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Wyszukujesz frazę "the Eastern Borderlands" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
M.A. Koprowski, Po obu stronach Uralu, Warszawa 2006, Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum, ss. 364
Autorzy:
Szymański, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040108.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-06-29
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
ZSRR
Kresy Wschodnie
werbiści
USRR
Eastern Borderlands
Society of the Divine Word
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2007, 87; 409-411
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zamość i Zamojszczyzna na mapie językowej i kulturowej Polski
Zamość and its province on the linguistic and cultural map of Poland
Autorzy:
Makarski, Władysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26850766.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Akademia Zamojska
Tematy:
regional language varieties in the Region of Zamość
names (toponyms, anthroponyms, church names) in the South Eastern Borderlands
literary activities in Zamość
Zamość
Zamość literacki
zamojskie gwary kresowe
południowo-kresowa onimia (toponimy, antroponimy, patrocinia)
Opis:
Artykuł ukazuje Zamość i Zamojszczyznę w kontekście dialektalnej mapy kresów południowowschodnich z charakterystycznymi interferencjami ukraińskimi, które stanowią odbicie historycznych dziejów politycznych i osadniczo-etnicznych tych terenów, sięgających czasów plemiennych. Mapę tę wyznaczają cechy tekstów gwarowych i środowiskowych (dawne i współczesne) oraz różnorakie onimy (nazwy miejscowe, nazwy osobowe, wyznania kościołów i cerkwi oraz inne). Poza regionalnym językiem Zamojszczyzna manifestuje odrębność poprzez swoją literaturę, folklor, życie kulturalne i naukowe (z historyczną Akademię Zamojską), rangę swoich zabytków (z Zamościem jako miastem wpisanym na listę światowego dziedzictwa kulturowego) oraz walory krajobrazowo-turystyczne (z Roztoczańskim Parkiem Narodowym, kilkoma parkami krajobrazowymi i rezerwatami).
This paper is a brief presentation of the town of Zamość and the Zamość Region in the context of the map of dialects spoken in the historical territories of South-Eastern Borderlands. The dialect spoken there contains a lot of Ukrainian linguistic interferences, which mirror the political, ethnic and civilization history of this land, reaching back to the tribal roots. The map is delineated by the particular features of the dialectal and sub-dialectal texts (old and modern) as well as a variety of names (place names, personal names, names of churches, etc.). Apart from its regional language variety, the region of Zamość is distinctive for its literature, folklore, cultural and academic life (historic Zamość Academia), a whole range of the highest class architectural sights (Zamość as a town is placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List), spectacular geographical and tourist surroundings (including the Roztocze National Natural Park, some landscape parks and nature reserves).
Źródło:
Facta Simonidis; 2008, 1, 1; 313-325
1899-3109
Pojawia się w:
Facta Simonidis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka niemieckich i radzieckich okupantów wobec polskiego ziemiaństwa w latach II wojny światowej
The German and Soviet Occupants Policies Towards the Polish Gentry During the World War II
Autorzy:
Gapys, Jerzy
Nowak, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1944892.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
II wojna światowa
ziemiaństwo polskie
okupacja hitlerowska
Kresy Wschodnie
sowietyzacja
World War II
Polish gentry
Hitlerian occupation
the Eastern borderlands
Sovietiziation
Opis:
The present article characterizes the German and Soviet policies towards the Polish gentry in the years 1939-1945. Analysis of the measures taken by the two totalitarian regimes towards this circle enjoying a high prestige in Poland in the period between the two World Wars gives precious information about the political aims concerning the social and material elite of the conquered country that they wanted to achieve. A comparison was made of measures taken by the two invaders that led: in the Soviet zone – to liquidation of the gentry as a social layer; and in the German one – to weakening their position and their isolation in the Polish society. The land property was used by the Nazis for exploiting farmers in the GG, whereas the Soviet authorities used it as a confirmation of the necessity “to overthrow the old order” on the occupied Polish territories. In practice this meant liquidation of the gentry's property by nationalizing and appropriating both movables and fixed property, which was often accompanied by illegal seizure and devastation.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2009, 57, 2; 199-215
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wbrew rodzinie: obligatoryjne stancje uczniowskie w Wileńskim Okręgu Naukowym w okresie międzypowstaniowym
Against family: boarding schools for children and teenagers in Vilnius Academic County between the years 1832-1863 (the time between two Polish uprisings)
Autorzy:
WOŁCZUK, JANINA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/435744.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych. Instytut Pedagogiki. Zakład Historii Edukacji
Tematy:
Russianization, school system, education, Russian partition, tsarism,
North Eastern Polish Borderlands, between the uprisings ( 1832-1863).
