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Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie zielonych obligacji oraz zielonych listów zastawnych w realizacji założeń Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu
The Use of Green Bonds and Green Covered Bonds in the Realization of the Principles of the European Green Deal
Autorzy:
Muczyńska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21492252.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Europejski Zielony Ład
zielone obligacje
zielone listy zastawne
zielone
fundusze inwestycyjne
ESG
European Green Deal
green bonds
green covered bonds
green investment
funds
ESG (Environment and Social and Corporate Governance)
Opis:
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania zielonych obligacji oraz zielonych listów zastawnych jako narzędzi do realizacji założeń Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu. Materiał został oparty na analizie źródeł obowiązujących polskich oraz europejskich aktów prawnych i finansowych informacji publicznych, jak również na studium przypadku emisji zielonych obligacji oraz listów zastawnych. Europejski Zielony Ład został zaprezentowany 11 grudnia 2019 r. jako plan działań umożliwiających bardziej efektywne wykorzystanie zasobów dzięki przejściu na czystą gospodarkę w obiegu zamkniętym, powstrzymaniu zmian klimatu, przeciwdziałaniu utracie różnorodności biologicznej i zmniejszeniu poziomu zanieczyszczeń środowiska. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na konieczne inwestycje i dostępne narzędzia finansowe. Wyjaśniono również sposób, w jaki można zapewnić sprawiedliwą transformację gospodarczą. Realizacja celów przedstawionych w Europejskim Zielonym Ładzie będzie wymagała znacznych inwestycji finansowych. Szacuje się, że aby osiągnąć cele wyznaczone w zakresie klimatu i energii na okres do 2030 r., konieczne będzie zwiększenie nakładów inwestycyjnych o kwotę 260 mld EUR rocznie, czyli około 1,5% PKB UE z 2018 roku. Tak wysokie inwestycje będą wymagały mobilizacji kapitału pochodzącego zarówno sektora publicznego, jak i prywatnego (Komisja Europejska 2019). Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania zielonych obligacji oraz zielonych listów zastawnych jako narzędzi do realizacji założeń Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu. Wnioski wskazują, iż biorąc pod uwagę konieczność realizacji strategii Unii Europejskiej w obszarze ochrony środowiska i klimatu, możliwe jest wykorzystanie zielonych obligacji oraz zielonych listów zastawnych jako narzędzi do realizacji założeń Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu. Podstawą emisji zielonych obligacji jest realizacja projektów inwestycyjnych z zakresu ochrony środowiska, które są zbieżne z założeniami Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu. Zielone listy zastawne są oparte na zielonych kredytach przeznaczonych na finansowanie energooszczędnych budynków, co również stanowi jeden z filarów Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu.
The main aim of the article is to present the prospect of usage of green bonds and green covered bonds as the implementation tools for the principles of the European Green Deal. The material is based on the analysis of the sources of current Polish and European legal and financial public information acts, as well as the case study on the issuance of green bonds and green covered bonds. The European Green Deal was presented on December 11, 2019, as an action plan for more efficient use of resources, by transitioning to a clean circular economy, preventing climate change, countering biodiversity loss and reducing pollution. Special attention was given to the necessary investments and available financial tools. The ways of ensuring a fair transformation were also explained. Achieving the goals outlined in the European Green Deal will require significant investment. It is estimated that in order to meet the currently set climate and energy targets for the period until 2030, it is necessary to increase investment outlays by an amount of EUR 260 billion per year, or around 1.5%. 2018 EU GDP. Such investment will require the mobilization of both the public and private sectors. The aim of the article is to analyze the financial instruments in terms of the possibility of associating them with the implementation of the principles of the European Green Deal. The conclusions of the article indicate that taking into account the necessity to implement the European Union strategy in the field of environmental and climate protection, the use of green bonds and green covered bonds is possible. The basis of green bonds issuance is the realization of investment projects in the field of conservancy which coincide with the European Green Deal goals. Green covered bonds are based on green mortgages intended for financing energy-efficient buildings, which is one of the European Green Deal keystones.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały; 2022, 1(36); 43-53
1733-9758
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Women’s Rights in Muslim Countries Temporary Marriage-how Modernization May Limit Women’s Rights. Interview with Homa Hoodfar
Autorzy:
Włodek-Biernat, Ludwika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929667.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-01-04
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
modernization
social change
women’s rights
marriage
social bonds
family
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2011, 172, 4; 511-514
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Użytkownicy aplikacji Too Good to Go I Foodsi jako obywatele w obronie dziedzictwa przyrodniczego?
