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Wyszukujesz frazę "thorium" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Nuclear fissile fuels worldwide reserves
Autorzy:
Chmielewski, A. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147011.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
nuclear fuel
uranium
thorium
Opis:
The paper reports on the present evaluation of uranium reserves and discusses different possibilities of the efficiency of fissile fuel use including the possibility of fuel reprocessing, MOX fuel application and breeder reactors deployment. The possibility of thorium applications and uranium extraction from law grade ores and other material streams (phosphoric acid, copper leaching solution) are discussed as well.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2008, 53, suppl. 2; 11-14
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hydrometallurgical removal of uranium and thorium from Ethiopian tantalite ore
Autorzy:
Cheru, Mulugeta Sisay
Albertodel Rosario, Alberto Velázquez
Yimam, Abubeker
Tadesse, Bogale
Berhe, Gebreyohannes Goitom
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110542.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
leaching
tantalite
uranium
thorium
Opis:
This study focused on the leaching of uranium and thorium from a high grade Ethiopian tantalite ore using sulfuric acid. The effects of variables such as acid concentration, temperature and leaching time were studied. In general, the leaching efficiency of uranium increases with increasing temperature from 100 to 300°C whereas the opposite trend was observed for thorium. The amount of uranium leached increased from 69.1% at contact time of 1 hr to 88.6% when the tantalite ore was leached for 3 hrs. On the other hand, for the experiments conditions considered in this study, the leaching behavior of uranium and thorium did not change significantly with varying sulphuric acid concentration from 70 to 90 wt%. Overall, the highest dissolution of uranium and thorium were achieved at 100°C, 70 wt% H2SO4 concentration and 1 hr contact time.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2019, 55, 2; 448-457
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recovery of trace elements with uranium and thorium from yatagan thermal power plant fly ashes by leaching
Autorzy:
Kursun, I.
Ozkan, S. G.
Kilic, A.
Terzi, M.
Enkhtaivan, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
uranium
thorium
leaching
fly ash
Opis:
In this paper, characterization of fly ashes obtained from the Yatagan Thermal Power plant, Mugla, Turkey was performed in order to determine their radioactive element contents, especially uranium and thorium. The representative fly ash samples were subjected to hydrochloric acid (HCl) leaching considering solid concentration, acid dosage, leaching time and temperature in order to reach certain uranium and thorium recoveries. The obtained results showed that the optimum conditions for leaching tests were: 30% solid concentration, 2.36 mmol/dm3 HCl addition, 240 min leaching time and 40 oC temperature. Dissolution efficiencies for uranium and thorium from the Yatagan Thermal Power Plant fly ashes were calculated as 90.12 and 81.18%, respectively.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2016, 52, 2; 588-596
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical modelling of modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors with thorium fuel
Autorzy:
Oettingen, Mikołaj
Cetnar, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055669.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
HTR
homogenization
thorium
Monte Carlo
Opis:
The volumetric homogenization method for the simplified modelling of modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor core with thorium-uranium fuel is presented in the paper. The method significantly reduces the complexity of the 3D numerical model. Hence, the computation time associated with the time-consuming Monte Carlo modelling of neutron transport is considerably reduced. Example results comprise the time evolutions of the effective neutron multiplication factor and fissionable isotopes (233U, 235U, 239Pu, 241Pu) for a few configurations of the initial reactor core.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2021, 66, 4; 133--138
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Features of distribution of uranium and thorium in red mud
Autorzy:
Gu, H.
Wang, N.
Yang, Y.
Zhao, C.
