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Wyszukujesz frazę "ships safety" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
A tale of two disruptive maritime technologies: nuclear propulsion and autonomy
Autorzy:
Wróbel, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201432.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
marine technology
nuclear propulsion
autonomy
nuclear-powered merchant ships
autonomous merchant ships
economical feasibility
legal aspects
safety at sea
Opis:
Modern industries often attempt to implement innovations that have a disruptive potential. In shipping, this included a largely unsuccessful introduction of nuclear propulsion in late 20th century, among other concepts. Nowadays, introduction of increased autonomy is being associated with prospects of various industry-wide benefits, but is also burdened with serious obstacles. The objective of this study is to investigate reasons behind the failure of nuclear-powered merchant ships introduction and whether lessons learnt from it can be applied to the prospective implementation of autonomous merchant ships. It advocates that three aspects of maritime technology are crucial for its successful implementation: perceived level of safety, economical feasibility, and legal setup.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 4; 733--741
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cruise Ships Routing in Central Part of the Adriatic East Coast
Autorzy:
Dorigatti, J.
Lušić, Z.
Perić, T.
Jelić Mrčelić, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172466.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Adriatic Sea
eastern Adriatic
cruise ships
ships routing
cruise ships traffic
ships traffic
Safety at Sea
Opis:
Strong expansion of cruise ships traffic and cruising destinations in the Adriatic makes the region ideal for cruise ships routing analysis. The aim of this paper is to detect real cruise ships traffic movement in order to understand how present cruise ships routes are navigationally and environmentally sustainable and safe. Cruise ships characteristic operational demand and navigational routine in relation with regions indented coast line with high level of environmentally preserved areas in landscape of high national value, emphasise importance of real cruise ships routing awareness. The research is based on one year cruise ships traffic monitoring and routes analysis in the Central Adriatic East coast. The results offer detail insight of cruise ships navigational routines in navigationally less defined area that has not been frequent cruising region before. Cruise ships routes comparison is carried out between North Adriatic region, which is well defined with traffic separation schemes and navigational aids and less defined Central and South Adriatic regions. The results show that principle of cruise ships routing differ from standard maritime practice and that operational demand for attractive cruising and passenger experience bring cruise ships close to shores in various demanding navigational situations. That routing practice does not meet criteria of sustainability as it often present high navigational, safety and environmental risk.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 1; 161--166
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EEG based workload and stress assessment during remote ship operations
Autorzy:
Kari, R.
Gausdal, A. H.
Steinert, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172510.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Safety at Sea
remote ship operations
remotely controlled ships
shore control centre
NASA task load index
electroencephalography
workload and stress
human factor
Opis:
Autonomous and remotely controlled ships present new types of human factor challenges. An investigation of the underlying human factors in such operations is therefore necessary to mitigate safety hazards while improving operational efficiency. More tests are needed to identify operators’ levels of control, workload and stress. The aim of this study is to assess how increases in mental workload influence the stress levels of Shore Control Centre (SCC) operators during remote ship operations. Nine experiments were performed to investigate the stress levels of SCC operators during human-human and human-machine interactions. Data on the brain signals of human operators were collected directly by electroencephalography (EEG) and subjectively by the NASA task load index (TLX). The results show that the beta and gamma band powers of the EEG recordings were highly correlated with subjective levels of workload and stress during remote ship operations. They also show that there was a significant change in stress levels when workload increased, when ships were operating in harsh weather, and when the number of ships each SCC operator is responsible for was increased. Furthermore, no significant change in stress was identified when SCC operators established very high frequency (VHF) communication or when there was a risk of accident.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 2; 295--305
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ship causalities – reasons and statistical analyze
Autorzy:
Denev, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
safety at sea
ship causaliries
statistical analysis
World Ocean
ship accidents
damage
fisher distribution
ships damages
Opis:
