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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Afghanistan’s Transboundary Rivers and Regional Security
    Autorzy:
    Yıldız, Dursun
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193968.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Afghanistan’s Transboundary Rivers
    Central Asian Hydropolitics
    Central Asia’s Water
    Hydro Politics of Afghanistan
    Regional Water Security
    Opis:
    Aside from the issues peace and stability, one of Afghanistan’s most vital needs is safe and reliable supplies of water. But Afghanistan faces certain economic, political, institutional problems to develop water resources potential. These problems will increase as the years go by. Afghanistan is one of the world’s poorest countries, with an economy largely based on subsistence agriculture. Afghan farmers depend on reliable, year-round sources of surface water and groundwater. Seasonal flows of streams and rivers fed by melting snowpack high in Afghanistan’s mountains recharge alluvial aquifers located in populated valleys and provide city dwellers with drinking water. The current population of Afghanistan is about 31 million and it is projected to increase by nearly 80 percent by the year 2050 to approximately 56 million. This will raise demand on the country’s already economic stressed water resources. Almost all of the river basins are transboundary in the country. The Country due to the political unrest has not participated in many of the agreements regulating water resources in Central Asia. its current “non-player” and "outsider" status of the Central Asian Hydropolitics has to be changed when starting water resources development. This could create an international dispute in future regional water sharing discussions. In addition, recent research suggests that global climate change could alter precipitation patterns in Afghanistan. In particular, both the amount and the timing of snowfall received at higher elevations could change, impacting the major source of water for many areas in Afghanistan. Development of Afghanistan’s most transboundary water resources is a vital need for its own national interest, but it is also directly related with a transboundary water management dispute issue in the region. In other words, Afghanistan should find the best way to develop its transboundary water resources for national development as well as peace and stability of the region. But this development won't be so easy if current amount of water use of riparian states will be same when Afghanistan plans to release smaller amount of water.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2015, 16; 40-52
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of the situation of the Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system and possible solutions of the devastation of the ecosystem
    Autorzy:
    Kordic, M.
    Milankovic, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184275.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    international waters
    water management
    transboundary rivers
    Opis:
    International waters are the most problematic area of water management because there comes to a collision of rights between the riparians, and the most complicated is the problem of trans-boundary rivers (Stevanović 2011). The Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system is the largest water resource in the Western Asia with a topographic catchment of more than 900,000 km 2 from the Taurus-Zagros Mountain Range to the Persian Gulf and is populated by around 54 million people. The riparians: Turkey, Syria and Iraq have different views on the resources of these rivers. Turkey doesn’t agree with the term “sharing waters”. They see it as inadequate. For them the Euphrates is a trans-boundary river that is under their sovereignty as long as it is within its territory. Iraq and Syria take it as an “international river” that should be treated as a shared entity. According to Turkey the Euphrates and Tigris form a single water basin, but Iraq and Syria consider them as two separate basins (UN-ESCWA and BGR, 2013). Turkey says that in order to reach an agreement on allocation, negotiations should include all available water resources, but Syria and Iraq disagree. At the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Use of International Watercourses Turkey was the only Euphrates Basin country that voted against. If they had signed, that could give riparians a veto right over their development plans. In 1987 Damask and Ankara signed a protocol, which guaranteed 500 m 3•s -1 of flow volume in the Euphrates River to Syria, which was not respected during the filling of Ataturk Dam in 1990. In 1977 Turkey initiated the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP in original) to harness the water of the Tigris and the Euphrates for energy and agricultural production thus providing an economic boost to south-eastern Anatolia by creating 4 million new jobs. The flow of the river has been cut in half by 2010 on the border with Syria and by 2/3 for Iraq since the development of the GAP project. In Iraq this flow reduction is viewed as a national crisis that will have serious consequences (Issa et al. 2014). The project covers an area of 74,000 km 2 and is populated by around 7 million people. When completed, there will be 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. The plan is to produce 27,367 GWh of hydroelectric energy per year and to double irrigable farmland to 1.8 million ha (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). Today almost half of GAP has been fulfilled. This led to an increase in salinity and serious changes of the ecosystem and river flow regime. These caused a discord between riparians, NGOs and activists worldwide. International experts think that GAP is going to consume more than 50% of the Euphrates and about 14% of the Tigris. To verify this view, two periods of monitoring were selected. The first period is from 1938–1974 and it represents the natural flow of the Euphrates River before the construction of the Keban Dam in Turkey and Lake Assad in Syria and the second is from 1974–1998 as the first phase of the evolving infrastructure on the Euphrates basin. The average flow was measured in Jarablat (Syria) and for the first period is around 950 m 3•s −1 and for the second around 800 m 3•s −1 , than Hit (Iraq) decreased from 970 m 3• s −1 to 720 m 3• s −1 and Hindijah (Iraq) from 630 m 3•s −1 to 470 m 3 •s −1 (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). We can see a pattern and a decrease in river flow volume by around 150 m 3• s −1 . Of course, regulation of the Euphrates can protect downstream countries from floods and droughts. The effects of water pollution are mostly visible downstream in Syria because Turkey diverts water from the main course of the Euphrates at Lake Ataturk. The water goes through the Urfa tunnels to the Urfa-Harran agricultural area in the upper Jallab/Balikh and Khabour sub-basins. The return flows from irrigation are large in quantity but poor in quality and they enter Syria mostly through the Jallab River near Tell Abyad and enter the Euphrates through the Balikh River around 200 km from the Syrian-Turkey border. This shows us why the Euphrates water quality has remained almost unaffected by the agricultural development in Turkey on the Syrian-Turkey border. There should come to a conjoined look from the riparians on the rights of the ecosystem and the serious damage that is being done to it and the legal obligations of the riparians between themselves, for the sake of the greater good. This is extremely difficult especially now with the rising political problems between Turkey and Syria. International experts in all fields relevant to this problem should meet and discuss the matter, and enforce laws that will stick and solve the issue. The most important issue should be the environment but we should not look the other way for the needs of the riparians and their development too. So very important would be research and evaluation of the potential of all available resources and their combined usage. There should be a good monitoring network of the underground and surface waters and calculation of the regime, balance and reserves and the amounts of water that is needed by riparians, and determining the connection of overall water flow because of the circulation of pollution. Also, an assessment of geothermal potential of the area and its possible usage considering the North and East Anatolian Fault Zone should be made. For example, for the production of electricity solar or geothermal energy could be used, as well as the energy of the wind and the energy of biomass should be utilised, separately or concurrently. If there are underground waters available, a variety of methods could be used, such as “AGRONET” and drip irrigation technique to decrease the usage of surface waters and their pollution. Polluted waters could be used for energy production by constructing a hydroelectric power plant in the area where polluted waters are flowing and there could also be a water treatment plant erected. Polluted waters should be monitored and diverted into one watercourse, which should be controlled by a hydro-isolator securing the ground beneath and on the sides of this new course.
