Temat: psychiatric hospitals - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

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Tytuł:: Rola zieleni w dawnych azylach dla psychicznie chorych i jej współczesne adaptacje na przykładzie pruskich prowincjalnych zakładów leczniczo-opiekuńczych
Role of greenery in former asylums for the mentally Ill and Its contemporary adaptations based on the example of Prussian provincial treatment and care facilities
Autorzy:: Bręczewska-Kulesza, Daria
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2171873.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Konserwatorów Zabytków
Tematy:: ogrody historyczne
szpitale psychiatryczne
rewaloryzacja
adaptacja
historical gardens
psychiatric hospitals
restoration
adaptation
Opis:: Jednym z ważnych elementów terapii dla psychicznie i nerwowo chorych stosowanej przez alienistów w XIX w. były praca i odpoczynek na świeżym powietrzu, w harmonijnie skomponowanych ogrodach i parkach. Nic więc dziwnego, że duże, zielone przestrzenie szybko stały się jedną z charakterystycznych cech zakładów psychiatrycznych. Ważnym powodem podjęcia niniejszego tematu było zwrócenie uwagi na tę ciekawą, ale mało znaną grupę zabytków, w których zarówno odpowiednio zaprojektowana architektura, jak i zieleń służyły medycynie. Parki i ogrody dawnych azylów nadal odgrywają ważną rolę. Mają znaczenie zarówno ze względów medycznych i rekreacyjnych dla pacjentów szpitali, jak i dla mieszkańców pobliskich osiedli, są istotnym składnikiem ekosystemów. Specyfika tej interesującej grupy zabytków ściśle skorelowanych z zielenią może być pomocna w projektowaniu nowych szpitali dla osób chorych psychicznie i nerwowo.
Outdoor work and leisure in harmoniously designed gardens and parks was a major element of therapy for the mentally ill used by alienists in the nineteenth century. It is no wonder than that large, green spaces quickly became a distinctive trait of psychiatric facilities. Attracting attention to this interesting but little-known group of heritage sites, in which both suitable designed architecture and greenery served medicine, was an important reason behind engaging in this study. The parks and gardens of old asylums still play an important role. They are significant to hospital patients and the residents of nearby housing complexes both for medicinal and recreational considerations, and are essential elements of ecosystems. The specificity of this interesting group of heritage sites that are closely correlated with greenery can be of aid in the design of new hospitals for persons with psychiatric and psychological disorders.
Źródło:: Wiadomości Konserwatorskie; 2022, 70; 101--116
0860-2395
2544-8870
Pojawia się w:: Wiadomości Konserwatorskie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Zakłady psychiatryczne w Langenhorn, Wiesloch i Lubiążu – komplementarne zespoły urbanistyczne
Mental institutions in Langenhorn, Wiesloch and Lubiąż – complementary urban architecture complexes
Autorzy:: Wójtowicz, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/293761.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:: zakłady psychiatryczne
szpitale psychiatryczne
miasta ogrody
Langenhorn
Wiesloch
Lubiąż
mental institutions
psychiatric hospitals
Garden Cities
Opis:: Zanim chorzy psychicznie jako „niegodni życia” zginęli w czasie II wojny światowej w narodowosocjalistycznej „Akcji T4”, niemiecka psychiatria słynęła nie tylko ze światowej rangi uczonych, ale też ze wspaniałych zakładów psychiatrycznych. Były one profesjonalnie zorganizowane według najnowszych osiągnięć w tej dziedzinie medycyny i – w swojej szczytowej fazie – niezwykle malowniczo zaaranżowane pod względem urbanistycznym. Niektóre z nich nasuwają skojarzenia z Howardowskim ruchem „miast ogrodów”, w Niemczech realizowanym w praktyce po utworzeniu w 1902 r. „Deutsche Gartenstadtgesellschaft”. Bezpośrednio można je wywieść ze szpitali pawilonowych, ale nie ulega wątpliwości, że tworzyły samowystarczalne osady z przemyślanymi założeniami parkowymi. Właśnie w takich zakładach (które po wojnie wznowiły swoją działalność) niezamożnym pacjentom, zarówno tym rokującym powrót do zdrowia, jak i nieuleczalnie chorym, zapewniono opiekę medyczną wraz z odpowiednią terapią i godne warunki egzystencji. Niemieckie zakłady psychiatryczne budowane od ostatniego dziesięciolecia XIX w. do lat 20. XX stulecia były ukoronowaniem zarówno dążeń lekarzy, ściśle współpracujących z architektami, do zrealizowania najlepszej tego typu placówki, jak i konsekwentnej polityki władz w celu utworzenia sieci zakładów krajowych i prowincjalnych. W rezultacie powstały niespotykane gdzie indziej zespoły urbanistyczne. Zaprezentowane w tym artykule jako przykładowe zakłady w Langenhorn, Wiesloch i Lubiążu ukazują związek układu planu, architektury budynków i założenia parkowo-ogrodowego dostosowanego do ukształtowania terenu z nowymi postępowymi metodami terapii.