Cui, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
red mud
uranium
thorium
distribution
perovskite
Opis:
Natural radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium restrict the use of red mud as building materials or additives, and may cause environmental problems. The distribution features of U and Th in red mud was studied from micro and macro analysis, using EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, and methods of mineralogy and beneficiation. Based on the micro-area scanning analysis, main chemical compositions in red mud, such as Ca, Al, Si, Na, and K are dispersive while Fe and Ti mainly tend to concentrate in granular phases. Based on the in-situ analysis, the distribution of main elements and most trace elements in micro-zone of red mud was homogeneous. In micro-zone area, the variation tendency of thorium content was similar with Y in red mud samples. By means of the methods of mineralogy and beneficiation, red mud samples were separated into different fractions. U and Th tend to be enriched in the low density fraction of the red mud. Th presented a high concentration in the finest particle size fractions of the red mud. Neither U or Th was regularly distributed in various magnetic red mud fractions. Thorium fingerprint peaks were determined in perovskite by EDX under TEM, which is proposed to be one of the radioactivity sources in Bayer red mud.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2017, 53, 1; 110-120
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monte Carlo modelling of Th-Pb fuel assembly with californium neutron source
Autorzy:
Oettingen, M.
Stanisz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147828.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
californium
lead
Monte Carlo
MCB
thorium
Opis:
This paper describes the methodology developed for the numerical reconstruction and modelling of the thorium-lead (Th-Pb) assembly available at the Department of Nuclear Energy, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University, Krakow, Poland. This numerical study is the first step towards integral irradiation experiments in the Th-Pb environment. The continuous-energy Monte Carlo burnup (MCB) code available on supercomputer Prometheus of ACK Cyfronet AGH was applied for numerical modelling. The assembly consists of a hexagonal array of ThO2 fuel rods and metallic Pb rods. The design allows for different arrangements of the rods for various types of irradiations and experimental measurements. The intensity of the fresh neutron source intended for integral experiments is about 108 n/s, which corresponds to the mass of about 43 μg 252Cf. The source was modelled in the form of Cf2O3-Pd cermet wire embedded in two stainless steel capsules.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2018, 63, 3; 87-91
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Solubility of Eskisehir thorium/rare earth ores in sulphuric and nitric acids
Autorzy:
Kursun, I.
Tombal, T. D.
Terzi, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109924.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
thorium
rare earth elements
bastnaesite
leaching
solubility
Opis:
Nuclear energy is considered as one of the most important energy resources in the world. Thorium (Th) has a significant potential to be used in electricity production by nuclear energy since its existence is not depended on the presence of another radioactive elements, and it has larger potential reserves than uranium. Bastnaesite ((Ce, La)CO3F) is one of the minerals from which Th can be economically extracted. In this study, solubility of bastnaesite containing ore obtained from Eskisehir, Turkey was investigated by leaching with H2SO4 and HNO3 in terms of leaching performance of thorium and some rare-earth elements (Ce, Nd, La). In this context, representative samples were taken from three different areas in Eskisehir-Kizilcaoren region, and a composite sample was prepared to be used for the leaching experiments. The effects of several parameters such as the solid ratio, leaching time, acid amount and pulp temperature, on dissolution efficiencies of Th, Nd, Ce and La was investigated. The best results were obtained using 3.42 mol/dm3 HNO3, solid–to–liquid ratio of 35%, 120 min leaching time and 60 oC temperature. Under these optimum conditions, the dissolution efficiencies of Th, Ce, Nd, and La were obtained as 94%, 82%, 77% and 70%, respectively.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2018, 54, 2; 476-483
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary results of spatial distribution of uranium and thorium in soil profi les near a uranium industrial site, Guangdong province, China
Autorzy:
Wang, J.
Liu, J.
Chen, Y.
Song, G.
Chen, D.
Xiao, T.
Li, H.
Wang, C.
