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Tytuł:
Prawo kosmiczne. Kilka uwag tytułem wprowadzenia
Autorzy:
Polkowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2140122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Metropolitalny
Tematy:
prawo kosmiczne
źródła prawa kosmicznego
granice prawa kosmicznego
space law
sources of space law
limits of space law
Opis:
Komunikat zawiera kilka ogólnych refleksji na temat prawa kosmicznego - działu prawa, który się obecnie bardzo dynamicznie rozwija.
The text contains some general reflections on space law – a branch of law that is currently developing very rapidly.
Źródło:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym; 2022, 5; 54-58
2720-4456
Pojawia się w:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Limitations in the airspace sovereignty of states in connection with space activity
Autorzy:
Polkowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576363.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-20
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
sovereignty
space
state
space law
boundary
Opis:
The launch of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 resulted in the emergence of two legal concepts concerning spaceflight. The first of them concerned harmless passage through airspace subjected to the sovereignty of states, the second - recognition that at the height of the trajectory of a passage, space is no longer subject to the sovereignty of states (res omnium communis). In both cases, we are dealing with limiting the sovereignty of states. These issues have not been resolved to this day. The practice of spaceflight has confirmed the freedom of spaceflight, although it has not resolved the issue of the upper limit of airspace. It is worth emphasising, however, that the decisive factor for the development of space law was the customary law that arose in 1957, because states did not protest and tacitly accepted the principle of a harmless flight.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2018, 20, 3; 42-56
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Space as a New Category of Threats to National Security
Autorzy:
BIELAWSKI, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
space
threats
space law
state security
Opis:
The scientific considerations presented in this paper concern threats to national security arising from the activity in outer space. The objective of this analysis is to identify these dangers and to propose solutions to minimize them. The theoretical research methods employed in this study are: synthesis, analysis, abstracting and generalization. In the course of the analysis, several modern threats were established, including anti-satellite and hypersonic weapons. Another important sphere discussed in the paper is the cyber security of satellite/communication devices and systems operating in space. With respect to satellite systems, the EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft was presented as one of the concepts developed with the capability of disrupting their operation. The results from the conducted study emphasize the need to create a Space Domain Awareness (SDA) system, which is substantiated by the indication of natural threats that must beminimized, namely space debris, space weather and the possibility of collision with Near-Earth Objects. The presented considerations are concluded by the analysis of the legislative state regarding space security, which in reality accentuate the incompatibility of the existing laws with the emerging threats, and other issues concerning space law.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2019, 5, 2; 1-7
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of soft law relating to outer space into domestic law
Autorzy:
Kułaga, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899365.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
implementation
soft law
space law
domestic law
Opis:
Space law is clearly oriented towards creation of soft law instruments and their subsequent implementation directly into national law. However, it is not an ideal method for regulating the peaceful use of outer space. At least a few problematic issues should be noted. Firstly, the lack of scrutiny by parliaments with regard to soft law standards accepted by States. Secondly, the multiplicity of soft law documents on the same subject matter – especially in the case of space debris (IADC, UN, ISO or ESA), which may not be fully identical. Thirdly, developments in space technology mean that existing soft law standards may nevertheless be outdated in practice. Fourthly, the creation of new soft law is not always a quick process. However, implementation of international soft law relating to outer space into domestic law ensures that international norms are binding under national law. It thus strives to guarantee both the development and the effectiveness of international space law, despite the absence of new treaty regulations.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 26-37
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Whatever you think, think the opposite. A space law point of view
Autorzy:
Brodecki, Zdzisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1986921.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
space law
space law policy
sources of law
ius and lex
jurisdiction
order without law
order with law
Opis:
The article aims to help realize that to understand the changes which take place in space policy and space law, it is necessary to abandon the old course of thought and think the other way. The author exposes thesis that force to take a look at the law in a different way. He states that: all sources of international law (specified in Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ) and EU law are in force in the Polish legal order, with the exception of international agreements, which only apply if they are ratified by the Republic of Poland and published in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland. The legal policy (conducted by the competent authorities in each forum based on the specific procedures) is the ius reflex, which inspires the development of lex and vice versa. The law applies beyond the borders of states’ jurisdictions (res communis) in the maritime and outer space and becomes a constitutional element of the new civilization (market and culture), which gradually affects the law within the jurisdiction of states (sovereignty and sovereign rights). The power of law ceases to guarantee the resolution of international conflicts, which forces the application of the law of force. The sine qua non condition to survive the new civilization is to protect humanity and to share resources fairly in the process of transformation.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2018, 10, 1; 59-83