Opis:
After the collapse of the November Uprising (the Cadet Revolution) Poles under Russian rule in Russian partition were Russianized more severely than before. The tsar authorities focused on the educational system, on the upbringing of the youth in the name of loyalty to the Romanov dynasty, and submission to any authority. This educational aim was fulfilled under supervision both in school and outside.As the aim was in contradiction to family upbringing (values), the boarding schools, which were supervised by the Educational Board, started to be organized and approved by the Tsar. In Tsarian Russia there was no tradition of boarding schools; as a result, there were neither prepared or experienced teachers nor material goods to provide students with appropriate care and living conditions. Parents who were forced to place their children in the boarding schools had to bear higher cost. They did not have any influence on the way their children were raised/taught. The situation had to raise an objection of Polish society that lived in the Kresy (North-East Borderland of Polish Commonwealth). After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-56) and the death of Tsar Mikolaj I, the process of Russianization was lessened and the institution of boarding schools was officially criticized. This criticism was expressed by marshals of the gentry and honorary patrons of schools.Following the pressure resulting from such criticism local and ministerial authorities were forced to abandon implementing the idea of obligatory boarding schools for children and teenagers. In the late 1850s the boarding schools were gradually being closed. Once again parents had the right to decide about their son's place to stay during his education at school. The idea of anti-Polish pro-government education (against the family) suffered a defeat this time.
Źródło:
Wychowanie w Rodzinie; 2011, II, (2/2011)
2082-9019
Pojawia się w:
Wychowanie w Rodzinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Katastrofa materialna” we wspomnieniach przedstawicielek polskiej arystokracji i ziemiaństwa z Kresów
Autorzy:
Okupnik, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/678209.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
memories
women − members of Polish aristocracy and landed gentry
Polish Eastern Borderlands
Matylda Sapieżyna
Helena Rothowa
Maria Sapieżyna
the esthetics of loss
Opis:
“Material catastrophe” in the memories of three women – members of the Polish aristocracy and landed gentry from the Polish Eastern BorderlandsHistory has treated cruelly the families of landed gentry and aristocracy who lived in the Polish Eastern Borderland – the eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic (Kresy). This essay focuses on memories of women, members of the Polish aristocracy and landed gentry from the kresy, published in the following books: “We and Our Homes” (My i nasze Siedliska) by Matylda née Windisch-Graetz Sapieżyna, “Times, Places, People. Memories from the Eastern Borderlands, 1893-1946” (Czasy, miejsca, ludzie. Wspomnienia z Kresów Wschodnich 1893-1946) by Helena née Jaczynowska Rothowa, and ”My Life, My Times” (Moje życie, mój czas) by Maria née Zdziechowska Sapieżyna. Their memories are not a full historical picture including the complex political and historic context, instead they concentrate on the precise fates of their families in the kresy (though their presence there was called, not without a reason, a kind of ‘colonization’). The three authoresses present themselves as victims of great politics and changes happening beyond their control. Thus, these three (auto)biographical narrations enter the canon of literature about the eastern frontier and correspond with the canon of ‘the esthetics of loss.’ the analysis demonstrates that in all the books under consideration particular attention has been devoted to the material sphere of everyday life because the female biographers wanted to describe their world in the Kresy in detail and at the same time show how much they had lost.
