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    Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
    Tytuł:
    Interaction between sphalerite and pyrite and its effect on surface oxidation of sphalerite
    Autorzy:
    Yang, B.
    Xie, X.
    Tong, X.
    Lan, Z.
    Cui, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109553.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    sphalerite
    surface oxidation
    minerals interaction
    DFT
    Opis:
    The interaction between sphalerite and pyrite was investigated by dissolution test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential measurement and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Dissolution tests indicated that sphalerite dissolution was promoted due to the galvanic interaction between sphalerite and pyrite. The Zn2+ ion concentration increased with increasing pyrite content and dissolved time. XPS analysis results demonstrated that a new oxidation product was formed on the sphalerite surface in the presence of pyrite in a pulp. Zeta potential measurements showed that the isoelectric point of sphalerite increased from 3.3 to 5.4 due to galvanic interaction. DFT calculation results suggested that electron transfer from sphalerite to pyrite occurred when they contacted. The Zn 4s and S 3p states of sphalerite lost electrons. The Fe 4p and 4s of pyrite states obtained electrons, and Fe 3d and S 3s states lost a small number of electrons. The surface oxidation of sphalerite was promoted due to the interaction with pyrite, and the collectorless floatability of sphalerite decreased.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2018, 54, 2; 311-320
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and sphalerite by thermal pretreatment under air atmosphere
    Autorzy:
    Zhou, Hepeng
    Geng, Liang
    Zhang, Yongbing
    Yang, Zhizhao
    He, Kunzhong
    Xie, Fanxin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1448899.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    thermal pretreatment
    chalcopyrite
    sphalerite
    flotation
    oxidation
    Opis:
    Thermal pretreatment was performed to enhance the flotation separation of chalcopyrite and sphalerite under the air atmosphere for the first time. Microflotation experiment showed that the floatability of chalcopyrite vanished after thermal pretreatment at above 170℃. By contrast, the floatability of sphalerite was well maintained with a flotation recovery of 90%. In artificial mixed mineral flotation experiments, the separation of sphalerite and chalcopyrite was successfully realized by thermal pretreatment. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated that the chalcopyrite surface was oxidized dramatically at 170℃, and hydrophilic species such as sulfate ($SO_4^{2-}$), oxides ($CuO$ and $Fe_2O_3$), and hydroxyl species ($Fe(OH)_3$) were formed on the surface. Hence, the adsorption of potassium butyl xanthate on chalcopyrite decreased significantly after thermal pretreatment. The reason for the higher oxidation speed of chalcopyrite than that of sphalerite was also analyzed.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2021, 57, 1; 305-314
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Density functional theory study of H2O adsorption on different sphalerite surfaces
    Autorzy:
    Deng, Zheng-bin
    Tong, Xiong
    Huang, Ling-yun
    Xie, Xian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110593.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    density functional theory
    sphalerite
    water adsorption
    hydrophobicity
    Opis:
    Effects of In, Ge, Fe substitution in the lattice of sphalerite on wettability were usually ignored, therefore the optimal flotation condition could be difficult to find due to lacking of sufficient theoretical study on water adsorption, resulting lower recoveries of different sphalerites. Adsorption of H2O on different sphalerite surfaces was studied using density functional theory (DFT) method. All computational models were built in a vacuum environment to eliminate the effects of oxygen and other factors. H2O molecule prefers to stay with ideal sphalerite, indium-beard sphalerite, germanium-beard sphalerite and marmatite surfaces rather than water. Compared with ideal sphalerite surface, Fe atom improves the hydrophilicity of surface, while In and Ge atoms reduce the hydrophilicity.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2019, 55, 1; 82-88
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zinc extraction from Ghazouat leach residues by using jarosite method
    Autorzy:
    Begar, Abdelhakim
    Djeghlal, Mohamed El Amine
    Ould Hamou, Malek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2016450.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
    Tematy:
    sphalerite
    Zn
    zinc
    acid leaching
    leaching residue
    extraction
    Opis:
    In this paper, it was aimed to select and propose a feasible as well as an applicable method, for the extraction of zinc that was present in the disposed GHAZOUAT leach residues having 17.82 wt. % Zn and 20.82 wt. % Fe. After the determination of the components of the residue, the acid leaching was performed to reclaim Zn sequentially. The acid leaching experiments were carried out for Zn extraction by controlling acid concentration, reaction duration and temperature. At the optimum conditions, 240 g/L H2SO4 at 90 °C for 210 min, 80% of initial iron content was removed, and the resultant overall zinc extraction was usually superior than 96%.