Jiang, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
spatial distribution
thorium
uranium
U/Th ratio
Opis:
Four soil profiles were collected from locations with different distances (5, 50, 250 and 1000 m) from a uranium mill tailings dam, Guangdong province, China, to investigate the pollution status of the soil in mining/ milling-related areas based on the contents of uranium (U) and thorium (Th), thus to understand the impacts of uranium industrial activities to the surroundings. The U and Th concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after conventional HF-HNO3-HClO4 digestion procedures. The results indicate that the soils within 50 m from uranium tailing were severely contaminated; those in 250 and 1000 m soil samples were observed to be with local background level even though these in 250 m had slightly higher U/Th ratios. Uranium concentrations varied from 5.50 ± 0.27 to 160.55 ± 8.03 mg/kg, with maximum values recorded in an intermediate layer of the 5-m distance soil profile. In comparison, the concentration of Th ranged from 6.02 ± 0.30 to 84.71 ± 4.24 mg/kg, with maximum values observed in the top layer of the 1000-m distance soil profile. The U/Th ratio varied from 0.15 to 11.99 compared with 0.20, 0.22 and 0.26 of the average for Guangdong province, national China and the world, respectively. The mean U/Th of four soil profiles showed a reduction with distance from the uranium mill tailing dam, suggesting the relatively large magnitude of uranium elevation in soils within limited distances.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 3; 367-371
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of the reactor cycle cost for thorium-fuelled PWR and environmental aspects of a nuclear fuel cycle
Autorzy:
Oettingen, Mikołaj
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184223.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
thorium
PWR
fuel cycle
levelized costs
environmental impact
Opis:
The paper presents the methodology applied to the cost modelling of the uranium-thorium nuclear reactor cycle for PWR reactors as well as brief introduction to the environmental impact of the nuclear fuel cycle. The reactor core contains seed uranium fuel and blanket thorium fuel. In such a cycle, energy is produced in the fission of 235U included in the fresh fuel and in the fission of 233U bread from the fertile 232Th. A modified methodology developed by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency was used for the reactor cycle cost modelling. The method is based on the levelized lifetime cost methodology for a reactor cycle, which is directly related to the heavy metal mass balance. Contrary to the case of uranium-fuelled nuclear reactors, the cost modelling includes the additional cash flow for thorium fuel. The abundance of thorium in the Earth’s crust is about 3–5 times larger than that of uranium, which suggests its promising potential as a nuclear fuel. However, this needs to be proved economically.
Źródło:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment; 2019, 45, 3; 207-217
2299-8004
2353-0790
Pojawia się w:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thoron emanation and exhalation of Slovenian soils determined by a PIC detector-equipped radon monitor
Autorzy:
Jónás, J.
Sas, Z.
Vaupotic, J.
Kocsis, E.
Somlai, J.
Kovács, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
emanation
exhalation
gamma spectrometry
PIC detector
soil
thorium
thoron
Opis:
The health risk from thoron (Rn-220) is usually ignored owing to its short half-life (55.6 s), but the generated thoron decay products can cause a significant dose contribution. In this study, altogether 51 Slovenian soil samples were investigated using an accumulation chamber technique to obtain information about thoron exhalation features. The obtained (massic) thoron exhalation results varied between 6.9 and 149 mBq•kg–1•s–1 (average: 55.2 mBq•kg –1•s–1). The Th-232 content was determined using HPGe gamma spectrometry. The Th-232 activity concentration ranged between 9.3 and 161.7 Bq•kg–1 (average: 64.6 Bq•kg –1). The thoron emanation features were also calculated from the obtained results (2.9 to 21.2% with an average of 8.6%). The thoron exhalation and emanation properties were compared with the radon exhalation and emanation features determined in a previous study. It was found that there was no correlation between the radon and thoron emanation features, according to the obtained data. This can be explained by the different Ra-224 and Ra-226 distributions in the soil grains. As a result, the thoron emanation factor cannot be predicted from radon emanation and vice versa.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 3; 379-384