Before the mentally ill, who were considered “unworthy to live”, died during World War II within the Nazis’ “Action T4”, German psychiatry was famous not only for world-renowned scholars, but also for great mental institutions. They were organized professionally according to the most recent achievements in that medical field and – in its peak phase – they were uncommonly picturesquely arranged within an urban layout. Some of them bring to mind the associations with Howard’s movement of Garden Cities, realized in practice in Germany after creating “Deutsche Gartenstadtgesellschaft” in 1902. Directly, they can be traced to pavilion hospitals, but there is no doubt that they comprised self-sufficient settlements with well thought out park sites. It was in such institutions (which resumed their operations after the war) that poorer patients, both showing the signs of recovery and the terminally ill, were provided with healthcare, including proper therapy and living conditions. German mental institutions built from 1890s to 1920s were the crowning achievement of doctors’ efforts, who closely cooperated with architects, in order to build the best facility of the kind, as well as the result of the consistent policy of the authorities to create a network of domestic and provincial facilities. As a result, unique urban complexes were created which are not to be found anywhere else. The facilities in Langenhorn, Wiesloch and Lubiąż, presented as examples, show the connection between the layout, architecture of buildings, and park and garden arrangement adjusted to the landscape of the area with new progressive methods of therapy.
Źródło:: Architectus; 2015, 2(42); 41-54
1429-7507
2084-5227
Pojawia się w:: Architectus
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Psychicznie chorzy w krakowskim szpitalu bonifratrów w XVII-XVIII wieku
The mentally ill in the Bonifrati hospital in Kraków in the XVII-XVIII century
Autorzy:: Komarynska-Polak, Helena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/415259.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011-06
Wydawca:: Małopolska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna w Tarnowie
Tematy:: bonifratrzy
bracia miłosierdzia
szpitalnictwo psychiatryczne
the Brothers Hospitallers
the Brothers of Mercy
psychiatric hospitals
Opis:: Wśród kilku potrydenckich zakonów szpitalnych istotne miejsce zajmują bonifratrzy. Bracia miłosierdzia przybyli do Rzeczypospolitej na początku xVII wieku. W tym stuleciu powstało w kraju około siedemnastu konwentów-szpitali. Tak intensywny rozwój zakonu spowodowany był w dużej mierze nowatorskim podejściem do szpitalnictwa. Bonifratrzy w kraju prowadzili szpitale o charakterze ogólnym, w których zajmowali się głównie leczeniem chorych. Wśród pacjentów szpitali występowały także osoby dotknięte chorobami psychicznymi. Zakonnicy zasłynęli również jako ci, którzy w sposób profesjonalny zajęli się opieką nad psychicznie chorymi i niepełnosprawnymi intelektualnie. Założyciel zakonu św. Jan Boży zalecał, aby w procesie leczenia chorych psychicznie otoczyć szczególną troską, wsparciem i opieką. W terapii proponował holistyczne podejście do chorego - leczenie zarówno ciała, jak i duszy.