    Źródło:
    Mining Science; 2021, 28; 117-126
    2300-9586
    2353-5423
    Pojawia się w:
    Mining Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Quantifying the spreading factor to compare the wetting properties of minerals at molecular level – case study: sphalerite surface
    Autorzy:
    Mohseni, M.
    Abdollahy, M.
    Poursalehi, R.
    Khalesi, M. R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109377.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    wettability
    contact angle
    molecular simulation
    sphalerite
    spreading factor
    Opis:
    Spreading of water droplet on sphalerite surface was quantified at molecular level and was utilized for comparison of the wetting properties of sphalerite protonated and hydroxylated surfaces. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to characterize the wetting of sphalerite (110) plane. Experimental contact angles of water droplet on sphalerite surfaces were measured and the results were compared with simulated contact angles to ensure that the simulations are accurate enough for calculation of spreading factors. Shape descriptors such as perimeter, area, Feret’s diameters and circularity were used to characterize the shape of droplet-sphalerite interface at molecular level. Using the shape descriptors, different spreading factors were defined and calculated spreading factors were correlated with simulated contact angle. It was shown that spreading factors which were defined as the volume of water droplet divided by the area and Feret’s diameters, with correlation coefficient of 0.98 and 0.97, can be used as accurate tools for wetting comparison of functionalized sphalerite surface at molecular scale. Proposed approach also can be used for investigations on the effect of surface chemical and physical anisotropies on preferred wetting in specific direction at molecular scales.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2018, 54, 3; 646-656
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Copper adsorption reaction rate and ion exchange ratio during the copper activation of sphalerite
    Autorzy:
    Liu, J.
    Luo, D.
    Huang, L.
    Wang, Y.
    Wen, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110651.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    sphalerite
    copper activation
    solution chemistry
    ion exchange ratio
    reaction rate
    Opis:
    A theoretical analysis method of the solution chemistry characteristic of Cu(II) at various pH values was developed. Using such method, the existence form of Cu species and their proportions in aqueous solution can be clearly determined. After that, the copper adsorption and ion exchange ratio (E) during the copper activation of sphalerite were investigated. The results indicated that the copper activation of sphalerite can be divided into two stages, i.e., the fast activation stage (t ≤4 min) and slow activation stage (t >4 min). The general form of the copper adsorption rate was determined as ΓCu=K1ln(t) +Γ1, which is confirmed by the data fitting of the fast activation stage. The lower activation pH results in higher ion exchange efficiency for Cu substituting Zn. For a strong acid pH of 4.1, the E maintains about 1:1 in the entire activation time range and is not dependent on the activation time. However, the value of E is greater than 1 under weak acidic (pH=6.2) and alkaline (pH=9.1) pH conditions and it significantly depends on the activation time. For such conditions, E decreases with increase in the activation time, which supports the ion exchange mechanism, but within short activation time, it is not a 1:1 ion exchange process.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2018, 54, 2; 377-385
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Study of process water effect on the activation of sphalerite during differential flotation of Pb-Cu-Zn
    Autorzy:
    Gutiérrez Pérez, Victor Hugo
    Olvera Vázquez, Seydy Lizbeth
    Santos Madrid, Rocio
    Regino Piña, Rafael
    Cruz Ramírez, Alejandro
    Rivera Salinas, Jorge Enrique
    Alaniz Hernández, Daniel Israel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146897.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    sphalerite activation
    process water
    differential flotation
    copper ions
    lead ions
    Opis:
