Temat: social control theory - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Economic Strain and Adolescent Violence. Are extracurricular activities a conditioning effect?
Autorzy:: Pitt, Cassady
Walker, Brittani
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991080.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-01-01
Wydawca:: Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:: participation in sports
economic disadvantage
adolescent delinquency
social control theory
Opis:: This article examines the extent to which participation in sports acts as a conditioning effect to the relationship between economic disadvantage and adolescent violent delinquency. Deriving hypotheses from general strain and social control theories, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to test if type of extracurricular activity participation diminishes the risk of economic disadvantage on violent delinquency. In support of social control theory, the direct effect of academic clubs and performing arts is negatively associated with adolescent violence. Additionally, analyses indicate that participation in contact sports decreases the relationship economic disadvantage and violent delinquency when other strain controls are added including race/ethnicity, family structure, lack of parental supervision, etc. Overall findings are expected of the social control conditioning effect of general strain theory.
Źródło:: Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2022, 13, 25; 194-213
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:: Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Evolutionary stability of discriminating social norms
Autorzy:: Abramczuk, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198700.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: game theory
third-party sanctions
social norms
social control
discrimination
privilege assignment
social inequalities
Opis:: The paper presents an evolutionary model illustrating the dynamics that give rise to discriminatory social norms i.e. such rules of behaviour that fulfil two conditions: (1) they treat differently actors having the same abilities and technical options, but differing in some arbitrary sense (2) they are supported by socially enforced sanctions. In the presented model both discrimination and social norms are necessary to solve a coordination problem that arises when the situation requires different actors to perform different tasks. The properties of behavioural rules relying on discrimination and leading to various degrees of inequality are analysed. It is demonstrated that in general norms ensuring equal payoffs are easier to stabilize, but unfair norms can also be stable.
Źródło:: Decyzje; 2016, 26; 27-57
1733-0092
2391-761X
Pojawia się w:: Decyzje
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Factors affecting decisions to have a second child: exploiting the theory of planned behaviour
Autorzy:: Lukšík, Ivan
Bianchi, Gabriel
Popper, Miroslav
Baboš, Pavol
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128280.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: reproductive decision-making
planned behaviour theory
attitudes
social norms
perceived control
Opis:: The objective of this study is to explore factors that affect the decisions single-child parents make when considering whether to have a second child applying the psychological theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Quantitative survey data from a sample of parents with a single child selected from a Slovak representative sample was used to perform regression analysis assessing effects of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control on intention to have a second child within the next three years. Results largely confirm the model captured in TPB. All three components of the TPB have a significant effect on intentions to have a second child. A particular set of liberal and conservative attitudes facilitate plans to have a second child. The strongest predictors, however, are the perceived pressure from the social environment (subjective norm) and subjective desire to have a child (perceived control). The study concludes that, along with demographic and sociological variables, psychological factors play a significant role in decision-making processes concerning reproductive planning.
Źródło:: Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 4; 421-430
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:: Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Teoria kontroli społecznej w kryminologii
The Theory of Social Control in Criminology
Autorzy:: Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699086.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1983
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kontrola społeczna
teoria powstrzymywania
socjalizacja
więzi społeczne
kryminologia
containment theory
socialization
social control
social bonds
criminology
Opis:: "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
"Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 7-22
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość kobiet na tle wybranych socjologicznych koncepcji przestępczości
Autorzy:: Brzezińska, Joanna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1339818.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-12-02
Wydawca:: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:: przestępczość kobiet
teoria więzi społecznej
teoria równowagi kontroli
teoria anomii
teoria naznaczenia społecznego
female crime
theory of social bonds
theory of balance of control
theory of anomie
theory of social stigmatisation
Opis:: Celem opracowania jest wskazanie powiązań między wybranymi socjologicznymi teoriami przestępczości a zarysowanym na ich tle zjawiskiem przestępczości kobiet. Wstępna charakterystyka wskazanej kategorii teorii umożliwia w rezultacie określenie tych aspektów, które na tle ogólnych założeń wyznaczają ich relacje ze szczególną kategorią sprawców: kobiet. Ze względu na dążenie do skonfrontowania poczynionych rozważań teoretycznych z ustaleniami natury empirycznej, w opracowaniu wskazano wybrane kategorie przestępstw popełnionych przez kobiety w Polsce w okresie obowiązywania kodeksu karnego z 1997 r. Takie ujęcie pozwala na ustalenie, czy założenia analizowanych koncepcji teoretycznych znalazły potwierdzenie w przedstawionych badaniach, a także czy konieczne jest ich ewentualne przemodelowanie. Ponadto zasadniczym założeniem pracy jest także wykazanie, czy jednoczynnikowe teorie przestępczości w konfrontacji ze zjawiskiem przestępczości kobiet są w stanie kompleksowo określić jego istotę, czy też niezbędne jest sięgnięcie do teorii złożonych, by w pełni zrozumieć analizowany problem. Struktura opracowania wpłynęła na zastosowanie dwóch metod badawczych: dogmatycznej oraz empirycznej.