    Źródło:
    Geology, Geophysics and Environment; 2016, 42, 1; 83-84
    2299-8004
    2353-0790
    Pojawia się w:
    Geology, Geophysics and Environment
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Natural Diminishing Trend of the Tigris and Euphrates Streamflows is Alarming for the Middle East Future
    Autorzy:
    Yıldız, Dursun
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1192674.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Middle East water
    Climate change
    drought
    water shortage
    transboundary rivers
    Tigris and Euphrates
    Opis:
    Over the last decade, numerous studies have appeared in books and journals addressing the climate change impacts on water quantity and quality of the Euphrates and Tigris River Basins. When one focused to these studies it can be seen that several studies link the Syrian uprising and subsequent outbreak of civil war to the drought. it also seems that when the current civil war is over, the most important need will be implementation of a basin wide sustainable water management policy. Therefore this requires more cmprehensive studies on current situation and future threats of the basin. Some of the researches have stated in their recently published articles that, “a severe drought occurred by human-induced climate change and a mass migration of drought-affected farmers fled to Syria’s, then the influx of migrants exacerbated unemployment and inequality in the cities, contributing to civic unrest over a nonresponsive government”. Most researchers agree that climate change contributed to the drought in Syria and civil unrest crisis. Recent studies have also noted that there has been an natural declining trend in Tigris and Euphrates Streamflows That means that changes in flow are more closely related to natural diplomacy features than with human interventions in Tigris and Euphrates Basins. All this abovementioned results are alarming invitations to all riparian states in the Middle East to create a new hydro diplomacy.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2016, 47, 2; 279-297
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy traktatowe wolności żeeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych z perspektywy międzynarodowego prawa zasobów wodnych
    Treaty basis of the freedom of navigation on international rivers from the perspective of international law applicable to water resources
    Autorzy:
    Gadkowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693315.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    international rivers
    freedom of navigation on international rivers
    Barcelona Convention
    international law applicable to water resources
    transboundary watercourses
    shared natural resources
    rzeki międzynarodowe
    wolność żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych
    Konwencja barcelońska
    międzynarodowe prawo zasobów wodnych
    transgraniczne cieki wodne
    zasoby naturalne dzielone
    Opis:
    The aim of this paper is to present the issue of the freedom of navigation on international rivers in light of international law and international practice. An analysis of relevant provisions of pertinent treaties which determine the scope of that freedom and the rules that govern its use leads to a conclusion that no universal principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers has been formulated, nor can be found in the norms of customary international law. This subject is presented from the perspective of contemporary international law applicable to water resources, which is linked to international environmental law. Its regulations, and in particular the 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, do not provide for such universal freedom of navigation on transboundary watercourses. Similar approaches may be found in the work of the International Law Commission, for example in its 1966 Helsinki Rules and 2004 Berlin Rules.
    Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie problematyki wolności żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych w świetle prawa i praktyki międzynarodowej. Autor analizuje postanowienia najważniejszych umów międzynarodowych, które określały zakres i zasady korzystania z tej wolności. Na tej podstawie formułuje konkluzję, że umowy te nie formułowały powszechnej wolności żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych, jak również tezę, że takiej powszechnej wolności żeglugi nie gwarantowała żadna norma prawa zwyczajowego. Problematykę tę autor prezentuje z perspektywy współczesnego międzynarodowego prawa zasobów wodnych, które bardzo wyraźnie powiązane jest z międzynarodowym prawem środowiska. Regulacje tego prawa, a zwłaszcza Konwencja o prawie nieżeglugowego użytkowania międzynarodowych cieków wodnych z 1997 r., nie przewidują powszechnej wolności żeglugi na transgranicznych ciekach wodnych. Podobne konstrukcje znajdujemy w pracach Komisji Prawa Międzynarodowego (reguły helsińskie i reguły berlińskie).
    Źródło:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2013, 75, 4; 51-65
    0035-9629
    2543-9170
    Pojawia się w:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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