Among several hospital monasteries of the Reformation period the Brothers Hospitallers occupy an important place. Brothers of Mercy arrived in the Polish Republic in the early seventeenth century. In this century about 17 convent hospitals were established in the country. Such intense development of the monastery was in large extent due to an innovative approach to hospital services. The Brothers Hospitallers run the general hospitals in the country, in which they were mainly treating patients. Among the hospital patients there were also people affected by mental illness. The Brothers became known as those, who in a professional manner took care of the mentally ill and intellectually disabled. The founder of the monastery of St. John of God advised that in the treatment process of mentally ill there should be in particular - concern, support and care. He proposed a holistic approach to the patient during the therapy - treatment of both body and soul.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie; 2011, 1(18); 33-46
1506-2635
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Przymusowe leczenie psychiatryczne w świetle Konwencji ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych
Forced psychiatric treatment in the light of the UN Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities
Autorzy:: Czubala, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693077.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: compulsory psychiatric treatment
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Act on the Protection of Mental Health
unauthorised admission to psychiatric hospitals
mental disability
przymusowe leczenie psychiatryczne
Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych
ustawa o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego
przyjęcie do szpitala psychiatrycznego bez zgody
niepełnosprawność psychiczna
Opis:: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the conformity of the provisions of the Act of 19 August 1994 on the Protection of Mental Health with the provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 13 December 2006 (CRPD). The paper describes the particular provisions of the Act on the Protection of Mental Health that allow forced treatment of the mentally ill, and the provisions of the CRPD on that matter. The stance of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which questions the legality of forced treatment of mentally ill in the light of the CRPD is presented, followed by the author’s own view. It is concluded that the provisions of the Act on the Protection of Mental Health which permit forced treatment of the mentally ill are inconsistent with the provisions of the CRPD, in particular with Articles 12, 14, 15, 17 and 25. The provisions of the CRPD, as discussed in this paper, do not allow deprivation of liberty based on disability including cases where the legislation provides additional premises for deprivation of liberty, for example threatening one’s life or life and health of others. According to the CRPD, medical treatment, including psychiatric treatment, may be provided only on the basis of free and informed consent. Based on the above there is lack of legal grounds for forced treatment of mentally ill, as the international agreement ratified with the prior consent expressed in the act has the priority over the act if it is not consistent with the international agreement (Article 91 par. 2 of the Constitution).
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zgodności przepisów ustawy z 19 sierpnia 1994 r. o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego ([u.o.z.p.], t.jedn.: Dz.U. 2017, poz. 882 ze zm.), z przepisami Konwencji ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych z 13 grudnia 2006 r. ([Konwencja], Dz.U. 2012, poz. 1169). W artykule omówiono poszczególne przepisy u.o.z.p. zezwalające na przymusową hospitalizację i leczenie psychiatryczne, ponadto także odpowiednie przepisy Konwencji dotyczące tej kwestii. Przytoczono stanowisko Komitetu ds. Praw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, kwestionujące dopuszczalność przymusowego leczenia psychiatrycznego w świetle Konwencji, a także zaprezentowano własne stanowisko w tej materii. Główną tezą pracy jest niezgodność przepisów u.o.z.p. dopuszczających przymusowe leczenie psychiatryczne z przepisami Konwencji, w tym przede wszystkim z jej art. 12, 14, 15, 17 i 25. Przepisy Konwencji, w przedstawionej w artykule interpretacji, zabraniają bowiem pozbawiania wolności z uwagi na niepełnosprawność także wtedy, gdy ustawodawstwo przewiduje dodatkowe przesłanki pozbawienia wolności, jak choćby zagrażanie własnemu życiu albo życiu lub zdrowiu innych osób. Podstawą leczenia, także psychiatrycznego, w myśl Konwencji, może być tylko świadoma i swobodna zgoda zainteresowanego. Oznacza to, że obecnie brak podstaw prawnych do przymusowego leczenia osób chorych psychicznie, albowiem umowa międzynarodowa ratyfikowana za uprzednią zgodą wyrażoną w ustawie ma pierwszeństwo przed ustawą, jeżeli ustawy tej nie da się pogodzić z umową (art. 91 ust. 2 Konstytucji).
