textes de droit communautaires et polonais. Ont été présentées, dans la mesure du nécessaire, d’autres sources du droit qui s’appliquent : accords internationaux, accords entre les autorités, bonnes pratiques et recommandations. L’échange d’informations et d’éléments de preuve peut éveiller des craintes relatives à l’étendue de la protection juridique suffisante des entreprises concernées par les données transférées. Des doutes spécifiques portent sur l’échange d’éléments de preuve dans les affaires relatives aux pratiques restreignant la concurrence. Malgré le cadre législatif et institutionnel existant pour cet échange, des questions se posent de savoir si les entreprises sont conscientes de l’échange, quelle est l’étendue de la protection des secrets commerciaux et de la confidentialité de la correspondance client – mandataire professionnel, dans quel but les informations sont transférées et quelles sont les restrictions de traitement de l’information. Quant aux contrôle des concentrations, l’échange d’informations et d’éléments de preuve concerne d’abord l’information publiquement accessible. De plus, c’est à un degré beaucoup plus sensible qu’il repose sur une coopération volontaire entre les entreprises engagées dans la transaction. En revanche, le transfert d’informations et d’éléments de preuve fournis par des tiers est toujours susceptible de controverses.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(6); 137-167
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Should supervisors allow capital waivers to be used within European cross-border banking groups?
    Autorzy:
    Bednarski, Piotr
    Polk, Brian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052141.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Bankowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny
    Tematy:
    capital and liquidity waivers
    EU financial sector integration
    SSM waiver
    CRR 2.0
    CRD V
    BRRD
    resolution
    financial sector fragmentation
    Home-Host supervisors
    SRB
    SSM
    ECB
    Opis:
    A common theme in recent public European Union (EU) policy debates is improving integration of the EU financial sector. The suggestion is that the Euro area should be treated as if it were a single jurisdiction, across which banks should be able to centralise management of capital and liquidity. Financial fragmentation is said to trap capital and liquidity in local subsidiaries in Host countries which is suboptimal, hindering the cross-border provision of credit, and resulting in an inefficient economic allocation, with higher costs for customers, and lower profitability for the industry in the EU. The proposed policy involves measures to counteract ring-fencing of subsidiaries by Member States (MS), curtailing national options and discretions that limit the harmonization effects of the EU’s Single Rulebook, and other regulations and supervisory practices that reduce banking groups’ cross-border freedom. However, some of the national options affecting banks in the EU are still supported by MS as needed due to local risks, financial stability concerns. Cross-border banking, often used as a yardstick to gauge the level of financial integration in the EU, can currently be realized in the EU in three basic forms: via subsidiaries, via passported branches or via cross-border provision of services. Among the solutions to fragmentation that many EU policy makers and governments focus on, at least in the Eurozone (EZ), are: completion of the Banking Union (BU), adopting regulations allowing capital, liquidity and MREL waivers in subsidiaries across borders, and the reduction of national options. In November 2016, the European Commission (EC) proposed changes to Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR), Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV) and Bank Resolution and Recovery Directive (BRRD) which would have allowed, under certain conditions (e.g. subject to guarantees), the application of capital, liquidity and MREL (Minimum Required Eligible Liabilities) waivers in the subsidiaries of EU banks operating in EU MS. These propositions faced strong opposition and were not ultimately adopted in the recently published CRR 2.0, CRD V and revised BRRD, due to lack of consensus among MS. But the arguments in favour of change have not disappeared. In this paper, we start with a look at the current state of financial integration in Europe. We then examine the arguments for and against the use of waivers. Building on these arguments, we subsequently explain sensible preconditions that should be put in place – in addition to completing the BU – to allow the prudent use of such waivers. We also discuss alternatives to the use of waivers, based on expanding the use of branches and indicate incentives which can play a role in shaping the quality of cooperation between Home and Host supervisors.
    Źródło:
    Bezpieczny Bank; 2019, 77, 4; 23-49
    1429-2939
    Pojawia się w:
    Bezpieczny Bank
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Skutki podatkowe umorzenia wierzytelności
    Autorzy:
    Banach, Aleksandra
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/617479.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    debt
    debt write-off
    waivers
    tax effects
    Value Added Tax
    income tax
    liabilities
    wierzytelność
    umorzenie wierzytelności
    skutki podatkowe
    podatek od towarów i usług
    podatek dochodowy
    zobowiązania
    Opis:
    This article is focused on the issue of tax effects of waivers. There is no unequivocal and comprehensive analysis on this matter in the national legislation. Therefore, legal regulations must be found in various fields of law. The first part of the paper contains essential terminology to adequate understanding of the given issue. While the other part elaborates a set of legal solutions based on judgments and tax interpretations related to tax effects of debt write-off in Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax, and Value Added Tax. The article aims at presenting what tax consequences arise in relation to the creditor as well as the debtor.
    Artykuł dotyczy skutków podatkowych umorzenia wierzytelności. W ustawodawstwie polskim nie ma jednoznacznej i wyczerpującej analizy tej materii, a regulacji prawnych należy szukać na gruncie różnych gałęzi prawa. W pierwszej części pracy omówiono terminologię niezbędną do należytego zrozumienia tego zagadnienia. Natomiast w kolejnych, na podstawie wyroków sądów oraz interpretacji indywidualnych, opisano zbiór rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących skutków umorzenia wierzytelności w podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych, podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych oraz podatku od towarów i usług. Celem opracowania jest wykazanie, jakie konsekwencje podatkowe rodzi omawiane zagadnienie zarówno po stronie wierzyciela, jak i dłużnika.
    Źródło:
    Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe; 2018, 21, 38
    1506-8285
    Pojawia się w:
    Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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