Źródło:
Sprawy Narodowościowe; 2013, 42
2392-2427
Pojawia się w:
Sprawy Narodowościowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of Polish Writing on the History of Physical Education and Sports in the North-Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic
Autorzy:
Małolepszy, Eligiusz
Drozdek-Małolepsza, Teresa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031821.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
PPHU Projack Jacek Wąsik
Tematy:
physical education
sports
state of study
the North – Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic
Opis:
The aim of this paper is presentation of the up-to-date state of research on physical education and sports in the North-Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic based on analysis of Polish literature on the subject. In the sense of territorial scope, the paper covers the areas of the Polesie, Novogrodek and Vilnius voivodeships. As for the scope of studies on the history of physical education and sports in the North-Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic, the most cognitively significant is the work by Laskiewicz on „Kultura fizyczna na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1900–1939. Zarys monograficzny dziejów” (Physical Culture in the Region of Vilnius in the Years 1900–1939. An Outline of Monographic History). The history of physical culture in rural areas were fairly well drawn up. In terms of historiography, there are publications presenting physical education and sports in urban areas. The publications mainly refer to physical activity in larger towns and cities, e.g. in Baranowicze, Breston- Bug, Lida, Novogrodek and in Vilnius. In terms of voivodeships, papers on physical education and sports in the Region of Vilnius significantly predominate. The presented analysis of the state of research – in reference to Polish writings – shows the necessity to supplement the preliminary archival research of the sources – in order to prepare a monograph on „Dziejów wychowania fizycznego i sportu na Kresach Północno-Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej” (the History of Physical Education and Sports in the North – Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic). A preliminary archival research should also be conducted in the archives kept by Byelorussia and Lithuania.
Źródło:
Physical Activity Review; 2013, 1; 22-31
2300-5076
Pojawia się w:
Physical Activity Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Salezjański wotywny kościół Matki Bożej Ostrobramskiej we Lwowie. Historia i dzień dzisiejszy
The Salesian Votive Church of Our Lady of Ostra Brama in Lviv: History and the present day
Autorzy:
Żurek, Waldemar Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023342.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
historia Kościoła
Kresy Wschodnie
salezjanie
historia salezjan w Polsce
the history of the Church
Eastern Borderlands
the Salesians
the history of the Salesians in Poland
Opis:
The Metropolitan Archbihop of Lviv of the Latin Rite Bolesław Twardowski (1854- 1944) was the founder and the initiator of the construction of the Church of Our Lady of Ostra Brama in the district of Lviv - Górny Łyczaków. The votive church dedicated to the Mother of Mercy was to be a symbol of gratitude for the return of Lviv and Eastern Galicia to their homeland after years of captivity. Started in 1931, the construction of the church was completed and on 7 October 1934, Archbishop Twardowski consecrated it. After that ceremony, at the residence of the archbishop the votive church was given to the Salesians of the Province of St. Jack in Cracow. The Church of Our Lady of Ostra Brama was a rectoral church in the parish of St. Anthony where the Salesians carried out pastoral ministry until 4 June 1946. In 1989, the church was taken over by the Salesians of the Byzantine-Ukrainian Rite where in 1992, the parish of the Protection of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos (Pokrov) was erected.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2014, 102; 391-409
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Geneza parafii rzymsko-katolickiej pod wezwaniem Matki Bożej Królowej Korony Polskiej w Baranowiczach
The genesis of the construction of the Roman Catholic Church dedicated to Our Lady Queen of the Polish Crown in Baranowicze
Autorzy:
Żurek, Waldemar Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Baranowicze Poleskie
historia Kościoła na Kresach Wschodnich
katolicka parafia w Baranowiczach Poleskich
the history of the Church in the Polish Eastern Borderlands
Roman Catholic parishes in Baranowicze Poleskie
Opis:
In 1928, society of the thriving borderland city of Baranowicze Poleskie launched a commendable initiative, the aim of which was to create another pastoral centre in that city for the local faithful of the Roman Rite. Those initiatives were made with great care for the spiritual good of the local faithful. The Executive Committee of the Church Construction appointed for that purpose in Baranowicze, then renamed the Citizens’ Committee of the Church Construction, did not take account of church law and practice in its structure. With a lay person being in charge, it did not receive approval of the ordinary of the Diocese of Pińsk, and thus efforts to build a church could not be carried out in accordance with expectations. It was not until 1934- when the parish priest and dean of Baranowicze, Rev. Jan Borysiuk, became the president of the Committee, that the relations with the diocesan ecclesiastical authority were normalised-that authority was the one which took decisions regarding the ongoing construction work in the new pastoral centre in Baranowicze. Long-term efforts on the creation of a new parish in that town resulted in erection- on 23 January 1937- the parish dedicated to Our Lady Queen of the Polish Crown and the appointment of its first parish priest Rev.Antoni Kohutnicki.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2015, 104; 363-394
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Od Arkadii do Golgoty – refleksje na temat Kresów w literaturze polskiej
From Arcadia to Golgotha – Meditations on the Eastern Borderlands [Kresy Wschodnie] in Polish Literature
Autorzy:
Wasilewska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466648.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe Płockie
Tematy:
Kresy Wschodnie
polska literatura kresowa
The Eastern Borderlands
Polish Borderlands Literature
Opis:
Kresy Wschodnie Rzeczypospolitej były niegdyś sercem narodu polskiego, któremu tamtejsza ziemia wydała największych orędowników i czcicieli jej piękna. Nie można zrozumieć polskiej kultury bez poznania Kresów i tego, co je tworzyło. Warto o tym przypominać, zwłaszcza młodym Polakom, którzy często nie mają świadomości, że tam kiedyś była Polska.
The Eastern Borderlands of the Polish Commonwealth used to be a Polish heartland where some of the greatest Polish admirers of the Borderlands' beauty hail from. One cannot properly understand the Polish culture without getting to know the Eastern Borderlands and that which they consisted in. One should remember it and remind of it especially young Poles, who often seem to fail to realize that the Borderlands used to be a part of Poland.
Źródło:
Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego; 2015, 7; s. 306-320
0860-5637
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ziemiańscy egzulanci kresowi na Pomorzu po pierwszej wojnie światowej
Landowners exiled from the Eastern Borderlands in Pomerania after WW I
Autorzy:
Łaszkiewicz, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193847.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
landowners
refugees
migrations
the Eastern Borderlands
the Pomeranian voivodeship
the Second Polish Republic
Opis:
The Bolshevik offensive against Poland during the years 1919–1920 forced landowners who had lived in the Eastern Borderlands for generations to escape hastily from their estates. The formation of the Polish border in the east after the treaty of Riga made it impossible for most of them to return to their family lands. The refugees from the Eastern Borderlands were not only deprived of their houses and land, but also financial resources. They arrived in large numbers in the major cities where they tried to find work and some financial means of survival. Other landowners purchased small farms in the new Rzeczpospolita. The most attractive were farms in Pomerania abandoned by the Germans. Immigrants from the Eastern Borderlands found it hard to adapt to new conditions of life and work. Demoted socially, they indulged in nostalgia for the past and longing for their lost motherland. They felt insulted by the Polish government, misunderstood and alienated. It was frequently difficult for them to renounce their old habits in administering their estates, which meant that they often failed to succeed in the changed economic circumstances and on a much smaller area of land. Younger landowners exhibited a greater mobility and found it easier to find work. They did not feel attached to the Pomeranian land and found it easier to make the decision to leave the region.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 3; 257-271
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inwentarz kościoła i plebanii w Kosowie w 1751 roku