Users of Too Good to Go and Foodsi Mobile Apps As Citizens in Defence of the Natural Heritage?
Autorzy:
Zakusilo, Anastasiia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-30
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
Tematy:
ochrona środowiska
społeczeństwo obywatelskie
konsumpcjonizm
nowe media
więzi społeczne
ponowoczesność
environmental protection
civil society
consumerism
new media
social bonds
postmodernity
Opis:
Ponowoczesność, która charakteryzuje się zanikiem barier handlowych, rozpadem tradycyjnych struktur społecznych oraz rozpowszechnieniem etyki konsumpcjonizmu, jest widziana przez wielu socjologów jako wyzwanie dla więzi społecznych, w szczególności tych obywatelskich, odwołujących się do idei dobra wspólnego. Jaką rolę mogą jednak odgrywać w ponowoczesnych społeczeństwach zachodnich aplikacje mobilne promujące ideę niemarnowania jedzenia, nawiązując w ten sposób do kwestii ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego będącego wspólnym dobrem ludzkości? Artykuł eksploruje możliwości wykształcenia się więzi społecznych w obszarze ochrony środowiska dzięki aplikacjom Too Good To Go i Foodsi oraz grupom w mediach społecznościowych zrzeszającym ich użytkowników. Opierając się na wynikach badania ilościowego poprzedzonego analizą treści w grupach użytkowników na portalu Facebook, autorka odpowiada na pytanie, czy aplikacje mobilne mogą stać się podstawą więzi społecznych. Artykuł wykorzystuje teoretyczne ujęcia dotyczące ponowoczesnych przemian i typów więzi społecznych w celu scharakteryzowania relacji, które powstają dzięki nowym mediom.
Postmodernity, with its disappearance of trade barriers, disintegration of traditional social structures, and the spread of ethics of consumerism, is seen by a number of sociologists as a challenge to social bonds, especially civic ones, based on the idea of common good. However, what is the role of mobile applications promoting the idea of zero food waste in the post-modern societies and thus referring to protection of the natural environment as the common good of mankind? The article explores the potential for environmental social bonds offered by applications Too Good To Go and Foodsi, and the social media groups that bring their users together. Based on the results of a quantitative study preceded by a content analysis of user groups on Facebook, the article answers the question of whether mobile applications can become the basis for social bonds. Applying theoretical perspectives on postmodern transformations and types of social bonds, the article aims to characterize the social bonds emerging through new media.
Źródło:
Studia Humanistyczne AGH; 2022, 21, 3; 27-44
2084-3364
Pojawia się w:
Studia Humanistyczne AGH
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Transformation of Social Bonds During a Period of Intensified Online Studying and Work Caused by the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic—the Case of Poland
Przemiany w tworzeniu więzi społecznych w czasie zintensyfikowanej nauki i pracy zdalnej wywołanej pandemią SARS-CoV-2 – przypadek Polski
Autorzy:
Kołodziej, Arkadiusz
Kołodziej-Durnaś, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2040280.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
COVID-19
edukacja wyższa
zdalne nauczanie
więzi społeczne
kapitał społeczny
higher education
distance learning
social bonds
social capital
Opis:
Classic sociology evaluates and explores changes in social bonds. The last discussion on significant changes in social bonds at Polish universities took place when they experienced a deep transformation after the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in 1989. Thirty years later, the period of lockdown triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided an interesting opportunity to examine how social order is created and social bonds developed without direct, face-to-face interactions. The authors use the schema of social bond formation by Jan Szczepański to analyze the nature of the stages and elements of social bonds built during a time of enforced indirect methods of teaching, studying, working and communicating in general. The article presents the results of research (survey CAWI) conducted on a sample of 555 students of three Polish universities representing various fields of study (divided in the article into two categories: technical and non-technical). The results exhibit the significance of gender and the field of study in adjusting to the new circumstances of online learning including the impeded process of creating social bonds (especially at the very beginning of studies when direct contacts are needed). The authors discuss the consequences of weakening social bonds within academia whilst also referring to the phenomena of social capital, the strength of weak ties and dormant ties.