The aim of the study is to indicate the links between selected sociological theories of crime and the phenomenon of women’s crime. The initial characteristics of the indicated category of theories makes it possible to define further those aspects which, in the context of general assumptions, determine their relations with a particular category of perpetrators: women. In attempt to confront theoretical considerations with the findings of empirical nature, the study indicates selected categories of crimes committed by women in Poland when the Criminal Code of 1997 was in force. Such an approach allows the final determination whether the assumptions of the analysed theoretical concepts have been confirmed by the presented research, or whether their potential remodelling is necessary. The structure of the study has determined the application of two research methods: dogmatic and empirical.
Źródło:: Ius Novum; 2020, 14, 1; 35-58
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:: Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Relations between aggressiveness and a feeling of tension, social control and contacts in crime peer environment among high school students
Autorzy:: Marcin, Jurczyk,
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896632.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-08-19
Wydawca:: Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:: aggressiveness
aggression
anger
hostility
a general theory of tension by Robert Agnew
social control
adolescence
Opis:: The aim of the experiment described in the current paper was to analyze existing relationships between physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility and an overall level of tension (and its types), social control and contacts in crime environment among girls and boys from above secondary schools. Altogether, there were 133 participants (66 girls and 67 boys aged between 16 and 18 years old). The measurements used were as follows: Aggression Questionnaire by Buss–Perry in Amita version (prepared by E. Aranowska J., Rytel, and A. Szymańską, 2015) investigating four dimensions of aggressiveness, and Questionnaire of a feeling of tension and restricting factors by E. Czerwińska-Jakimiuk (2011). A method of diagnostic survey was used and the experiment had a qualitative character. A correlation analysis using a rho-Spearman factor between the above-mentioned dimensions of aggressiveness and an overall level of tension (and its types), social control, and contacts in crime environment revealed significant relationships between variables, both among girls and boys. Among girls, none from the analyzed scales of tension and contacts in crime environment showed any significant relationship with verbal aggression. Among boys, a majority of the scales of tension, social control, and also contacts in crime environment correlated significantly with dimensions of aggressiveness.
Źródło:: Psychologia Wychowawcza; 2018, 56(14); 42-62
0033-2860
Pojawia się w:: Psychologia Wychowawcza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Bezpieczeństwo skazanych kobiet w jednostkach penitencjarnych
Security of convicted women in penitentiary units
Autorzy:: Toroń-Fórmanek, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1366327.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-12-29
Wydawca:: Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:: kara pozbawienia wolności
placówki penitencjarne
resocjalizacja
socjalizacja
kontrola społeczna
bezpieczeństwo
teoria hierarchii potrzeb
służba więzienna
prison sentence
penitentiary facilities
social rehabilitation
socialization
social control
security
hierarchy of needs theory
prison service
Opis:: Bezpieczeństwo jest jedną z najważniejszych potrzeb jakie człowiek musi sobie zapewnić. Zostało to dobrze ujęte w teorii hierarchii potrzeb A. Maslowa. Sam termin bezpieczeństwa jest definiowany na gruncie nauk o bezpieczeństwie. Pojęcie Human Security dotyczy poziomu bezpieczeństwa każdej osoby. Właśnie pod tym względem może być rozpatrywanyw naukach społecznych, w tym również na płaszczyźnie resocjalizacji. Z tego względu bezpieczeństwo dotyczy takich kwestii, jak: socjalizacja, kontrola społeczna, które to bezpośredniowpływają na proces zmian dokonywanych w okresie odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności. Badania własne dotyczące poczucia stopnia bezpieczeństwa wśród kobiet przebywającychw zakładzie karnym łamią powszechnie występujący stereotyp, że w placówkach penitencjarnych często dochodzi do aktów przemocy. W przypadku wielu kobiet takie uczucie zachodzipo raz pierwszy, co wiąże się z deprywacją tej potrzeby w codziennym życiu. Wzmocnienie poczucia bezpieczeństwa w placówkach poprzez edukację oraz motywowanie i kontrolowanie funkcjonariuszy straży więziennej powoduje, że przeprowadzony proces resocjalizacji (w niektórych przypadkach socjalizacji), prowadzi do wytworzenia się potrzeby bezpieczeństwawśród kobiet odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności. Przedstawione ujęcie poruszanych kwestii odbywa się na polu nauk o resocjalizacji, chociaż w licznych przypadkach posługujesię terminami wywodzącymi się z nauk o bezpieczeństwie.