The inventory of the church and presbytery in Kosów of 1751
Autorzy:
Żurek, Waldemar Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022043.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-20
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Kresy Wschodnie
dzieje Kościoła
dzieje parafii Kosów
the Polish Eastern Borderlands
the history of the Church
the history of the parish of Kosów
Opis:
The inventory coming from the Diocesan Archive of Drohiczyn is the detailed records of the state of the church and presbytery drawn up by the dean Rev. Krzysztof Modzelewski on 19 January 1751. The inventory was drawn up due to the fact that the parish in Kosów was taken over by Rev. Benedykt Rumszewicz. The former Polish borderland parish is now located within the borders of Belarus.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2016, 106; 371-387
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inwentarz kościoła parafialnego w Kosowie z 1770 roku
The inventory of the parish church in Kosów of 1770
Autorzy:
Żurek, Waldemar Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022277.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Kosów Poleski
historia Kościoła katolickiego
Kresy Wschodnie Rzeczypospolitej
the history of the Catholic Church
the Eastern Borderlands
Opis:
The presented visitation of the church of Kosów conducted at the end of the 18th century gives us the information about the administration, pastoral ministry and the emoluments of the parish church in Kosów located in the Eastern Borderlands in the Old Polish Period. It also reveals signifi cant fi gures of political and social life of the time. Its most valuable part contains data referring to the visited parish dedicated to the Holy Trinity and the Holy Cross in Kosów (Poleski) collected by Rev. Jan Nepomucen Kadłubowski; the information ranges from the smallest details or objects to religious buildings (with their equipment and vestments used for worship), residential buildings and outbuildings. The visitation also shows concern for the moral state, material goods of the parish and the order of the liturgy celebrated in the parish church in Kosów.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2016, 105; 375-387
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Książęta Jerzy i Krzysztof Zbarascy wobec problemów południowo-wschodniego pogranicza Rzeczypospolitej w drugim i trzecim dziesięcioleciu XVII wieku
The princes Jerzy and Krzysztof Zbaraski towards the problems of South-Eastern borderlands of Polish Republic in second and third decade of 17th century
Autorzy:
Anusik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/689512.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Rzeczpospolita w pierwszej połowie XVII w.
pogranicze południowo-wschodnie
Jerzy ks. Zbaraski
Krzysztof ks. Zbaraski
Zygmunt III
Turcja
Tatarzy
Kozacy
Polish Republic in the first half of 17th century
South-Eastern borderlands
Jerzy prince Zbaraski
Krzysztof prince Zbaraski
Sigismund III
Turkey
Tatars
Cossacks
Opis:
The princes Jerzy and Krzysztof Zbaraski were descendants of the old and very wealthy magnates family. Their education, wealth and mental qualities predestined them to play an important role in the political arena. Reluctance on the part of Sigismund III made, however, that the two brothers found themselves in the ranks of the opposition. As owners of large estates in the South-Eastern borderlands, the princes have to be interested in both the situation in Ukraine, as well as relations with neighboring countries in this region of the Polish Republic. In the middle of the second decade of the seventeenth century, they fell into conflict with the hetman Stanislaw Żółkiewski. They believed that the policy of hetman in borderlands leads to war with Turkey. Zbaraski brothers advocated the maintenance of peace with the Sultan. Their relation to the Ottoman Empire did not change until the end of their lives. Maintaining peaceful relations with Turkey they regarded as one of the priorities of the foreign policy of the Polish Republic. On the issue of relations with the Crimean Khanate the princes Zbaraski looked through the prism of Turkish politics. They regarded rulers of Crimea as performers of the policy of Istanbul and sultan tool to exert pressure on the Polish Republic. They were in favor of not to provoke Tartars. But both of them took an active part in the fight against Tartar s invasions. In the fight against the Tatars they were ready to use the help of the Cossacks. In the years 1624–1628 the Zbaraski brothers supported the idea of intervention in the internal affairs of the Crimean Khanate. They believed that