Klasyczna socjologia ocenia i bada zmiany w więziach społecznych. Ostatnia dyskusja na temat znaczących zmian w więziach społecznych na polskich uniwersytetach miała miejsce, gdy doświadczyły one głębokiej transformacji po upadku komunizmu w Europie Wschodniej i Środkowej w 1989 roku. Trzydzieści lat później okres zamknięcia wywołany pandemią SARS-CoV-2 stał się ciekawą okazją do zbadania, jak tworzy się porządek społeczny i rozwijają więzi społeczne przy ograniczeniu bezpośrednich (twarzą w twarz) interakcji. Autorzy wykorzystują schemat powstawania więzi społecznych autorstwa Jana Szczepańskiego do analizy charakteru etapów i elementów więzi społecznych budowanych w czasie wymuszonych pośrednich metod nauczania, uczenia się, pracy i komunikacji w ogóle. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań (ankieta CAWI) przeprowadzonych na próbie 555 studentów trzech polskich uczelni reprezentujących różne kierunki studiów (podzielonych w artykule na dwie kategorie: techniczne i nietechniczne). Wyniki wskazują na znaczenie płci i kierunku studiów w przystosowaniu się do nowych warunków kształcenia online, w tym na utrudniony proces tworzenia więzi społecznych (zwłaszcza na samym początku studiów, gdy potrzebne są bezpośrednie kontakty). Autorzy omawiają konsekwencje osłabienia więzi społecznych w środowisku akademickim, odnosząc się jednocześnie do zjawisk kapitału społecznego, siły słabych więzi i więzi uśpionych.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2021, 13, 4; 101-121
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The social impact bond as a financial instrument
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949108.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
social impact bonds
financial instruments
bonds
public management
Opis:
Social impact bonds are an innovative mechanism for financing social tasks with the financial resources of private investors. The repayment of the capital invested and capital gains depends on obtaining a predetermined social aim that is paid for by the public side under the “payment for results” formula. The previous work on this mechanism focused mainly on its task and organizational dimension. In this paper, the author attempts to define the social impact bond as a financial instrument. In particular, the financial side of the mechanism is considered. First, an attempt is made to determine the place of the social impact bond in the theoretical classifications of financial instruments. Second, the place of the instrument is indicated in the system of financial law. Finally, some remarks are made on the need to have the new instrument regulated in Polish legislation.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2018, 23, 4; 102-120
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of maritime identity in the economy – the issue of the “cultural code” of Pomorskie Province
O roli tożsamości morskiej w gospodarce – wokół zagadnienia „kodu kulturowego” Pomorza
Autorzy:
Graban, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111585.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Morski w Gdańsku
Tematy:
cultural code
maritime identity
work ethos
social bonds
innovation
synergy
blue economy
smart specializations of Pomerania
kod kulturowy
tożsamość morska
etos pracy
więź społeczna
synergia
innowacyjność
błękitna gospodarka
Inteligentne Specjalizacje Pomorza
Opis:
The article aims to analyze the theme of maritime identity as a cultural code of the Pomerania region. At the same time, it will be proved that this code has had a tangible impact on modern-day economy of the Pomerania region by influencing its dynamics, innovativeness and networking. That influence has been made possible by the post-industrial economy which, as a result of civilizational changes, thrives today mainly thanks to social and cultural factors, also known as social capital, and not just due to infrastructural ones. The resulting maritime identity, which evolved in our region in the interwar period mainly due to the shared experience of building a port in Gdynia and the associated work ethic, has established numerous social bonds and created solidarity among people of the sea. These bonds are gradually expanding the cultural code’s sphere of operation with new areas and partners, not necessarily related to the maritime economy. Although these bonds are most evident in Intelligent Specialization no. 1 “Off-shore, port and logistics technologies”, they actually bridge the gap between all intelligent specializations to produce a synergy effect and create innovation. The cultural code brings innovation to traditional (ports, shipyards Baltic-Adriatic Corridor) and sustainable energy-saving “blue growth” maritime economies. Maritime identity is also featured in various forms of tourism, culture and art, while at the same time shaping the teaching programs of maritime schools.