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Interparliamentary Space Conference – the way to influence the space law and policies in Poland
Autorzy:
Wontor, Bogusław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
space governance
the European Interparliamentary Space Conference
space law
Opis:
The article presents the European Interparliamentary Space Conference as an interesting and effective way to collaborate on space law. It shows the path that needs to be followed to join the European Interparliamentary Space Conference. The presentation of its activities is assessed in light of the space governance concept. The European Interparliamentary Space Conference affects the creation of law by national parliaments and the legal regulations of European institutions working for space. It also affects law-making by the European Parliament and the European Commission. The article assesses the role of the European Interparliamentary Space Conference as an actor in the European space arena. It evaluates the ability of the EISC to determine a common strategy for Europe’s space activity, the shape of its space policy, and the directions of the European space industry integration. The history of Poland in the EISC is presented, and the assessment of Polish activities in the forum is characterized. Conclusions underline that the EISC is a significant actor in the space sector in Europe. Moreover, Polish participation in the activities of the ESIC should be more visible, especially at the national level.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 200-213
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zielona Księga Polskiego Prawa Kosmicznego Rozdział 1. Przedmiot regulacji ustawowej
Autorzy:
Malinowska, Katarzyna
Polkowska, Małgorzata
Szlachetko, Jakub
Hopej, Kaja
Kłoda, Mariusz T.
Malinowski, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028045.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Metropolitalny
Tematy:
prawo kosmiczne
ustawa o działalności kosmicznej
działalność kosmiczna
sektor kosmiczny
space law
space law act
space activity
space sector
Opis:
Zielona Księga Polskiego Prawa Kosmicznego Rozdział 1 pt. „Przedmiot re- gulacji ustawowej” to zbiór postulatów dotyczących projektu ustawy o działalności kosmicznej. Grupa Robocza ds. Polskiego Prawa Kosmicznego uczestniczy w ten sposób w rządowych pracach legislacyjnych, inspirując władzę i wskazując pożądane rozwiązania prawne.
The Green Book of the Polish Space Law Chapter 1 entitled „The subject of statutory regulation” is a collection of de lege ferenda postulates concer- ning the draft law on space activities. The Working Group on Polish Space Law thus participates in the governmental legislative work, inspiring the authorities and indicating the necessary legal solutions.
Źródło:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym; 2022, 3; 1-10
2720-4456
Pojawia się w:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Why was it necessary to appoint a decentralized agency for coherent and safe management of the EU Space Programme? Comments on the EUSPA’s mandate against other EU agencies
Autorzy:
Kosińska, Anna Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
decentralised agencies
EU Space Programme
EUSPA
space law
Opis:
The aim of this article is to answer the question of why it was necessary to appoint a specialised decentralised agency for coherent and safe management of the EU Space Programme. This article also analyses the Union’s competences in the area of space policies and investigates the EUSPA’s place in the EU administration system. Finally, the article investigates and presents selected competences of the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) for strengthening EU’s security. This study employs the method of interpretation of the law in force, while EU regulations are subject to a teleological interpretation. The conducted analysis shows that the correctness of the choice of a decentralized agency as an entity responsible for implementing the EU space programme was determined by agencies’ shared features – the fact that they are permanent organs, with legal personality and thus independent as they function outside the Commission’s Directorates. Moreover, agencies affiliate apolitical experts and implement the priority of new public management based on the commercial companies managing model. Thus, the way they operate is more effective and predictable.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 143-155
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regulation of international space law to promote economic and social development
Autorzy:
Ferraz, Miriam Olivia Knopik
Gonçalves, Oksandro
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158855.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Economic Development
Social Development
International Space Law
Opis:
The objective of the article is to evaluate the role of the regulation of international space law for the realization of international economic and social development. Aiming for that, a logical-deductive methodology was used, through bibliographic research to map relevant issues about the spatial infrastructure and the current understanding of social economic development. In this sense, the study was carried out through its development in three parts: first the mapping of international space law to demonstrate the progress of investments and activities that are carried out around the space infrastructure; in a second step, the interaction between economic and social development and brief economic discussions about the market and state action are analyzed; finally, it deals with the importance of regulation on space exploration as a promotion mechanism for international economic and social development. It was concluded that there are private and public actors in this exploratory market and their actions must occur together, as they often occur within countries, aiming to promote economic development as freedom, and that the State’s action must be guided by the regulation of space infrastructure; this regulation must aim at economic and social development in a way that is compatible with Amartya Sen’s theory.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2022, (30), 1; 25-34
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozyskiwanie zasobów z kosmosu – szansa czy konieczność?