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trace elements and REE enrichment at Seboah Hill, SW Egypt
Autorzy:
Hassan, Kamaleldin M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/127605.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne
Tematy:
Oversaturated peralkaline rocks
trace elements
REE
thorium/uranium anomalies
Opis:
Seboah Hill - a small body of peralkaline granite (< 0.1 km2) in south-western Egypt containing aegirine minerals ± magnesiohornblende ± riebeckite, cut by dikes of riebeckite-aegirine rhyolite, and exhibiting high radioactivity in veins of K-feldspar-aegirine-chalcedony-quartz ± trace hematite ± trace goethite was sampled and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma methods. Whole-rock chemical compositions of 5 granite, 3-rhyolitedike and 10 radioactive vein samples are presented. Of special significance is the enrichment of trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) in the radioactive veins. These include up to 6081 ppm Zr, 4252 ppm Ce, 1514 ppm Nd, 1433 ppm La, 1233 ppm Nb, 875 ppm Y, 388 ppm Pr, 350 ppm Th, 222 ppm Sm, 189 ppm Gd, 159 ppm Dy, 153 ppm Hf, 83 ppm Er, 76 ppm Yb and 58 ppm U. The chondrite-normalized patterns of REE in all samples show only limited variation and have negative europium (Eu) anomalies. These findings suggest that the sources of the REE are genetically related. Values of the Eu anomalies vary from 0.38-0.41 for the radioactive veins, 0.39-0.53 for the granite and 0.31-0.44 for the rhyolite dikes. Eu variations are consistent for different paragentic stages.
Źródło:
Mineralogia; 2018, 49, 1/4; 47-65
1899-8291
1899-8526
Pojawia się w:
Mineralogia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Accumulation properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies) for different radionuclides
Autorzy:
Tomankiewicz, E.
Mietelski, J.
Gaca, P.
Błażej, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
137Cs
50Sr
thorium
spruce tree
Tatra Mts.
aggregation coefficients
Opis:
The paper presents results for the 137Cs, 90Sr, 40K activity concentrations and 228Th/232Th, 230Th/232Th activity ratios in several samples needles from two Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees and two soil samples collected in the Tatra Mountains (Poland) area. Activities for artificial 137Cs and 90Sr show moderate values. Statistically different values were found between the mean concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in current (C) and two years old (C+2) needles of the first tree, whereas for potassium no significant difference was observed. For the second, fallen tree, no significant difference between the mean activity concentration in needles for C+1 and C+2 was found for each radionuclide, but much lower levels of 137Cs contamination were observed. Observed values of the aggregation coefficients for 137Cs and 90Sr are presented.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2006, 51,suppl.2; 59-67
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thorium nuclear fuel - thoron aspect
Autorzy:
Zagórski, Z. P.
Głuszewski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
CR-39
nuclear fuel
radon-220
radon-222
thorium fuel
thoron
Opis:
The communication reports a serious complication connected with preparation, storage and transportation of fuel for thorium and uranium/thorium nuclear reactors. Whereas uranium fuel of any degree of enrichment is free from radium, which produces radon-222, thorium itself produces thoron (radon-220). Measurement of thoron by a routine ionization-chamber device around a small sample of 2 g thorium dioxide shows already the health endangerment situation. The presence of thoron is also confirmed by a typical solid state dosemeter (polymer CR-39), exposed to the air around ThO2 and etched afterwards with warm NaOH solution. The unavoidable presence of thoron can cause increase of price of production of nuclear fuel, demanding special approach to the method of manufacture.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2010, 55, 3; 407-408
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Occurrence and genetic relationships of uranium and thorium mineralization in the Karkonosze Izera Block (the Sudety Mts, SW Poland)
Wystąpienia mineralizacji uranowej i torowej w bloku Karkonosko-Izerskim i ich relacje genetyczne (Sudety, Polska)
Autorzy:
Mochnacka, K.