Celem artykułu jest analiza zagadnienia tożsamości morskiej jako kodu kulturowego Pomorza, a także wykazanie, iż kod ten posiada wymierne znaczenie we współczesnej gospodarce województwa pomorskiego, wpływając na jej dynamikę, innowacyjność i sieciowość. Możliwość tego wpływu wynika z uwarunkowań rozwoju gospodarki postindustrialnej, która na skutek przeobrażeń cywilizacyjnych rozwija się dziś głównie dzięki czynnikom społecznym i kulturowym, określanym też mianem kapitału społecznego, a nie tylko dzięki czynnikom infrastrukturalnym. W efekcie ukształtowana w okresie międzywojennym (głównie na bazie doświadczenia budowy Gdyni w okresie II RP i towarzyszącego mu etosu pracy) tożsamość morska województwa wypracowała liczne więzi społeczne i solidarność ludzi morza, która manifestowała się choćby w trakcie wydarzeń grudniowych lat 70-tych i w ramach ruchu Solidarności. Więzi te mają zarówno charakter wewnętrzny, jak i zewnętrzny. Generują one współczesną gospodarkę Pomorza, skoncentrowaną wokół jej czterech Inteligentnych Specjalizacji i „niebieskiej ekonomii” (blue growth), a także tradycyjnych branży gospodarczych wynikających z położenia geograficznego regionu. Choć w największym stopniu dochodzą one oczywiście do głosu w ramach ISP 1 - Technologie offshore i portowo-logistyczne, w rzeczywistości zapewniają one liczne więzi, które zachodzą pomiędzy wszystkimi inteligentnymi specjalizacjami, dzięki czemu dochodzi do efektu synergii i innowacyjności. Kod morski województwa daje zatem o sobie znać nie tylko w odniesieniu do takich sektorów jak turystyka, kultura, sztuka, szkolnictwo. Morski kod kulturowy wywiera także realny wpływ na innowacyjność i efektywność pomorskiej gospodarki.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku; 2018, 33, 1; 1-5
1230-7424
2450-5536
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Activation and Restoration of Shame in an Intimate Relationship: A First-Hand Account of Self-Injury
Autorzy:
Gunnarsson, Nina Veetnisha
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1024411.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-04-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Self-Injury
Shame
Social Bonds
Critical Other
First-Person Account
Opis:
This paper is grounded in a first-hand account of my own experiences with self-injury and shame. By using my personal diary entries as support for this account and a sociological framework of shame, I explore the process of shame and shame reactions in an intimate relationship. I illustrate how shame was activated by my internalized critical other, how the shame cycle de-stabilized my relationship, and, finally, how shame was restored through the other’s validation and acceptance, or how it led to more shame managed by self-injury. However, this account is not simply about self-analysis, or a need to indulge in my pain; rather, it is an inner dialogue that rests on the commitment to develop a richer understanding of the personal and interpersonal experiences of self-injury and shame. Today, I finally understand how shame works and this has helped me to not get caught up in my emotions. So, although shame may take a hold of me at times, I am no longer, like before, controlled by my shame.