Źródło:: Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2018, 80, 3; 137-148
0035-9629
2543-9170
Pojawia się w:: Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Orzecznictwo sądowo-psychiatryczne w świetle 4200 ekspertyz szpitalnych
Results of forensic-psychiatric examinations of 4200 offenders
Autorzy:: Uszkiewiczowa, Lidia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699188.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1960
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: orzecznictwo sądowo-psychiatryczne
ekspertyzy szpitalne
sprawy karne
obserwacja kliniczna
szpital psychiatryczny
psychopatia
alkoholizm
niedorozwój umysłowy
schizofrenia
forensic-psychiatric examinations
mental hospitals reports
criminal cases
delinquency
offences
psychiatric hospital
psychopathy
mental deficiency
alcoholism
schizophrenia
Opis:: The present contribution discusses the results of 4200 forensic-psychiatric reports given, in the years 1953 to 1957, by twenty-one mental hospitals and the Department of Forensic Psychiatry of the Psychoneurological Institute, where copies of such reports, given by all the major mental hospitals in Poland, are collected. The present contribution does not take into consideration 300 reports in which no symptoms of a disease have been found with the subjects investigated, nor yet any mentally abnormal states, as well as 460 reports concerning reactive psychoses and 80 cases of simulation which arose only after the arrest of the investigated. (Cases of reactive psychoses and simulation will be dealt with separately, because of the altogether peculiar problems involved). Even though the leaving out of the account of the psychiatric examinations carried out in the Public Prosecutors’ Offices and the Courts of Law does not allow us to draw conclusions with regard to all those offenders suffering from mental disorders who have been submitted to examination, nevertheless, the large number of hospital reports available would seem to constitute valuable psychopathological and criminological material. 1. In investigating the cases sent by the Public Prosecutors’ Offices and the Courts to mental hospitals for psychiatric observation, we find, on the basis of available material, that the percentage of psychoses – setting aside reactive psychoses – is small, as it does not exceed 22 per cent. Three items: psychopathy, mental deficiency (most frequently a light feeble-mindedness or moronity) and alcoholism jointly account for a total of 50.8 per cent of the cases, and if, over and above that, we take into consideration post-traumatic mental disorders, epilepsy, post-encephalitic disorders and such like cases, it will appear that as many as over three-fourths of the reports given concern non-psychotic states. Psychopathy accounts for 27.4 per cent of the cases, alcoholism and mental deficiency for 15.8 per cent each, post-traumatic disorders for 5.9 per cent, epilepsy for 4.7 per cent, and post-encephalitic disorders for 1.5 per cent. In the material under investigation cases of psychopathy amount, in reality, to more than 27.4 per cent, since cases of reactive psychoses and simulation, in which psychopaths figure extremely often, have been left out of the account. Similarly, there are probably more post-encephalitic states, which, having failed to be properly diagnosed, figure in cases which come under other heads, because of the lack of reliable interviews and the negative result of the neurological examination (in particular, in the mental deficiency and psychopathy groups). Cases of alcoholism, too, are less numerously represented in the material under investigation than would seem to result from the diagnoses contained in the reports. There can subsist no doubt that, apart from cases where the diagnosis reads ,,chronic (or else habitual) alcoholism", we also meet with alcoholism with a great many of such of the investigated with whom other pathological states have been diagnosed, and where alcoholism merely constitutes an additional factor, as a complication of other mental disorders. Altogether, the percentage of alcohol addicts amounts to at least 28. Among psychoses, schizophrenia is the one most numerously represented (510 cases). Only 29 delinquents suffered from manic-depressive psychosis, 62 from general paralysis, 30 – from involutional psychosis, 28 - from senile dementia. There were 19 cases of delusional psychosis, and 14 cases of paranoia. The number of cases with cerebral arteriosclerosis was 49, and that of cases of cerebral syphilis - only 20. In 44 cases it was a matter of twilight states with non-epileptics; here belong 30 cases of pathological drunkenness, 7 cases of pathological affect, 3 cases of ,,short-circuiting" (the so-called „Kurzschlusshandlungen” in German), and 4 cases of twilight states with an obscure etiology. 