The paper deals with most recently damages caused ship accidents and their number in the World Ocean. A lot of them are a result of bad technical condition or human mistake. The first reason is due to ship age, non- qualitative maintenance and non- qualitative repair of ship hull thought its life cycle, while the second reason is mainly of labour safety neglect. Analyzed period covers 27 years, from 1994 up to 2021. The analyze is done for two ships group- merchant and special ships. The paper described damages on ship hull and its structural members caused ship accidents and environmental pollution in relation with age of ships. The number and degree of marine causalities are analyzed. Moreover, statistical analysis presents the often causalities and areas in the World Ocean by ship and damage types. Finally, probabilistic density distributions of damages were shown by Fisher distribution curve. The damages on Fisher distribution curve are presented independent one another.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 4; 607--610
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparison of safety levels required by adequate regulations for cargo ships of different types
Autorzy:
Szulczewski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2175554.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
seakeeping
numerical simulation
safety
safety of ships
ship stability
Opis:
During the currently ongoing development of methods for assessing the safety of ships, it is imperative that a compromise between the accuracy of the results and the accessibility of obtaining results is reached. This paper shows the calculations of a theoretical hull against damage stability regulations as included in SOLAS 2020, ICLL 66/88 as amended in 2003 and MARPOL 78. The rules included in the currently valid regulations require certain righting arm curve properties from vessels before and after potential damage, which does not pose a high difficulty level to engineers. However, for many engineers and scientists working with these rules, it is unclear what kind of behavior (particularly roll motion) these righting arm curve parameters correspond. In this paper, a correlation between the required GZ properties and the actual roll motion of a ship in waves, as calculated with the well-established method proposed by the ITTC, is revealed, and a comparison of the results to the currently in use regulations as well as comparison between the methods themselves is made. The comparison reveals the impact of GZ curve parameters on the roll motion of the ship.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2021, 68 (140); 38--46
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selected operational limitations in the operation of passenger and cargo ships under SOLAS Convention (1974)
Autorzy:
Stępień, Julianna
Pilarska, Malwina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
SOLAS Convention
passenger ships
ferry safety
life saving appliances
on board ships
maritime safety
mechanical propulsions
Opis:
Presented are regulations concerning the operation of passenger ships (with particular emphasis on Polish ferries) designed to increase maritime safety the SOLAS Convention, established in 1974 and codified in 2002, codifies these regulations, and the International Maritime Organization mandates additional regulations, created in response to a rapidly increasing number of maritime disasters. The analyses described herein were based on restrictions established for the “Jan Śniadecki” and “Mikołaj Kopernik” ferries. Safety of ro-ro units, which also typically have a significant number of people on board, was also analyzed. Also included in the study were ship operational- limitation characteristics with respect to structure, unsinkability, and stability of machinery and electrical equipment, fire protection, operational requirements, and rescue measures and devices, along with their purpuroses. Safety management consists of taking appropriate actions to prevent or minimize the effects of an accident or a disaster and is assessed on the basis of calculations and experience gleaned from analogous cases. Safety management can proceed if a problem has been thoroughly assessed. The potential risk of negative consequences with respect to the safety of the transport process as a whole must be considered, and the safety of the whole must not be risked for that of a particular part of it. A safety management decision can be made when its necessity is not in doubt. A problem is assumed to have only one solution. The effectiveness of the previously used method should be carefully assessed before proceeding to the next method. Security management is not easy and requires much professional knowledge and experience.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2021, 65 (137); 21-26
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ships’ routes to Polish Ports of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Autorzy:
Wawruch, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063976.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Safety at Sea
Ships' Routes
Gulf of Gdansk
Baltic Ship Monitoring System
Baltic Sea Hydrographic Commission
Polish Maritime Administration
Automatic Identification System
Polish Ports
Opis:
The paper discusses ships’ routes to Polish ports in the Gulf of Gdańsk determined on the basis of data obtained from the Baltic Ship Monitoring System by means of AIS coast stations and defined by the Baltic Sea Hydrographic Commission (BSHC). The measures to regulate maritime traffic implemented by the Polish maritime administration in order to reduce the identified risk of groundings and ship collisions are presented, as well as the author's opinion on their effectiveness.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 583--590
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Understanding the Interrelation between the Safety of Life at Sea Convention and Certain IMO’s Code
Autorzy:
Guevara, D.