Banaś, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/191278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne
Tematy:
uranium
thorium
vein-type mineralization
disseminated mineralization
Karkonosze-Izera Block
Karkonosze granite
Opis:
The paper summarizes available data on uranium and thorium deposits and occurrences in the Karkonosze-Izera Block (the Sudety Mts, SW Poland). The following types were distinguished: 1. Mineralization in the Karkonosze granite and its pegmatites: 1.1 disseminated broeggerite in granite, 1.2 uranium minerals filling the cracks in granite, 1.3 disseminated uranium and U-Th minerals in pegmatites, 2. Mineralization in the metamorphic cover: 2.1 uranium and thorium mineralization in nests, 2.2 pitchblende-fluorite mineralization in veins and nests, 2.3 pitchblende mineralization in veins and nests, 2.4 pitchblende-polymetallic mineralization in veins and nests, 2.5 vein- and nest-type secondary uranium mineralization, 2.5.1 secondary accumulations with traces of primary mineralization, 2.5.2 secondary accumulations without trace of primary mineralization. The origin of these accumulations is mostly related to the Karkonosze Granite and its hydrothermal activity.
W pracy przedstawiono informacje dotyczące występowania złóż i przejawów mineralizacji uranem i torem w bloku Karkonosko-Izerskim. Wyróżniono następujące typy okruszcowania: 1 Mineralizacja w granicie Karkonoszy i w pegmatytach 1.1. broeggeryt rozproszony w granicie, 1.2. mineralizacja uranowa wypełniająca szczeliny w granicie, 1.3. mineralizacja uranowa i uranowo-torowa w pegmatytach, 2. Mineralizacja w osłonie metamorficznej: 2.1. mineralizacja uranowa i torowa w postaci gniazd, 2.2. smółkowo-fluorytowa mineralizacja w formie żył i gniazd, 2.3. smółkowa mineralizacja w formie żył i gniazd, 2.4. smółkowo-polimetaliczna mineralizacja w formie żył i gniazd, 2.5. wtórna mineralizacja uranowa w formie żył i gniazd, 2.5.1 ze śladami mineralizacji pierwotnej, 2.5.2. bez mineralizacji pierwotnej. W większości przypadków są to wystąpienia genetycznie związane z granitem Karkonoszy i jego działalnością hydrotermalną.
Źródło:
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae; 2000, 70, 2; 137-150
0208-9068
Pojawia się w:
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania nad torowym cyklem paliwowym w Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej
Research on thorium fuel cycle at University of Science and Technology
Autorzy:
Gajda, Paweł
Oettingen, Mikołaj
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/214707.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
tor
stos Th-Pb
energetyka jądrowa
thorium
Th-Pb assembly
nuclear power
Opis:
Pierwiastek tor może zostać wykorzystany jako alternatywne paliwo dla energetyki jądrowej. Posiada on szereg zalet, które świadczą o jego użyteczności w jądrowym cyklu paliwowym m.in. jego koncentracja w naturze jest od 3 do 5 razy większa niż koncentracja uranu a zużyte torowe paliwo jądrowe charakteryzuje się mniejszą długotrwałą radiotoksycznością niż zużyte paliwo uranowe. Badania nad torowym cyklem paliwowym prowadzone są również w Polsce. W Katedrze Energetyki Jądrowej, Wydziału Energetyki i Paliw Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej im. Stanisława Staszica (AGH) w Krakowie znajduje się unikatowy w skali Polski zestaw Th-Pb pozwalający na prowadzenie prac badawczo-rozwojowych nad paliwem torowym.
Thorium can be used as an alternative fuel for nuclear power generation. It presents many advantages over uranium, which shows its usability in the nuclear fuel cycle. Its concentration in nature is about 3-5 times larger than concentration of uranium. In addition, the long-term radiotoxicity of the spent thorium fuel is significantly lower than the radiotoxicity of the spent uranium fuel. The research on thorium fuel cycle is also performed in Poland. Department of Nuclear Energy, Faculty of Energy and Fuels of AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow owns unique in Poland Th-Pb fuel assembly dedicated for research on thorium fuel.
Źródło:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej; 2019, 2; 14-17
0551-6846
Pojawia się w:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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