fueling the civil war in the Crimea will be in every way beneficial to the interests of the Polish Republic. Very interesting was also the attitude of Zbaraski brothers to the Cossacks. Both princes believed Cossacks as the rebels, destroyers of internal order and adventurers provoking conflicts with Turkey. They do not accept the policy of tolerance towards Cossacks in the period before Cecora. After Khotyn war they urged Cossacks to stop their trips to the Black Sea. The both brothers quickly recognized the danger posed by an alliance of Orthodox bishops and the Cossacks. They found it as a serious threat to the interests of the Polish Republic in Ukraine. The princes Zbaraski referred to the Cossacks with a sense of superiority and contempt. Appreciated, however, their military force. The Zbaraski brothers advocated a policy of hard hand against the Cossacks. Prince Jerzy has repeatedly stated that the Cossacks do not need any committee, but a sword. However, the princes of Zbaraż feel awe in front of a large and valiant Cossacks army. They feared the destruction of their landed estates. After the conclusion of the Treaty of Kurukove they opted, however, for strict compliance with its terms. Relatively little attention devoted Zbaraski brothers to the situation in the Danubian principalities – Moldavia and Wallachia. But both brothers carefully watched the actions of the ruler of Transylvania – Bethlen Gabor. The paradox seems the fact that after the death of Krzysztof, when he was the most powerful magnate in the South-Eastern borderlands of the Republic, Jerzy Zbaraski was much less interested in the situation in that region. His attention was absorbed at that time by completely different problems. It is in this context to note that even earlier the issue of the problems of the South-Eastern borderlands of Polish Republic were not the main subject of the interest of the Zbaraski brothers. Both princes were politicians who tried to influence the whole, as well internal and foreign policy of the state. Because of that reason they followed and commented all the most important events that have taken place in the Central and Eastern Europe in the second and third decade of the seventeenth century.
Książęta Jerzy i Krzysztof Zbarascy byli potomkami starej i ogromnie bogatej rodziny magnackiej. Ich wykształcenie, majątek i walory umysłowe predestynowały ich do odgrywania ważnej roli na arenie politycznej. Niechęć ze strony Zygmunta III sprawiła jednak, że obaj bracia znaleźli się w szeregach opozycji. Jako właściciele wielkich majątków na kresach, książęta z natury rzeczy musieli być zainteresowani zarówno sytuacją na Ukrainie, jak i stosunkami z państwami graniczącymi w tym regionie z Rzecząpospolitą. W połowie drugiego dziesięciolecia XVII w. popadli w konflikt z hetmanem Stanisławem Żółkiewskim. Uważali bowiem, że polityka hetmana na kresach prowadzi do wojny z Turcją. Zbarascy opowiadali się natomiast za utrzymaniem pokoju z sułtanem. Swojego stosunku do państwa Imperium Osmańskiego nie zmienili do końca życia. Utrzymanie pokojowych stosunków z Turcją uważali za  jeden z priorytetów polityki zagranicznej Rzeczypospolitej. Na kwestię stosunków z Chanatem Krymskim książęta Zbarascy patrzyli przez pryzmat polityki tureckiej. Władców Krymu uważali za wykonawców polityki Stambułu i narzędzie służące sułtanom do wywierania nacisku na Rzeczpospolitą. Opowiadali się za tym, by nie prowokować Tatarów. Brali jednak czynny udział w zwalczaniu najazdów tatarskich. W walce z Tatarami gotowi byli wykorzystać pomoc Kozaków. W latach 1624–1628 bracia Zbarascy poparli pomysł interwencji w wewnętrzne sprawy Chanatu Krymskiego. Uważali bowiem, że podsycanie wojny domowej na Krymie będzie pod każdym względem korzystne dla interesów Rzeczypospolitej. Bardzo ciekawy był też stosunek braci Zbaraskich do Kozaczyzny. Obaj książęta uważali Kozaków za buntowników, burzycieli porządku wewnętrznego i awanturników prowokujących konflikty z Turcją. Nie akceptowali polityki pobłażania Kozakom w okresie przed Cecorą. Po Chocimiu nakłaniali Kozaków do zaprzestania wypraw na Morze Czarne. Obaj bracia bardzo szybko dostrzegli niebezpieczeństwo, jakie stanowił sojusz prawosławnych władyków z Kozaczyzną. Uznali go za poważne zagrożenie dla interesów Rzeczypospolitej na Ukrainie. Książęta Zbarascy odnosili się do mołojców z poczuciem wyższości i z pogardą. Doceniali jednak siłę wojskową Kozaczyzny. Bracia Zbarascy opowiadali się za polityką twardej ręki wobec Kozaków. Książę Jerzy wielokrotnie powtarzał, że na Kozaków nie trzeba żadnych komisji, tylko szabli. Niemniej książęta ze Zbaraża czuli respekt przed liczną i bitną armią kozacką. Bali