Dalaklis, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
SOLAS Convention
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships
International Maritime Organization
IMO’s Codes
ISM Code
Safety of Navigation
Navigational Safety Risk Assessment
Opis:
Over the last few decades, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has very heavily utilized the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 Convention as the main legal instrument (and implementation tool) concerning safety at sea for merchant vessels engaged in international trade. During this more than a century of existence and continuous improvement of the Convention, wide-ranging safety risks have been addressed via SOLAS and certain relevant “supporting” Codes, covering for example the issues of design, construction and equipment of ships, as well as paving the way for the introduction of a structured framework of operational procedures that ensures a high level of professional performance for the crew onboard those seagoing vessels (the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention-ISM Code) and even including human factors topics. Until this point in time, the IMO has developed the SOLAS Convention with fourteen (14) chapters that are covering all the main risks associated with shipping operations and are working in parallel with other related Conventions and Codes to enhance the level of safety at sea, under a holistic approach that is working under the principle of interrelation. This paper aims to briefly discuss SOLAS’ history of development and highlight just a few of those important risks that this Convention is addressing, with certain emphasis on the topic of “safety of navigation”. Apart from helping to understand the way this Convention and other IMO’s legal instruments are interrelated, it will also provide a few educated guesses about the “upcoming” challenges that in the near future should also be included into the scope of the SOLAS, with the topic of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MAAS) clearly standing out.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 2; 381-389
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determining the best possible speed of the ship in shallow waters estimated based on the adopted model for calculation of the ship’s domain depth
Autorzy:
Rutkowski, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1573899.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
safe speed
best possible speed
optimal speed
ship’s domain
safety depth
under keel clearance (UKC)
navigational risk factor
ship squat
Opis:
The purpose and scope of this article is to present the best marine practices used to determine the ship’s domain depth (compared to the safety depth parameter in ECDIS) and the safest and best possible speed (also known as optimal speed) of the ship in restricted sea areas limited by the depth of navigation waters. The author also presents a method that can be used to estimate the safe speed of a ship in shallow waters and the so-called navigational risk factor (specified in the range from 0 to 1), using the safety depth parameter specified in ECDIS based on the analysis of a three-dimensional model of the ship’s domain. The essence of the method proposed in this paper is a systematic approach to the operation of a seagoing ship in the aspect of assessing its navigation safety (navigational risk factor) when manoeuvring in restricted sea areas, in particular in shallow waters including navigable canals and fairways.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2020, 3; 140-148
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Places of refuge for ships in distress: the South African approach and challenges
Autorzy:
Seti, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
distress and emergency
Places of Refuge
Ships in Distress
South Africa
South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA)
distress
emergency operation
coastal authority
Opis:
The South African Maritime Safety Authority (“SAMSA”) responds to emergency calls from distressed ships. SAMSA, as a coastal authority, operates in terms of the South African maritime regulatory framework and its approach used to be robust. For example, South Africa is the first country to recognize the need to have a tug solely for the purpose of assisting ships in distress. However, close examination of the recent maritime incidents shows that SAMSA’s approach is falling short of keeping up with the ever changing challenges of places of refuge for ships in distress. This paper seeks to critically assess SAMSA’s approach to ships in distress as informed by the South African regulatory framework. The paper will further examine the possible solutions to identified shortcomings.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 1; 67-74
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary analysis of the use of solid biofuels in a ship’s power system
Autorzy:
Zeńczak, Wojciech
Krystosik-Gromadzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1573842.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
ship’s power plant
environment protection
biomass
fluidised bed boiler
fire safety
Opis:
This paper presents the results of applying ennobled solid biomass via mechanical compaction or torrefaction as fuel for ships, in terms of fire safety, environmental protection, the increase in liquid fuel prices and the dwindling resources of crude oil. The object of investigation is a ship of the ro-pax ferry type, with low cruising range, which is intended for service on the Baltic Sea. The ship’s power system is discussed and the results of calculations of the thermal cycle for a steam turbine power plant are presented. We present a simplified comparative analysis of a fuel bunker for a ship with a power plant including biomass fired boilers, and for a ship with a conventional solution of a motor power plant supplied by ultra-low sulphur fuel originating from crude oil. The advantages of applying a fluidised bed biomass fired boiler are highlighted, and selected results from tests of this boiler are presented. In addition, we assess potential fire hazards on the ship resulting from the storage and transport of pellets, and from pellets after torrefaction.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2020, 4; 67-79