Źródło:
Qualitative Sociology Review; 2021, 17, 2; 104-121
1733-8077
Pojawia się w:
Qualitative Sociology Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teoria kontroli społecznej w kryminologii
The Theory of Social Control in Criminology
Autorzy:
Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699086.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kontrola społeczna
teoria powstrzymywania
socjalizacja
więzi społeczne
kryminologia
containment theory
socialization
social control
social bonds
criminology
Opis:
              "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental  concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their  attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm.       The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for.        A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical  approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary.     We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach.      In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to.     The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values.        These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment  - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal  behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of  the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it  encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye  sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform.       In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social  control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms.      According to Reiss,  criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism  that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on  the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles).       Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control.       The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people  are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs.                  In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who  will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group.         Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's  aspirations will be achieved.        Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time).          Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms  adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted.       By and large  Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs.      A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work.        According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions.       To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society.        On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him  from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him  to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated  one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
                "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental  concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their  attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm.       The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for.        A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical  approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary.     We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach.      In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to.     The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values.        These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment  - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal  behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of  the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it  encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye  sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform.       In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social  control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms.      According to Reiss,  criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism  that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on  the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles).       Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control.       The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people  are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs.                  In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who  will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group.         Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's  aspirations will be achieved.        Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time).          Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms  adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted.       By and large  Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs.      A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work.        According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions.       To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society.        On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him  from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him  to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated  one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 7-22
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
(Re)defining places for community in Sykhiv housing estate
(Re)definiowanie miejsc wspólnotowych na osiedlu blokowym Sykhiv
Autorzy:
Otrishchenko, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/650790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Społeczność
więzi społeczne
miasto postsocjalistyczne
wielkie osiedle mieszkaniowe
transformacja przestrzenna
Sykhiv
Lwów
Community
social bonds
(post)socialist city
mass housing estate
spatial transformations
Lviv
Opis:
Lwów (Ukraina) to miasto Europy Wschodniej z historią sięgającą XIII wieku. Można je sobie wyobrazić jako miejsce przypominające palimpsest o różnych walorach architektonicznych, społecznych i kulturowych. Jednak większość obecnej populacji Lwowa żyje w środowisku miejskim zaprojektowanym i zbudowanym w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Na podstawie danych socjologicznych (wywiady pogłębione częściowo ustrukturyzowane, ankieta i obserwacja ukryta) w artykule dokonano przeglądu specyfiki miejsc w przestrzeni miasta w największym osiedlu mieszkaniowym – Sykhiv. Autorka pokazuje, jakie obszary są postrzegane przez mieszkańców jako miejsca życia społecznego i jakie rodzaje spójności społecznej mogą przyczynić się do transformacji miejskich.
Lviv (Ukraine) is an Eastern European city with a history dating back to the 13th century. It could be imagined as a palimpsest-like place of different architectural, social, and cultural heritages. However, the majority of current Lviv’s population lives within an urban environment designed and constructed during the second half of 20th century. Based on sociological data (in-depth semi-structured interviews, survey, and unobtrusive observation) article reviews the specifics of places for community in the largest mass housing estate – Sykhiv. Author shows what areas are perceived by inhabitants as the locations for social life and what types of social cohesion could contribute to the urban transformations.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2017, 30
1508-1117
2353-4826
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość kobiet na tle wybranych socjologicznych koncepcji przestępczości
Autorzy:
Brzezińska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1339818.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-02
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
przestępczość kobiet
teoria więzi społecznej
teoria równowagi kontroli
teoria anomii
teoria naznaczenia społecznego
female crime
theory of social bonds
theory of balance of control
theory of anomie
theory of social stigmatisation
Opis:
Celem opracowania jest wskazanie powiązań między wybranymi socjologicznymi teoriami przestępczości a zarysowanym na ich tle zjawiskiem przestępczości kobiet. Wstępna charakterystyka wskazanej kategorii teorii umożliwia w rezultacie określenie tych aspektów, które na tle ogólnych założeń wyznaczają ich relacje ze szczególną kategorią sprawców: kobiet. Ze względu na dążenie do skonfrontowania poczynionych rozważań teoretycznych z ustaleniami natury empirycznej, w opracowaniu wskazano wybrane kategorie przestępstw popełnionych przez kobiety w Polsce w okresie obowiązywania kodeksu karnego z 1997 r. Takie ujęcie pozwala na ustalenie, czy założenia analizowanych koncepcji teoretycznych znalazły potwierdzenie w przedstawionych badaniach, a także czy konieczne jest ich ewentualne przemodelowanie. Ponadto zasadniczym założeniem pracy jest także wykazanie, czy jednoczynnikowe teorie przestępczości w konfrontacji ze zjawiskiem przestępczości kobiet są w stanie kompleksowo określić jego istotę, czy też niezbędne jest sięgnięcie do teorii złożonych, by w pełni zrozumieć analizowany problem. Struktura opracowania wpłynęła na zastosowanie dwóch metod badawczych: dogmatycznej oraz empirycznej.