się zniszczenia swoich majątków. Po zawarciu ugody kurukowskiej opowiedzieli się jednak za rygorystycznym przestrzeganiem jej warunków. Stosunkowo niewiele uwagi poświęcali natomiast Zbarascy sytuacji w księstwach naddunajskich – Mołdawii i Wołoszczyźnie. Śledzili zaś poczynania władcy Siedmiogrodu – Bethlena Gabora. Paradoksem wydaje się to, że po śmierci Krzysztofa, kiedy został najpotężniejszym latyfundystą na kresach Rzeczypospolitej, Jerzy ks. Zbaraski w dużo mniejszym stopniu interesował się sytuacją w tamtym regionie. Jego uwagę absorbowały bowiem w tym czasie zupełnie inne problemy. Warto w tym kontekście zaznaczyć, że również wcześniej problematyka pogranicza południowo-wschodniego nie stanowiła bynajmniej głównego przedmiotu zainteresowania braci Zbaraskich. Byli oni bowiem politykami, którzy próbowali wpływać na całokształt tak wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej polityki państwa, śledząc i komentując na bieżąco wszystkie najistotniejsze wydarzenia, które rozgrywały się w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w drugim i trzecim dziesięcioleciu XVII w.
Źródło:
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych; 2016, 15, 2
1644-857X
2450-7660
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podobieństwa i różnice w zakresie słowotwórstwa między gwarową polszczyzną północno- i południowokresową
Similarities and differences in derivation between Northern and Southern Polish Eastern Borderland dialects
Autorzy:
Czarnecka, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567954.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
Polish Eastern Borderlands
Polish borderland dialects
derivation
the comparative description
Opis:
The article is an attempt to organize the existing data on the phenomena of derivation in Polish Eastern Borderland dialects - Northern and Southern - with a short description and exemplification. Among the phenomena that differentiate both varieties of Polish Eastern Borderland dialects, those that are the result of different language neighborhood are most numerous. Certain features are the result of different source of the Polish language on the Polish Eastern Borderlands - Norhern and Southern (as -ak from Mazovia and -ę from the Lesser Poland in the names o young signifieds). In the lexical material from Polish Eastern Borderlands, the old formations, supported by foreign language influences or preserved as a result of isolation from contemporary Polish language, were recorded. A similar number of derivation phenomena, which are common to both varieties of Polish Eastern Borderland dialects (10) and specific phenomena (10 for the dialect of the Northern Polish Eastern Borderland and 8 for the Southern) are indicated in the dialect.
Źródło:
Linguistica Copernicana; 2016, 13; 365-377
2080-1068
2391-7768
Pojawia się w:
Linguistica Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Tatar Military Art of War in the Early Modern Period: An Example of Asymmetric Warfare
Autorzy:
Gliwa, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/601503.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
asymmetric warfare
Tatar military art of war in the early modern period
organised violence
war amongst the people
south-eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
The present analysis of military operations carried out by Tatar Hordes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has shown that these operations were basically shaped by asymmetric actions. Their main characteristics were secrecy of action up to the moment of attack, use of information-and-intelligence warfare struggle instruments, a total character of operations taken against civilians, their material resources and economic infrastructure, with use of terrorist tactics and means of psychological impact that aimed at intimidating the community under attack. The actions of Tatar Hordes were primarily focused on non-military aspects and took advantage not only of classic military tools but also a combination of political measures and instruments as well as those typical of economy, these including a variety of economic and demographic pressures. Pursuing asymmetric action was in the hands of the Giray (Gerey) dynasty one of the most important tools enabling them to efficiently achieve their political goals in the international arena and to support the economic development of the Crimean Khanate through permanent transfers of slaves and tangible property of various sorts.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Historica; 2016, 114
0001-6829
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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