Obtaining resources from space - an opportunity or a necessity?
Autorzy:
Licbarska, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32775144.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Fundacja PSC
Tematy:
extraction of resources from space
space mining
space law
space policy
Opis:
At a time when the amount of natural resources on Earth is declining, the possibility of obtaining resources from space may play an important role. Private corporations use commercially the latest technologies to find an efficient way to extract raw materials from space. Therefore, there is a high probability that thanks to their application, in the near future, an economy of space resources will be created. The space can become a salvation for our civilization, although the use of its goods carries many threats and can cause many conflicts between states. The resolution of the United Nations General Assembly of 1963 regulates the issue of space resources and assumes that space and the celestial bodies are free for research and use by all states and are not subject to appropriation. However, the already established acts of international law do not seem to be sufficient for the approaching new reality. The international community faces the challenge of adjusting international law to protect the interests of states and prevent the risks associated with the distribution of goods. Naturally, the question arises whether we will be able to use space resources in a sustainable manner with such conflicting interests of states?
Źródło:
Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne; 2020, 2(2); 51-64
2719-9851
Pojawia się w:
Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadnienie wykorzystania i ochrony przestrzeni kosmicznej w dokumentach ONZ
Autorzy:
Niewęgłowski, Krzysztof Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/617654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
COPUOS, international law, outer space, space law
COPUOS
prawo kosmiczne
prawo międzynarodowe
przestrzeń kosmiczna
Opis:
Progressive development of technology forced international community to establish legal status of outer space. In order to prevent it from becoming an arena of conflict, mostly because of the work done by The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), a number of treaties regulation international space law were created. The main goal of the provisions in the treaties was to creation of legal framework for peaceful usage of outer space to benefit mankind. This issue is also a topic appearing in the soft law of public international law.
Postępujący rozwój technologiczny wymusił na społeczności międzynarodowej uregulowanie stanu prawnego przestrzeni kosmicznej. W celu zapobieżenia przekształcenia jej w kolejne pole do konfliktu, głównie dzięki pracom Komitetu ds. Pokojowego Wykorzystania Przestrzeni Kosmicznej ONZ powstał szereg traktatów normujących międzynarodowe prawo kosmiczne. Za główny cel postanowień umów międzynarodowych dotyczących tej tematyki można uznać stworzenie warunków prawnych do pokojowego wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej dla dobra ludzkości jako całości. Problematyka ta jest również tematem poruszanym w soft law prawa międzynarodowego publicznego.