The aim of the study is to indicate the links between selected sociological theories of crime and the phenomenon of women’s crime. The initial characteristics of the indicated category of theories makes it possible to define further those aspects which, in the context of general assumptions, determine their relations with a particular category of perpetrators: women. In attempt to confront theoretical considerations with the findings of empirical nature, the study indicates selected categories of crimes committed by women in Poland when the Criminal Code of 1997 was in force. Such an approach allows the final determination whether the assumptions of the analysed theoretical concepts have been confirmed by the presented research, or whether their potential remodelling is necessary. The structure of the study has determined the application of two research methods: dogmatic and empirical.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2020, 14, 1; 35-58
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prospects for implementation of social impact bonds in Polandan example of an intervention on the labour market
Perspektywy wdrażania obligacji społecznych w Polsce— przykład interwencji na rynku pracy
Autorzy:
Necel, Ryszard
Wiśniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/473560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
social impact bonds
labour market
employment support services
obligacje społeczne
rynek pracy
usługi aktywizacji zawodowej
Opis:
The aim of this article is to describe social impact bonds as an innovative instrument for financing social services. The first part presents the nature of this solution in its economic, institutional and legal aspects. Then we analyse the chances of social impact bond development taking into account the labour market and the financial market. In the next part, the authors present a proposal to use the model of social impact bonds in employment support services. The summary is a critical analysis of the model, presenting its weaknesses and relevant remedial strategies.
Celem artykułu jest opisanie obligacji społecznych jako innowacyjnego instrumentu finansowania usług społecznych. W pierwszej części przedstawiona jest istota tego rozwiązania w wymiarze ekonomicznym, instytucjonalnym oraz prawnym. Następnie dokonana jest analiza szans rozwoju obligacji społecznych w Polsce, biorąc pod uwagę uwarunkowania rynku pracy i rynku kapitałowego. W dalszej części autorzy przedstawiają propozycję zastosowania modelu obligacji społecznych w usługach aktywizacji zawodowej. Podsumowaniem jest krytyczna analiza modelu ukazująca potencjalnie słabe strony interwencji z zastosowanym mechanizmem wraz z propozycjami przeciwdziałania.
Źródło:
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje; 2019, 44(1); 67-83
1640-1808
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ogrody społecznościowe jako forma edukacji ekologicznej wśród inicjatyw lokalnych – unikalność łączenia pedagogiki z ekologią w ramach obchodów Jubileuszu APS
Community gardens as a form of environmental education among local initiavites – the uniqueness of combining pedagogy with ecology as a part of The Maria Grzegorzewska University jubilee celebration
Autorzy:
Falkowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2029500.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Ośrodek Badawczy Facta Ficta
Tematy:
community gardens
ecological education
social initiatives
pedagogy
social bonds
Opis:
In the urban space we can see less and less elements of animate and inanimate nature. The dominance of skyscrapers, office buildings, and large-scale shopping malls contributes to limiting the development of children and adults in the natural environment. Limited green areas, prevent contact with the ecosystem. The remaining few Family Allotment Gardens located for example in Warsaw, as well as the establishment of community gardens on the initiative of local residents, can be a form of creating social bonds and an ecological awareness. Through this kind of participation for environmental protection, we can educate children, youth and adults about the need to raise the level of environmental issues. The article presents qualitative research consisting of the analysis of documents concerning local initiatives disseminated in the mass media and on the websites of local, non-governmental bodies. Not every person is looking for such information, so not everyone understands the need to preserve green areas and the possibility of integration and popularization of knowledge in the field of environmental protection. The article will also present the works of The Maria Grzegorzewska University students who were to design a garden located at educational institutions. Ideas of students will be presented in the photographs. The subject matter is undoubtedly necessary to show among educators the relationship between the city – the individual – society, for example upbringing in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Teaching about ecology at the Maria Grzegorzewska University at the department of Education for Sustainable Development may be an example combining pedagogy with ecology, as part of the APS Jubilee celebrations.