87.1 per cent of the reports concern men, 12.9 per cent - women. For every 100 men investigated there were only 14.9 women, while in the 1955 judicial statistics there were as many as 30 convicted women to every 100 convicted men. Cases of psychopathy, mental deficiency and schizophrenia constitute 61.3 per cent of the total of reports concerning women, while with men the above three items only amounted to 63.8 per cent after cases of alcoholism were added to them. Women are relatively most numerously represented in involutional disorders and manic-depressive psychosis. 2. When we examine the data concerning delinquency, it is obvious that it is the perpetrators of manslaughter, sexual offences and arson that are particularly numerously represented in the judicial psychiatric material. The most common offences against property, which constitute 33 per cent of the total number of offences in the material under investigation, reach the highest percentages in those cases which are not psychoses. On the other hand, among the offences perpetrated by persons suffering from psychoses there are relatively more offences against life and health, and, in particular, of manslaughter. Manslaughter amounts to 14 per cent of the offences committed by the persons investigated suffering from involutional psychosis, to 12.2 per cent of those committed by sufferers from schizophrenia, to 11.1 per cent of those committed by sufferers from paranoia, to 10 per cent, with sufferers from senile dementia, while with psychopaths the figure is only 5.7 and with oligophrenics - 4.7. Altogether, there were 288 cases of manslaughter or murder in the material investigated, and of these 77.4 per cent were divided between cases of psychopathy (67 cases), schizophrenia (67 cases), alcoholism (51 cases), and mental deficiency (28 cases). Among the 179 cases of sexual offences the bulk were cases of misconduct with persons under 15 years of age (93 cases), there were 43 cases of rape, 21 cases of incest, 12 cases of exhibitionist acts. Nearly 70 per cent of the sexual offences have been committed by psychopaths (55), oligophrenics (41) and alcohol addicts (28). On the other hand, the relatively highest percentage of such offences is to be met with those suffering from senile dementia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and with mental deficiency. As far as arson is concerned, which in the material under investigation amounted to 3.3 per cent of the total number of offences, percentages higher than average ones are to be met with in cases of involutional psychosis, senile dementia, schizophrenia and mental deficiency. Out of a total number of 146 cases of arson, 53.4 per cent were accounted for by schizophrenia (40) and mental deficiency (38). With psychopaths and alcoholics comprised by the material under investigation cases of arson are extremely rare. Examining the delinquency of 158 epileptics, we establish that both the percentage of manslaughter and the number of cases of arson are small. What is worth while noting beside that is the fact that only in 24 cases the offence was perpetrated in a twilight state. The data concerning the delinquency of 510 schizophrenics bear witness to the fact that it was only a mere 8 per cent of the investigated that committed the offence during the first year of their illness, while the majority of cases the latter has been going on for above three years. When we analyze the 67 cases of manslaughter we find that it was only in two cases that the manslaughter was committed in the initial stage of the disease and constituted, as it were, the first visible sign of the schizophrenic process. In delusional psychoses cases of manslaughter were frequent, differently from cases of paranoia. In the few (29) cases of manic-depressive psychosis only one offence was committed in the depressive phase, white all the others were committed in the maniac phase or else in the hypomanic state. Deserving our attention is the lack of any more serious offences against life and health in this group. In the 30 cases of involutional psychosis more than one half of the offences consisted of those against life and health. Among the offences committed by the 49 persons with symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis, one-third consisted of offences of a serious character, while with the 25 patients suffering from senile dementia as many as one-half of the offences belonged to the category of serious offences. The delinquency of the 62 sufferers from general paralysis is almost exclusively reduced to offences of small importance of similar character as were the offences committed by the 20 sufferers from cerebral syphilis. In the 44 cases of twilight states (pathological drunkenness, pathological affect, and others) still 50 per cent of the offences consist of offences against life and health; 18 people fell victim to manslaughter. 