Źródło:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe; 2019, 22, 41
1506-8285
Pojawia się w:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ambiguities in Space Law as Path towards Weaponization of Space: the Case of the Outer Space Treaty. Remarks on Regulation of Weaponization of Outer Space by Space Law
Autorzy:
Stonis, Danylo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2185166.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Outer Space Treaty
space law
weaponization of
space
anti-satellite weapons
Opis:
Nowadays, space management is widely recognized as an important area of global governance. The management of outer space is very complex, therefore activities of states in outer space realm are regulated by Outer Space Treaty. However, due to a number of ambiguities in the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty regarding the military use of space, loopholes for an increase in militarization and weaponization of space have emerged, thus causing serious problems with space security and affecting the sustainable use of space. Such shortcomings in the regulation of the military use of outer space by the Outer Space Treaty, including the lack of definition of certain terms and the establishment of appropriate procedures, allow the parties to freely interpret the relevant terms, and also conduct experiments in space, which contribute to the militarization and weaponization of space. Naturally this issue poses global security threat, because once the militarization or weaponization of outer space has started, it is almost impossible to reverse this process. In addition, the development of anti-satellite weapons and the dual purpose of satellites orbiting the Earth undoubtedly adds to the political and legal challenge of managing outer space. Therefore, this articles claims, that the legal regulation of outer space requires thorough revision in order to effectively address the issue of legal mechanisms in outer space.
Źródło:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies; 2022, 4; 74-84
2720-6998
Pojawia się w:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Close approaches of debris to LARES satellite during its first four years of operation
Autorzy:
Paris, C.
Sindoni, G.
Sabato, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/136194.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
EEEIC International Barbara Leonowicz Szabłowska
Tematy:
general relativity
LARES
satellite laser ranging
space debris
space law
Opis:
Since its launch in February 2012, the LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) of the Italian Space Agency experienced four close approaches with space debris. LARES orbits at an altitude of 1450 km, in a region where the density of space debris has a peak. However, the probability of an impact with a debris during the operational life of the satellite was reasonably low. The analysis of the close approaches identified three of the objects, that are from two peculiar population of objects. This paper discusses the problem of space debris in low orbit, the approaches occurred with LARES, and some possible scenarios related to space regulations and space law in case of an impact.
Źródło:
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering; 2017, 2, 1; 90-97
2450-5730
Pojawia się w:
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Artemis Accords – a new era of space law or an initiative of the world’s superpower?
Autorzy:
Matusiak, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
space law
Artemis Accords
space mining
responsibility and liability of state
Opis:
The article below addresses the Artemis Accords. It is a non-binding act by which its signatories adopted a set of principles for space exploration. Even though it is not an international treaty, it is a controversial issue. The author presents the Artemis Accords against the background of international agreements, soft-law and domestic regulations, aiming to answer the question of their revolutionary character and of them being an agreement between states that strive for a common goal. Firstly, the author presents the problem of space mining and the related possibilities. There are numerous benefits from this new branch of economy, but there is also a risk of global conflict on the ground of a race for space resources. After this, the author presents the state of affairs of international law and tries to draw crucial conclusions on the subject of space mining. The last part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the Artemis Accords as a non-binding agreement between states and as a new platform which allows the launch of a new era of conquest of outer space. At the end the author presents his opinion on the Artemis Accords as an instrument of a new space policy of world’s superpower and its allies.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 168-184
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Development of the American Private Sector in Relation to International Law. From the First Artificial Satellite to The American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act
Autorzy:
Topolska, Paulina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684817.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
public international law
space law
the American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act
public international law,
Opis:
The active development of technology enbled mankind to realize new programs for the exploration of previously inaccessible areas of the universe hundreds of thousands of kilometers away. The emergence of this new field created the need to ensure its special legal regulation, which would correspond to the specific characteristics of this business. But now we have entered into a phase of re-evaluation of existing legislation of space and we must realise that alongside countries operating in space an has arisen entirely new entity - the private sector. Therefore it is necessary to ask ourselves whether the privatization and commercialization of outer space is legally possible and if it is not pre-cluded by existing treaties. The draft of the latest US Commercial Space Act is undoubt-edly a great advance for key areas of the private sector activity such as remote sensing and new space missions. It provides a sense of confidence for entrepreneurs by strictly regulating issues related to the supervision of private sector entities. However, on the in-ternational scene the question has arisen of whether this act is contrary to international law, especially principles contained in existing space law treaties.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2018, 8
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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