Security is one of the most important needs that a person has to meet. This has been well reflected in A Maslov’s theory of hierarchy of needs. The term “security” itself is defined inthe field of security studies. The term Human Security refers to the security level of each person. It is in this respect that it can be considered in social sciences, including at the social rehabilitation level. Therefore, security concerns issues such as: socialization, social control, which directly affect the process of changes made during the period of imprisonment. Own research on the sense of security among women staying in prison breaks away from the common stereotype that acts of violence are common in penitentiary institutions. For many women, this is the first time that such a sensation has occurred, which is associated with the deprivation of this need in everyday life. Reinforcing the sense of security in the institutions by educating, motivating and controlling prison guards results in the fact that the process of social rehabilitation (in some cases socialization) leads to the emergence of a need for security among women serving prison sentences. The presented approach to the issues raised takes place in the field of social rehabilitation studies, although in many cases it uses terms derived from security studies.
Źródło:: Resocjalizacja Polska; 2020, 20; 213-229
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:: Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Integrated mathematical model of competence-based learning-teaching process
Autorzy:: Różewski, P.
Zaikin, O.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/202145.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: competence-based learning
incentive mechanism
control in social-economic systems
queuing theory
competence models
nauczanie
mechanizm motywacyjny
sterowanie w systemach społeczno-gospodarczych
teoria kolejek
model kompetencyjny
Opis:: The competence-based learning-teaching process is a significant approach to the didactical process organization. In this paper the mathematical model of the competence-based learning-teaching process is proposed. The model integrates three models: a knowledge representation model (based on the ontological approach), a motivation model (as a behavioral-incentive model) and a servicing model (in a form of the queuing model). The proposed integrated model allows to control the learning-teaching process on different levels of management. The learning-teaching process can be interpreted as competence-based due to Open and Distance Learning (ODL) philosophy. We assume that the competence is a result of fundamental, procedural and project knowledge acquisition in accordance to the incoming European Qualification Framework.
Źródło:: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2015, 63, 1; 245-259
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Relacje między agresywnością a poczuciem napięcia, kontrolą społeczną i kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym wśród uczniów szkół ponadgimnazjalnych
Relations between aggressiveness and a feeling of tension, social control and contacts in crime peer environment among high school students
Autorzy:: Marcin, Jurczyk
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896623.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-01-02
Wydawca:: Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:: agresywność
agresja
gniew
wrogość
ogólna teoria napięcia Roberta Agnew
kontrola społeczna
adolescencja
aggressiveness
aggression
anger
hostility
a general theory of tension by Robert Agnew
social control
adolescence
Opis:: Celem badań przedstawionych w tym artykule była analiza istniejących związków między agresją fizyczną, agresją werbalną, gniewem i wrogością a ogólnym poziomem napięcia (i jego rodzajami), kontrolą społeczną oraz kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym wśród dziewcząt i chłopców ze szkół ponadgimnazjalnych. Łącznie przebadano 133 uczniów (66 dziewcząt oraz 67 chłopców w wieku od 16 do 18 r.ż.). Zastosowane narzędzia badawcze to: Kwestionariusz Agresji Bussa–Perryʼego w wersji Amity (opracowany przez E. Aranowską, J. Rytel oraz A. Szymańską, 2015), badający cztery wymiary agresywności oraz Kwestionariuszem Poczucia Napięcia i Czynników Ograniczających autorstwa E. Czerwińskiej-Jakimiuk (2011). Posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego. Badania miały charakter ilościowy. Analiza korelacji z wykorzystaniem współczynnika rho-Spearmana między badanymi wymiarami agresywności a ogólnym poczuciem napięcia (i jego rodzajami), kontrolą społeczną i kontaktami w środowisku przestępczym ujawniła istotne związki między zmiennymi zarówno wśród dziewcząt, jak i chłopców. W populacji dziewcząt żadna z analizowanych skal napięcia oraz kontakty w środowisku przestępczym nie wykazały istotnego związku z agresją werbalną. W populacji chłopców większość z rozpatrywanych skal napięcia, kontroli społecznej oraz kontakty w środowisku przestępczym istotnie korelują z badanymi wymiarami agresywności.