Źródło:
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media; 2021, 8, 2; 27-41
2719-8278
Pojawia się w:
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje społeczne – stan rozwoju w Polsce
Autorzy:
Krawiec, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610193.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
social impact bonds
social impact bonds accelerator
social problem
social services
obligacje społeczne
akcelerator obligacji społecznych
problemy społeczne
usługi społeczne
Opis:
The primary purpose of the article is to describe the development status of social impact bonds in Poland as an innovative instrument for social services financing. Within the framework of the defined purpose realisation, the first part of the article presents the short characteristics of social impact bonds, with particular emphasis on the subject of their activities, i.e. social problems to be solved using them. The second part of the article is focused on discussing the state of work related to launching the first national social impact bonds and social impact bonds accelerator and the characteristics of the implemented projects.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stanu rozwoju obligacji społecznych w Polsce jako innowacyjnego instrumentu finansowania usług społecznych. W ramach realizacji tak przyjętego celu w pierwszej części artykułu przybliżono charakterystykę obligacji społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przedmiotu ich działania, czyli problemów społecznych, do rozwiązania których zostały powołane. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono stan prac nad uruchomieniem pierwszych krajowych obligacji społecznych oraz akceleratorów tych obligacji, w tym charakterystykę implementowanych projektów.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2018, 52, 3
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje społeczne – nowy instrument finansowania zadań społecznych
Social impact bonds – a new instrument to finance social services
Autorzy:
Marchewka-Bartkowiak, Kamilla
Wiśniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11542299.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
social impact bonds
social services
pay-for-success concept
social finance
Opis:
The article analyses a new financial instrument, social impact bond, which aim to achieve social outcomes on a pay-for-success basis. The authors present the mechanism of this instrument, the advantages and challenges related to its use, and selected examples of social impact bonds worldwide. They claim that public entities should not be the only one to bear responsibility for the outcomes of the social tasks, and more and more non-governmental organizations and private entities cooperate and participate in performing public administration tasks.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2015, 4(44); 205-222
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje społeczne – innowacyjny instrument finansowania projektów społecznych
Social impact bonds – an innovative instrument to finance social project
Autorzy:
Puszer, Blandyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/593712.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Koncepcja „płatność za wyniki”
Obligacje społeczne
Projekt społeczny
Pay-for-success
Social impact bonds
Social project
Opis:
Niezależnie od osiągniętego poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego, państwa stają przed trudnymi wyzwaniami w obszarze społecznym – bezrobociem, niską jakością opieki zdrowotnej, bezdomnością, recydywą i innymi. Wobec rosnących problemów poszukuje się nowych mechanizmów finansowych, służących eliminowaniu problemów społecznych. Takim rozwiązaniem może być mechanizm obligacji społecznych. Obligacje społeczne to innowacyjny instrument finansowania projektów społecznych, umożliwiający współpracę podmiotów publicznych z prywatnymi inwestorami. Celem opracowania jest prezentacja instrumentu finansowania projektów społecznych, jakim są obligacje społeczne oraz wskazanie na istniejące bariery i podstawowe czynniki rozwoju obligacji społecznych. Sformułowano następujące wnioski: obligacje społeczne wspierają współpracę między sektorem publicznym a prywatnym oraz rozwiązują konkretne problemy społeczne.
The article analyses a new financial instrument, social impact bonds, which aim to achieve social outcomes on a pay-for-success basis. Social impact bonds – a financial mechanism in which private sector pay for a set of interventions to improve a social outcome that is interest to a government. The author present the mechanism of this instrument, the advantages and challenges related to its use. The public entities should not be the only one to bear responsibility for the outcomes of the social tasks, and more and more non-governmental organizations and private entities cooperate and participate in performing public administration tasks.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2017, 346; 81-94
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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