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Safety culture as an important factor of an engine room’s fire safety
Autorzy:
Krystosik-Gromadzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
safety culture
fire safety
engine room
safety management
ship’s safety
crew safety
ergonomics
Opis:
The human factor is one of the main reasons for fires in engine rooms and most of the scenarios are very similar. Fires in engine rooms are usually associated with fuel or oil leaking onto a hot surface. Furthermore, engine rooms are very inhospitable places to work. Noise, vibration and high temperatures are most frequently mentioned by crews as negative factors that influence their work. The adoption of a safety culture is one of the ways to increase the fire safety level in engine rooms. Understanding and accepting the necessity of building a safety culture among engine room crews can effectively influence their standard of work. Safety management procedures are an important part of building a safety culture. The change in labor standards must be built on a safety culture among crews.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 62 (134); 99-107
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bezpieczeństwo pracy na statkach żeglugi śródlądowej : stan faktyczny i prawny oraz uwagi de lege ferenda
Occupational safety during inland shipping-factual and legal state and de lege ferenda remarks
Autorzy:
Krystosik-Gromadzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957808.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
statki żeglugi śródlądowej
BHP na statkach
luka w polskim prawie
inland shipping ships
occupational safety on ships
gap in the Polish regulations
Opis:
Bezpieczeństwo i higiena pracy na statkach żeglugi śródlądowej wynikają ze specyficznych warunków pracy, odbiegających od lądowych. W zależności od realizowanych zadań eksploatacyjnych oraz wielkości i stanu technicznego jednostki, czynniki uciążliwe i szkodliwe to przede wszystkim hałas, wibracje, oddziaływanie temperatury, a także znacznie ograniczona przestrzeń, zarówno na stanowiskach pracy, jak i w pomieszczeniach socjalnych. Pracę na jednostkach żeglugi śródlądowej charakteryzuje również specyficzny rozkład czasu pracy. Ze względu na fakt, że wiek większości jednostek żeglugi śródlądowej przekracza 50 lat, do problemów bezpieczeństwa pracy powinno przywiązywać się szczególną wagę. Warunki pracy w dużej mierze zależą od starań właściciela jednostki oraz od kultury pracy załogi, a powinny być także wyznaczane wymaganiami przepisów. Problem w tym, że obecnie obowiązują jedynie wymagania dotyczące czasu pracy na statkach żeglugi śródlądowej. Szczegółowych przepisów dla załóg statków żeglugi śródlądowej, dotyczących bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy na zróżnicowanych stanowiskach pracy, nie ma od 2002 r. Ta luka w polskim prawie wymaga możliwie najszybszej interwencji.
Occupational safety on ships during inland shipping is a complicated subject due to particular working conditions, quite different from those on land. Depending on the tasks carried out, the size and the technical state of the inland shipping ships, harmful and onerous factors include noise, vibrations, high or low temperature, as well as limited space of both workplaces and social rooms. The work on the inland shipping ships is also connected with the particular work time distribution. Since the age of the majority of inland shipping ships in Poland exceeds 50 years. Occupational safety is a very serious issue. Working conditions largely rely on the owner’s due diligence and the crew's sufficient work culture, whereas they should also come from suitable regulations. The problem is that currently only work time distribution is regulated via Legal code m relation to work on inland shipping ships. Since 2002 there have been no detailed regulation concerning. Occupational safety towards crews of the inland shipping ships. This gap in the Polish regulations seems to be a problem requiring a fast reaction.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka; 2019, 7; 8-11
0137-7043
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Operations of maritime autonomous surface ships
Autorzy:
Pietrzykowski, J.
Pietrzykowski, Z.
Hajduk, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117150.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
autonomous ship
MASS technology
MASS autonomy
MASS safety
Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Application (AAWA)
Sea Traffic Management (STM)
situational awareness at sea
Opis:
Advancing technologies create unique opportunities for constructing autonomous ships, which, in turn, raise growing interest of the maritime industry, shipowners in particular. These authors have analyzed actions taken in this field and some aspects related to the operations of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). The presented case study refers to a ship with a skeleton crew on a deep sea voyage, where the ship’s autonomy is narrowed to the fourth stage of transport task – sea voyage and its navigational aspect.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 4; 725-733
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary results of a system-theoretic assessment of maritime autonomous surface ships’ safety
Autorzy:
Wróbel, K.
Krata, P.
Montewka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117567.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
autonomous ship
MUNIN project
Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Application (AAWA)
System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA)
System-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP)
unmanned shipping system
safety at sea
Opis:
While a system-theoretic approach to the safety analysis of innovative socio-technical systems gains a growing acceptance among academia, safety issues of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we applied a System-Theoretic Process Analysis to develop and analyze a preliminary model of the unmanned shipping system in order to elaborate safety recommendations for future developers of the actual system. Results indicate that certain advancements shall be undertaken in relation to MASS’ software solutions in particular.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 4; 717-723
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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