The aim of the experiment described in the current paper was to analyze existing relationships between physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility and an overall level of tension (and its types), social control and contacts in crime environment among girls and boys from above secondary schools. Altogether, there were 133 participants (66 girls and 67 boys aged between 16 and 18 years old). The measurements used were as follows: Aggression Questionnaire by Buss–Perry in Amita version (prepared by E. Aranowska J., Rytel, and A. Szymańską, 2015) investigating four dimensions of aggressiveness, and Questionnaire of a feeling of tension and restricting factors by E. Czerwińska-Jakimiuk (2011). A method of diagnostic survey was used and the experiment had a qualitative character. A correlation analysis using a rho-Spearman factor between the above-mentioned dimensions of aggressiveness and an overall level of tension (and its types), social control, and contacts in crime environment revealed significant relationships between variables, both among girls and boys. Among girls, none from the analyzed scales of tension and contacts in crime environment showed any significant relationship with verbal aggression. Among boys, a majority of the scales of tension, social control, and also contacts in crime environment correlated significantly with dimensions of aggressiveness.
Źródło:: Psychologia Wychowawcza; 2018, 56(14); 42-62
0033-2860
Pojawia się w:: Psychologia Wychowawcza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość nieletnich w myśl ogólnej teorii napięcia Roberta Agnew
Juvenile delinquency in Robert Agnew’s general strain theory
Autorzy:: Jurczyk, Marcin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698818.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: ogólna teoria napięcia Roberta Agnew
przestępczość nieletnich
napięcie
rodzina
szkoła
grupa rówieśnicza
kontrola społeczna
Robert Agnew’s general strain theory
juvenile delinquency
strain
family
school
peer group
social control
Opis:: The subject of the text is the theoretical context of Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory which explains youth crime in terms of social relationships, focussing on the individual’s negative relationships with others. Reference has been made to theories that inspired the development of Agnew’s theory, including Merton’s theory of anomie, Cohen’s theory of subculture formation, Cloward & Ohlin’s opportunity theory, and Messner & Rosenfeld’s institutional anomie theory. The article presents issues regarding the type of strain experienced by the individual in relation to other people, strategies for adapting to strain, the possibilities of predicting it, and the role of relative deprivation in the development of subjectively felt strain among adolescents who commit criminal acts. Further considerations were devoted to research published in Poland and abroad which uses Agnew’s theory to explain youth crime.
Przedmiotem tekstu uczyniono przedstawienie teoretycznego kontekstu ogólnej teorii napięcia autorstwa Roberta Agnew, wyjaśniającej przestępczość młodzieży w kategoriach relacji społecznych polegających na negatywnych stosunkach jednostki z innymi. Odniesiono się do prezentacji teorii będących inspiracją do rozwoju tej teorii, m.in. teorii anomii R.K. Mertona, teorii podkultur dewiacyjnych A. Cohena, teorii zróżnicowanych możliwości R. Clowarda i L. Ohlina oraz instytucjonalnej teorii anomii S. Messnera i R. Rosenfelda. Zaprezentowano zagadnienia dotyczące typów napięć, jakich doznaje jednostka w relacji z innymi osobami, strategii adaptacji do przeżywanego napięcia, możliwości ich przewidywania oraz roli relatywnej deprywacji w rozwoju subiektywnie odczuwanego napięcia wśród młodzieży popełniającej czyny karalne. Dalsze rozważania poświęcono prezentacji wyników badań zagranicznych i polskich wykorzystujących twierdzenia teorii napięcia w wyjaśnianiu przestępczości młodzieży.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/2; 153-203
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rodzina współczesna wobec wirtualnej rzeczywistości - między rozrywką a uzależnieniem
Autorzy:: Gizella, Jerzy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/527538.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:: family values
virtual reality
digital identity
persuasion
mind control
computer games
social psychology
personality disorders
behavioral disorders
cognitive science
entertainment
infotainment
cyberspace
communication
cultivation theory
advertising
propaganda
media bias
Opis:: There are two definitions of the term Virtual Reality (VR) according to the VR pioneer, Jaron Lanier. The first definition refers to the visual programming technology (especially in computer games) which uses custom designed tools (like helmets, gloves and glasses) combined with special effects in order to achieve an illusion of physical space. The second meaning of the term VR encompasses all the elements of the „alternative” reality of cyberspace in which people communicate by means of different electronic devices. As such, VR allows those who participate in these interactions to manipulate and multiply their digital selves to such an extent as to loose their actual sense of self. VR technologies are used in a variety of professional capacities such as education, medicine, engineering, architecture and so on. Some negative consequences occur primarily with the overuse of VR for entertainment purposes (such as computer games) and include personality and behavioral changes in younger, adolescent users. There are also larger cultural influences to consider. The mind of a modern user of new technologies cannot keep up with the pace of societal changes, promoting behaviors which hinder communication, mutual understanding and cooperation. VR continues to affect the emotional, behavioral and sensory aspects of the psyche. The invasive persuasion of media and advertising influences people’s habits, opinions and ethics. One of the most disturbing cultural changes is the confusion of public and private spheres, Facebook friends for family and the substitution of cyberspace for home life.
Źródło:: Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2011, 3; 183-197
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:: Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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