    This work was aimed to analyze the effect of concentration of Cu.2+ and Pb.2+ ions in flotation process water with sphalerite activation, the analysis was performed at Cozamin Mining flotation circuit. This analysis demonstrated that (i) it was possible to determine the relationship between Sodium Cyanide and Ammonium Bisulfite used as depressants and Cu.2+ and Pb.2+ contents in the process water. (ii) It also proved the relationship between lead and iron content in the head with the Pb.2+ ions in process water. According to the data gathered and analysis performed, (iii) it was also determined that it was possible to reuse process water as long as the use of Ammonium Bisulfite was reduced and recommended replacing the use of Sodium Cyanide with Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) as a depressant of Sphalerite. Additionally, the concentration of Cu.2+ and Pb.2+ ions in the water should be controlled in a range of 10 to 20 ppm and 0.10 to 0.20 ppm, respectively.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2022, 58, 3; art. no. 146906
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pressure acid leaching of sphalerite concentrate. Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology
    Autorzy:
    Guler, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110475.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    pressure leaching
    sphalerite concentrate
    optimization
    response surface methodology
    central composite rotatable design
    Opis:
    The zinc leaching from sphalerite concentrate using oxygen under pressure in sulfuric acid solution was primarily studied and evaluated. The effects of important leaching parameters such as oxygen partial pressure, temperature, solid/liquid ratio and leaching time on leaching efficiency, Zn concentration and Fe extraction were investigated. Response surface methodology based on central composite rotatable design technique was used to optimize the leaching process parameters in order to obtain a suitable leach solution with high Zn leaching efficiency considering further processes such as precipitation of contaminating metal ions and electrolysis. The optimum leaching condition for maximum Zn leaching efficiency and Zn concentration with minimum Fe extraction was determined as follows: oxygen partial pressure of 12 bars, temperature of 150 °C, solid/liquid ratio of 0.20 and leaching time of 89.16 minutes. The achieved experimental results for Zn leaching efficiency, Zn concentration and Fe extraction under the optimum conditions were as 94%, 80 g/dm3 and 8.1% respectively. The experimental results corresponded well with the predicted results of quadratic polynomial models.
    Źródło:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2016, 52, 1; 479-496
    1643-1049
    2084-4735
    Pojawia się w:
    Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effect of organic matter on the color of sphalerite from the Silesia-Cracow lead-zinc deposits, Poland
    Autorzy:
    Rybicki, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/100769.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk o Ziemi
    Tematy:
    chromatografia gazowa
    barwa
    próbka
    organic matter
    color
    sphalerite
    Silesia
    Cracow
    GC-MS method
    Opis:
    Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) sphalerite samples from lead and zinc mines of the Silesian-Cracow region were studied in terms of the effect of organic matter on their coloration. The results indicate no correlation between the abundance and chemical composition of organic matter and sphalerite coloration. TOC values for investigated samples are in the range of 0.5-1.28%. A basic feature characterizing all samples is very similar distribution of n-alkanes, with a predominance of short-chain n-alkanes (from n-C13 to n-C21) over long-chain n-alkanes (from n-C25 to n-C35). Among the isoprenoids pristane dominates over phytane (Pr/Ph ratio in one sample is even 8.95), which does not correspond to previous studies (Karwowski et al. 2001) and may be due to the multi-source nature of organic matter present in sphalerite inclusions from the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb deposits. The occurrence of hopanes with 17β,21β(H) stereochemistry indicates a low maturity of test samples.
    Przy zastosowaniu chromatografii gazowej sprzężonej ze spektrometrią mas (GC-MS) zbadano próbki sfalerytu z kopalń cynku i ołowiu regionu śląsko-krakowskiego pod kątem wpływu materii organicznej na ich barwę. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na brak korelacji między ilością oraz składem chemicznym materii organicznej a barwą sfalerytu. Wartości TOC dla badanych próbek mieszczą się w przedziale 0.5-1.28%. Charakterystyczną cechą wszystkich próbek jest bardzo zbliżona dystrybucja nalkanów, z wyraźną przewagą n-alkanów krótkołańcuchowych (od n-C13 do n-C21) nad długołańcuchowymi. Wśród izoprenoidów pristan dominuje nad fitanem (stosunek Pr/Ph w jednej próbce wynosi nawet 8.95), co nie odpowiada wynikom poprzednich badań (Karwowski et al. 2001) i może być spowodowane wieloźródłowym charakterem inkluzji materii organicznej w sfalerytach ze śląsko-krakowskich złóż Zn-Pb. Obecność hopanów o strukturze 17β,21β(H) wskazuje na bardzo niską dojrzałość termiczną badanych próbek.
