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Wyszukujesz frazę "theory of" wg kryterium: Temat

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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 1959
Tytuł:
An algorithm for the solution of the traveling salesman problem via disjunctive graphs
Autorzy:
Grabowski, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748529.pdf
Data publikacji:
1978
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Directed graphs (digraphs), tournaments
Scheduling theory, deterministic
Special problems of linear programming(transportation, multi-index, etc.)
Opis:
.
From the introduction: "The traveling salesman problem is a problem of combinatorial type. Although problems of this type sometimes have a relatively simple formulation, there are many difficulties associated with their solution even when the most up-to-date computers are used. In the 1970s many papers have been devoted to this problem. The purpose of the vast majority of them has been to find more effective solution algorithms. "In this paper we give the solution of the traveling salesman problem via disjunctive graphs. Up to now the elements of disjunctive graphs have been used to solve problems connected with the determination of an optimal task completion sequence.''
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1978, 6, 13
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the efficiency of graph coloring algorithms
Autorzy:
Kubale, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748571.pdf
Data publikacji:
1982
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Computational complexity and efficiency of algorithms
Coloring of graphs and hypergraphs
Graph theory
Opis:
.
This paper discusses the computational efficiency and the number of colors used by the following algorithms for coloring vertices of graphs: sequential coloring and sequential coloring with interchange algorithms for a largest-first and a smallest-last orderings of vertices, the coloring-pairs algorithm, and the approximately maximum independent set algorithm. Each algorithm is supplied with a Pascal-like program, time complexity in terms of the size of a graph, and worst-case behaviour. In conclusion, some computational results are included with support the estimations and suggest the sequential coloring with interchange algorithm for a largest-first vertex ordering as a method which uses the least number of colors for uniformly distributed random graphs.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1982, 10, 19
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Matrices splitting the norm and their applications in the theory of stability of difference schemes
Autorzy:
Pokrzywa, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/747515.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Matrix norms, conditioning, scaling
Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory
Stability and convergence of difference methods
Opis:
.
In a finite-dimensional real or complex linear normed space X there are characterized all the sets of operators A1,...,An which sum up to the identity operator and such that ||Aix||+...+||Anx|=||x|| for all xX. An example of application in the theory of stability of difference schemes is given.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1985, 13, 26
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On Mathematical Modelling in Biology and Medicine
Autorzy:
Skrzypczak, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748595.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
General biology
Theory of mathematical modeling
Opis:
.
A comparison of input ideas and data as well as goals of mathematical models used in physics and biology is briefly discussed. The models used in biology and medicine are divided into „static" and „dynamical" ones and typical schemes of their construction and analysis are given. The main part of the paper concerns dynamical models describing the time evolution of modelled systems in the form of differential eąuations, Some examples are treated in a more detailed way with a stress on their analysis by means of the qualitative theory of differential eąuations. The quantitative (in particular, numerical) and the qualitative approaches to the model analysis in biology are discussed and compared. Arguments in favour of the qualitative approach in many biological problems are given.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1985, 13, 26
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On stability of outer inverses
Autorzy:
Regińska, Teresa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748267.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
General theory of linear operators
Opis:
.