3. The Polish Criminal Code, in force since 1932, contains provisions concerning, both in cases with mentally abnormal states, a state of irresponsibility and of diminished responsibility. A state of irresponsibility occurs when, at the time of committing the offence, the accused did not understand the significance of the deed he was perpetrating, or else was unable to direct his conduct because of psychosis, mental deficiency or other psychical disorders. A diminished responsibility occurs when, because of one of the reasons mentioned above, the ability of the accused to grasp the significance of the offence committed by him, and to direct his conduct was considerably limited. With regard to such and offender the Court may apply an extraordinarily mitigated penalty, while with regard to an offender who has been declared irresponsible, of course, no penalty at all may be applied. The offenders declared irresponsible are, by virtue of the Court's decision, transferred to a general mental hospital, if their staying at large could be dangerous for the legal order. They cannot be released from the hospital by the Court earlier than after the lapse of one year. An offender with regard to whom a diminished responsibility has been decreed and who is dangerous to the legal order may also be placed in a mental hospital (he, too, can be released from there by the Court not earlier than after the lapse of one year at the least). If the Court has sentenced such an offender to serve a term of imprisonment, the question of whether or not the penalty decreed is to be served is decided by the Court after the offender's release from the mental hospital. In cases of psychosis, forensic psychiatrists always decree irresponsibility. In cases of mental deficiency their decree depends on the degree of such deficiency, while in the cases, most frequent in judicial practice, of mild subnormality (morons, debils) – also on the, category of the offence which has been committed. Psychopaths are, in principle, considered to be fully responsible. Altogether, out of a total of 3900 delinquents examined 24.7 per cent of the cases have been pronounced by experts to be irresponsible, 23.1 per cent of the cases – to have a diminished responsibility, while 50.7 per cent of the offenders have been declared to be fully responsible. 4. As far as experts' opinions are concerned with regard to the application of internment in mental hospitals of offenders pronounced to be dangerous for the legal order, as well as irresponsible, out of a total number of 946 offenders declared irresponsible, a mere 34 per cent have been pronounced to be dangerous. Moreover, in 31 per cent of the cases, experts have pronounced for the necessity of hospital treatment under ordinary circumstances. Finally, 35 per cent of the offenders pronounced to be irresponsible have been described as not standing in need of any hospital treatment. A diminished responsibility has been decreed by the experts in a total of 855 cases, but only 6.4 per cent of the latter number have been pronounced to be dangerous to the legal order and to stand in need of internment in a mental hospital. Apart from the above, only in 10 per cent of the cases, experts have pronounced in favor of the need for hospital treatment. In the remaining 83.5 per cent of the cases the experts have confined themselves to stating that the responsibility of the offenders in question was diminished which, in result, comes merely to a possibility of an extraordinary mitigation of the penalty being decreed by the law-court. It is evident from the analysis of the judicial sentences which we have just carried out that experts a[ too unfrequently declare in favor of the need of applying security measures. The result is an irrational punitive policy with regard to such offenders who ought to be approached first and foremost, from a psychiatric point of view. The Criminal Code provisions concerning security measures are obsolete and demand essential alterations, which can only be done by means of codification. Quite independently of the need for extending the network of ordinary mental hospitals, there also exists a necessity of creating a special type of establishments, of a psychiatric-cum-penitentiary character, for a certain category of offenders who exhibit abnormal mental peculiarities and tendencies to recidivism. Equally needed is the establishing of treatment homes for offenders who are alcohol addicts. As it ensues clearly from experiments made in various countries, the application of ordinary penalties to delinquents who require a special treatment from a psychiatric point of view is altogether inefficacious.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 297-359
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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