    Źródło:
    Contemporary Trends in Geoscience; 2012, 1, 1; 57-61
    2299-8179
    Pojawia się w:
    Contemporary Trends in Geoscience
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Removal of magnesium from sphalerite concentrates by means of spent electrolyte deriving from the process of cathode zinc extraction
    Usuwanie magnezu z koncentratu sfalerytowego za pomocą zużytego elektrolitu z procesu otrzymywania cynku katodowego
    Autorzy:
    Jarosiński, A.
    Kozak, A.
    Żelazny, S.
    Radomski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/215817.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
    Tematy:
    ruda cynku
    ruda ołowiu
    usuwanie magnezu
    koncentrat sfalerytowy
    zinc ore
    lead ore
    removal of magnesium
    sphalerite concentrates
    Opis:
    Due to the occurrence of zinc and lead ore deposits in dolomite rocks, the sphalerite concentrates obtained from these ores contain an admixture of dolomite. In practice, a substantial amount of magnesium included in zinc ores passes to the last production stage, i.e. zinc electrolysis. The magnesium present in electrolyte impairs electrical conductance and appears in the technical and economical indexes. This paper deals the attempts to remove magnesium removal from initial sphalerite concentrates by means of chemical flotation using spent electrolyte derived from zinc electrolysis. The authors attempt to substantiate the existing relationships, as well as to derermine the optimum conditions for the procedure suggested. The leaching efficiency of magnesium amounted to about 80%, and is dependent upon the stage of the leaching. Losses of zinc were below 2%, and the magnesium concentration in solution amounted to about 20%. These solution can produce magnesium and zinc, which will be presented in the following paper.
    Występowanie złóż rud cynku i ołowiu w skałach dolomitowych sprawia, że otrzymane koncentraty sfalerytowe zawierają domieszkę dolomitu. Praktyka wskazuje, że znaczna część wprowadzanego magnezu z surowcami cynkowymi przechodzi do ostatniej fazy produkcji, elektrolizy cynku. Obecność magnezu w elektrolicie obniża przewodnictwo elektryczne elektrolitu i powoduje pogorszenie wskaźników techniczno-ekonomicznych. Celem opisanych w tym artykule badań było opracowanie metody usuwania magnezu z surowego koncentratu sfalerytowego na drodze chemiczno-flotacyjnej, stosując zużyty elektrolit pochodzący z elektrolizy cynku. Opracowanie ukierunkowano wokół doświadczalnego zobrazowania istniejących zależności i ustalenia optymalnych warunków zaproponowanej procedury. Stopień wyługowania magnezu wynosił około 80%. Straty cynku wynosiły poniżej 2%, natomiast stężenie magnezu w roztworze wynosiło 20%. Z tych roztworów można odzyskiwać magnez i cynk, co będzie przedstawione w następnej publikacji.
    Źródło:
    Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi; 2012, 28, 3; 43-53
    0860-0953
    Pojawia się w:
    Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Utilization of solutions obtained after magnesium removal from sphalerite concentrates with spent electrolyte derived from winning of cathode zinc
    Zagospodarowanie roztworów po usuwaniu magnezu z koncentratów sfalerytowych elektrolitem odpadowym z procesu otrzymywania cynku katodowego
    Autorzy:
    Jarosiński, A.
    Kozak, A.