The paper is concerned with stability properties of bounded outer inverses for bounded operators on Banach spaces. We investigate the effect of perturbations of subspaces generating outer inverses for a given operator. We prove that the convergence of respective gaps between subspaces implies the convergence in the norm of outer inverses generated by these subspaces. The notion of outer inverses is illustrated by an example which gives the form of outer inverses for an arbitrary matrix.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 1985, 13, 25
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perturbation theory relative to a Banach algebra of operators
Autorzy:
Barnes, Bruce A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1292602.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
Banach algebra of operators
Fredholm operator
perturbation theory
essential spectrum
Opis:
Let ℬ be a Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on a Banach space X. Let S be a closed linear operator in X, and let R be a linear operator in X. In this paper the spectral and Fredholm theory relative to ℬ of the perturbed operator S + R is developed. In particular, the situation where R is S-inessential relative to ℬ is studied. Several examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of these concepts.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1993, 106, 2; 153-174
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawo karne wobec środków odurzających i psychotropowych (z problematyki teorii kryminalizacji)
Illegal Drugs and Penal Law (Some Problems of the Theory of Criminalization)
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699088.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo karne
środki odurzające
teoria kryminalizacji
penal law
illegal drugs
theory of criminalization
Opis:
The present policy of all countries of the world  towards narcotic  and psychotropic drugs is in fact prohibitionIST. This means that all circulation of such drugs  ‒ their manufacture, transport, import, export, introduction into trade, giving,  and sometimes also possession – is illegal and carries most severe penal sanctions in some cases. It should be borne in mind, though, that this prohibition is ONLY about eighty years old now. Before, despite a large numer of addicts (not at all smaller than today according to some estimations), purely medical approach to such persons prevailed, and the drugs were subject only (if at all) to some administrative control and rationing at most. The drug prohibition emerged immediately after World War I, chiefly in United Stetes. As can be judged today, the criminalization of drugs and addicts introduced in those days was highly emotional. For this reason, by no means the harmfulness of narcotic and psychotropic drugs on both the individual and the social scale, one should consider the use and reasons of prohibitive policy from the viewpoint of today’s standards of rational criminalization. It is unquestionable that any social policy with respect to drugs should aim first and foremost at reduction of their consumption. The question remains, though, about the extent to which prohibition and penal law can actually serve towards this aim. Universal in the world of today as it is, the prohibitive approach to drugs assumes a variety of forms. There are different models of prohibition which base on different penal law regulations. They can be classified in two dimensions: restrictiveness vs. permissiveness, and repressiveness vs. treatment. Te first of the above dimensions pertains to the extent of criminalization; the other one – to treatment by the law of addicted offenders. Restrictive systems are those which provide for absolute prohibition with no exceptions whatever and ban all circulation of drugs, possession included. Instead, permissive systems provide for  an extent of decriminalization of that circulation, chiefly with respect to possession of drugs. Involved here is usually decriminalization, or even total depenalization of possession of specific amounts of drugs or drugs possessed for a specific purpose as e.g. own consumption. This depenalization can be introduced not only by substantive law but also by procedural provisions law. In this latter case, elements of expediency are introduced, offering the prosecutor or court the possibility to discontinue proceedings or to drop the charge. Repressive systems treat addicted offenders like all the other offenders, applying to them regular penal sanctions both for traditional criminal offenses (as e.g.. theft), and for the “prohibitive” ones (such as possession of drugs). Treatment-oriented systems, instead, reflect a belief as to futility of punishing addicts: within tchem, attempts are made at implementing a principle “tratment instead of punishment”. In most cases, this means that an addict can avoid penal sanction if he submits to withdrawal treatment. The actual application of such provisions on conditional stay of proceedings usually depends on the seriousness of the offense committed. It can be stated that most of today’s European legislations try more or less consistently to combine elements of permissiveness with the treatment orientation. Particularly useful in the analysis of the reason and sense of prohibition are specific economic notions and categories used successfully within so-called economic approach in criminology: demand and supply. Therefore, to what extent are prohibition and penal law capable of reducing the demand for narcotic and psychotropic drugs? First, the demand for those substances is created by a great variety of categories of individuals. The first such category are the consumers. This group, however, is by no means uniform as it consists of both addicted persons, occasional users, and experimenters. Another group which is of great importance in terms of the aims of prohibition are potential consumers, that is practically the whole of socjety if we take the extreme approach. Penal law can influence those groups through its instruments of special and general prevention. The possibilities of applying individual prevention to addicts or occasional users are minimal, though, which results from the very essence of addiction. It is a general opinion today that punishment cannot force an addict to give up his addiction. Only therapy can potentially be successful here; but – an extremely important issue – therapy to which a person submits voluntarily. Today’s spread of this opinion is expressed in the above-mentioned principle of “treatment instead of punishment”. It means that, the very principle of prohibition preserved, penal repression with respect to addicts is avoided. In this interpretation, the individual preventive action of punishment is reserved for the group of persons who experiment with drugs (as it would be simply impossible to criminalize a mere wish to take drugs). The question still remains, though, whether punishment as a form of shock therapy makes any sense here. The general preventive effect of penal law assumes the forms of either deterrence or so-called positive prevention. Deterrence is entirely out of the question in the case of addicted drug consumers due to the considerable rigidity of their demand. Yet deterrence is just as inefficient with respect to potential consumers. This is caused by a huge dark number of “prohibition”, resulting from their specific nature of offenses without no victims: the police encounter immense difficulties trying to disclose such acts. Most legislators try to make up for these weak points introducing severe statutory penalties. This is ineffective in the light of the long-discovered truth that it is rather inevitability than severity of punishment that determines the effectiveness of deterrence. A similar problem arises with respect to potential integrative function of penal law. The question is whether this kind of function – consisting in reinforcement of specific values with the aim to integrate a group – can really be performed by relatively seldom euforced provisions such as no doubt the penal law provisions designed to safeguard prohibition. What remains, therefore, is just the argument, classically used when discussing the problem of decriminalization, that this step might be interpreted as a consent to a specific behavior (here, the taking of drugs) which, in turn, might have disastrous consequences. In this interpretation, prohibition is the last outpost to curb completely unrestrained spread of drug addiction. Penal law's inability to exert any crucial influence on demand considered, it is assumed more and more often today that prohibition aims basically at reducing the supply of drugs. The application of penal law to this area  is justified to the extent that its addressees are not addicts but manufacturers, smugglers, dealers and other such persons most of whom are not drugs consumers themselves but only derive profit from the addiction of others. No doubt, penal law sometimes succeeds to eliminate such persons by means of incapacitation or deterrence.  Generally, though, there is a specific and important internal contradiction involved in prohibition: delegalization of drugs in a situation of continued demand makes the  provision of supply a most attractive activity since it yields immense profits. As a result, not even the most severe penalties can either deter those involved in this activity or prevent the recruitment of their successors, the less so as the risks they run are actually rather small for reasons that have been mentioned above. It might perhaps prove possible to eliminate all supply of drugs, but not without the use of universal terror. This option, however, is out of the question in a democratic state governed by the ruled by law. Therefore, are there any alternatives to prohibition? The answer seems to be yes. First and foremost, one should realize the crucial problem of today’s drug addiction is demand. Admittedly, the demand for drugs can be seen as a apecific cultural constant, something we have to put up with. One should bear in mind, however, the  attempts at influencing that phenomenon with constructive and creative rather than destructive methods. Quite obviously, this is an extremely difficult and entangled  task – as difficult and  entangled as any struggle against the couses and not just the synptoms of a social problem. It seems, however, that work on developing constructive strategies to fight the demand  for drugs is the basic challenge of modern civilization. Namely, if we manage to gain any influence over the couses that make so many young people of today reach for drugs – if we manage to cause a reduction of that demand – departure from prohibition and resumption of the purely medical  approach to drugs might perhaps become possible. For this reason, decriminalization or legalization of drugs should be seen today as a long-term strategic aim; before it can actually be achieved, prolonged preparations, experiments, small steps strategies, and chiefly efforts towards reduction of demand by methods other than  repression are necessary. I believe it would be too risky if we tried to run this operation straight away and to leave the matter to be regulated by nothing but the forces of the free market. Finally, the fact has to be borne in mind that decriminalization can only be sensible if it is done globally; this means that such decision require close international co-operation and co-ordination.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 41-79
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Arithmetic progressions of length three in subsets of a random set
Autorzy:
Kohayakawa, Yoshiharu
Łuczak, Tomasz
Rödl, Vojtěch
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1391171.pdf
Data publikacji:
1996
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
Szemerédi's theorem
arithmetic progressions
combinatorial number theory
regularity lemma
random sets of integers
Źródło:
Acta Arithmetica; 1996, 75, 2; 133-163
0065-1036
Pojawia się w:
Acta Arithmetica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the axiomatic theory of spectrum
Autorzy:
Kordula, V.
Müller, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1287568.pdf
Data publikacji:
1996
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
axiomatic theory of spectrum
local spectrum
semiregular operators
Opis:
There are a number of spectra studied in the literature which do not fit into the axiomatic theory of Żelazko. This paper is an attempt to give an axiomatic theory for these spectra, which, apart from the usual types of spectra, like one-sided, approximate point or essential spectra, include also the local spectra, the Browder spectrum and various versions of the Apostol spectrum (studied under various names, e.g. regular, semiregular or essentially semiregular).
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1996, 119, 2; 109-128
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stress equations of motion of Ignaczak type for the second axisymmetric problem of micropolar elastodynamics
Autorzy:
Dyszlewicz, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1339178.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
stress equations of motion problem (SEMP)
micropolar elasticity theory
Opis:
A second axially-symmetric initial-boundary value problem of linear homogeneous isotropic micropolar elastodynamics in which the displacement and rotation take the forms $\underline{u}=(0,u_θ,0)$, $\underline{φ}=(φ_r,0,φ_z)$ ((r,θ,z) are cylindrical coordinates; cf. [17]) is formulated in a pure stress language similar to that of [12]. In particular, it is shown how $\underline{u}$ and $\underline{φ}$ can be recovered from a solution of the associated pure stress initial-boundary value problem, and how a singular solution corresponding to harmonic vibrations of a concentrated body couple in an infinite space can be obtained from the solution of a pure stress problem.