    Żelazny, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/216190.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
    Tematy:
    wysokojakościowy koncentrat sfalerytowy
    usuwanie magnezu
    oczyszczanie roztworu
    odzysk składników
    sphalerite concentrate
    magnesium removal
    purification of solution
    recovery component
    Opis:
    Krajowe złoża rud cynku i ołowiu występują w skałach dolomitowych co powoduje, że pozyskiwane koncentraty sfalerytowe zawierają domieszki dolomitu. Koncentraty te powinny cechować się wysoką zawartością cynku i niskim poziomem zanieczyszczeń, takich jak magnez, arsen, żelazo i inne. Krajowy proces wytwarzania cynku katodowego z powyższego surowca obejmuje: prażenie koncentratu sfalerytowego (w celu otrzymania cynku w postaci tlenkowej), ługowanie tego koncentratu kwasem siarkowym, oczyszczanie otrzymanego roztworu siarczanu (VI) cynku i elektroosadzanie cynku jako ostatni etap procesu. Podczas obróbki chemicznej koncentratu tlenkowego kwasem siarkowym magnez przechodzi prawie całkowicie do roztworu siarczanu (VI) cynku. Wysokie stężenie magnezu w tym roztworze jest niepożądane i przyczynia się do pogorszenia jakości cynku katodowego, jak również do pogorszenia wskaźników techniczno-ekonomicznych procesu elektrolizy. Postulowana zawartość magnezu w roztworze wynosi poniżej 0,3% MgO i dlatego MgO powinno być usuwane przed elektrolizą cynku. Jedną z metod usuwania magnezu jest obniżenie jego zawartości w koncentracie sfalerytowym na drodze ługowania wstępnego, stosując kwas siarkowy jako czynnik ługujący. Celem tych badań był odzysk niektórych składników z roztworów po usunięciu magnezu z koncentratu sfalerytowego poprzez jego ługowanie. Czynnikiem ługującym był zużyty elektrolit pochodzący z procesu elektroosadzania cynku. Badania obejmowały dwie zasadnicze serie pomiarowe: ługowanie wyjściowego koncentratu sfalerytowego zużytym elektrolitem z elektrolizy cynku i odzysk niektórych składników z otrzymanych roztworów. [...]
    As domestic zinc and lead deposits occur in dolomite rocks, the sphalerite concentrates obtained from these ores contain an admixture of dolomite. These concentrates should be characterized by a high content of zinc and low levels of impurities such as magnesium, arsenic, iron, and others. The domestic process of cathode zinc winning from this raw material consists of roasting of sphalerite concentrates (in order to obtain zinc in the oxide form), leaching of the oxide concentrate with sulfuric acid, purification of the zinc sulfate obtained, and a final stage – zinc electrodeposition. During chemical treatment of the oxide concentrate with sulfuric acid, magnesium is added to the solution of zinc sulfate. A high magnesium concentration in the solution is undesirable, and causes deterioration of zinc cathode quality, and technical as well as economical indexes of the process. The required content of magnesium in a solution amounts to less than 0.3%MgO; therefore, MgO should be removed before the electrodeposition of zinc. One of the methods of magnesium removal is decreasing its content in a sphalerite concentrate by means of pre-leaching, using sulfuric acid as a leaching agent. The aim of this study was the recovery of certain components from solutions after magnesium removal with zinc concentrates by means of pre-leaching. Spent electrolyte deriving from the zinc electrodeposition process was used as the pre-leaching agent. The study consisted of two major measuring series, namely leaching of raw sphalerite concentrate with spent electrolyte and removal of components from the solutions after pre-leaching. Leaching was carried out in three stages. After the first stage of the two-hour leaching, the extent of magnesium leaching was almost 84%. After the second and third stages of the leaching steps, magnesium content was slightly lower respectively 81.5 and 70.4%. Magnesium content in the concentrate was below the maximum permissible value, i.e. 0.30%. After the third stage, the content of this component was 0.40%. Zinc losses were highest after the first leaching stage at 2.6%, and were acceptable from a technological point of view. The results confirmed that the pre-leaching process with spent electrolyte is an effective method for the removal of magnesium and other impurities from zinc concentrate. The described procedure for purification and separation of components from a solution is an effective method of recovering some components. The resulting products can be utilized in various technological processes; for example, for the production of magnesium compounds, recycling of zinc product, winning of zinc, etc.
    Źródło:
    Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi; 2013, 29, 4; 107-118
    0860-0953
    Pojawia się w:
    Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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