Źródło:
Applicationes Mathematicae; 1996-1997, 24, 3; 251-265
1233-7234
Pojawia się w:
Applicationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Commutators of diffeomorphisms of a manifold with boundary
Autorzy:
Rybicki, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1294405.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
Group of diffeomorphisms
simplicity
perfectness
manifold with boundary
fixed point theory
Opis:
A well known theorem of Herman-Thurston states that the identity component of the group of diffeomorphisms of a boundaryless manifold is perfect and simple. We generalize this result to manifolds with boundary. Remarks on $C^r$-diffeomorphisms are included.
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 1998, 68, 3; 199-210
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Multiplicity of positive solutions for a nonlinear differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions
Autorzy:
R., D.
Wang, Haiyan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1294312.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
nonlinear boundary value problems
multiplicity of positive solutions
upper and lower solutions
degree theory
Opis:
We study the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of the nonlinear equation u''(x) + λh(x)f(u(x)) = 0 subject to nonlinear boundary conditions. The method of upper and lower solutions and degree theory arguments are used.
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 1998, 69, 2; 155-165
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Two methods of modelling of periodic nonhomogeneous elastic plates
Dwie metody modelowania niejednorodnych periodycznie płyt sprężystych
Autorzy:
Nagórko, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/281206.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
theory of plates
nonstandard homogenization
approximation by constrains
Opis:
The effect of sequence of application of the two methodes, i.e. approximation by constraints and nonstandard homogenisation has been studied in the paper. The author has also tried to find out wheather the results yielded by the homogenisation with respect to successive co-ordinates, i.e. succesive sides of the representative element, are the same as those obtained from the spatial homogenisation, i. e. performed over the whole 3D representative element simultaneously.
W pracy rozważa się dwie metody modelowania w sprężystości. Pierwsza z nich prowadzi do modeli uproszczonych przez więzy a druga do modeli zhomogenizowanych niestandardowo. W pracy badano czy podstawowe relacje modelu skonstruowanego przy użyciu metody więzów i metody homogenizacji niestandardowej zależą od kolejności ich stosowania. Zadbano też czy stosowanie homogenizacji etapami, względem kolejnych współrzędnych - kolejnych bloków elementu reprezentatywnego - daje ten sam wynik co homogenizacja przestrzenna, tzn. dla całego trójwymiarowego elementu reprezentatywnego równocześnie. Okazuje się, że ogólnie nie można zamieniać homogenizacji przestrzennej na homogenizację kolejno po współrzędnych przy tych samych funkcjach kształtu. Natomiast gdy homogenizacja jest możliwa dla każdej ze współrzędnych, to jest możliwa także homogenizacja przestrzenna. Także kolejność modelowania aproksymacyjnego przez więzy i homogenizacji przy użyciu analizy niestandardowej może dawać różne wyniki. W pracy określono warunki, przy których kolejność ta nie jest istotna.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 1998, 2; 291-303
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Michał Dobrynin, Polsza: istorija obszczeobrazowatelnoj szkoły i pedagogiczeskoj myśli (S pierioda christianizacji do 1939 goda), Brześć 1997, Wydawnictwo S. Ławrowa, ss.144
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/956145.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
development of education
pedagogical theory
Polska
rozwój oświaty
teoria pedagogiczna
Polska
Opis:
Michał Dobrynin, Polsza: istorija obszczeobrazowatelnoj szkoły i pedagogiczeskoj myśli (S pierioda christianizacji do 1939 goda), Brześć 1997, Wydawnictwo S. Ławrowa, ss.144
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 1999, 9/10; 43-44
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On a nonlocal elliptic problem
Autorzy:
Raczyński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1338872.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
electrodiffusion of ions
nonlinear elliptic problem
theory of semiconductors
Opis:
We study stationary solutions of the system $u_t = ∇ ((m-1)/m ∇u^m + u∇φ)$, m => 1, Δφ = ±u, defined in a bounded domain Ω of $ℝ^n$. The physical interpretation of the above system comes from the porous medium theory and semiconductor physics.
Źródło:
Applicationes Mathematicae; 1999, 26, 1; 107-119
1233-7234
Pojawia się w:
Applicationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 1959

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