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Tytuł:
Disproportions in proportional distributions
Autorzy:
Misztal, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/585026.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
electoral threshold
degressive proportionality
over-representation
proportionality
Opis:
In the case of degressive proportionality, a large over-representation of small countries is a deliberate concession of larger countries to ensure that less populated states are adequately represented (the principle of European solidarity). It is worth emphasizing how important is the role played by election thresholds, which prevent excessive fragmentation of the parliament. Thus, they act as a stabilizing factor in the political scene, which in Polish conditions cannot be overestimated. A weakness of the thresholds is the fact that they distort the proportionality of the results and cause over-representation of certain parties. In extreme cases they can lead to the dictatorship of one party even if it is provided with low popularl support.
Źródło:
Mathematical Economics; 2013, 9 (16); 89-104
1733-9707
Pojawia się w:
Mathematical Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Progresywna proporcjonalność jako cecha systemu wyborczego
Autorzy:
Haman, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
proportionality
degressive proportionality
progressive proportionality
electoral system
proporcjonalność
degresywna proporcjonalność
progresywna proporcjonalność
system wyborczy
Opis:
Systemy proporcjonalnego podziału mandatów między partie, na podstawie wyników wyborów, a przed wyborami między okręgi wyborcze na podstawie danych demograficznych, oceniane są zwykle ze względu na zgodność ostatecznych podziałów z kryterium proporcjonalności. W pewnych sytuacjach odejście od prostej proporcjonalności w kierunku proporcjonalności degresywnej lub progresywnej jest jednak celowe i nie powinno być traktowane w kategoriach błędu. Kwestia ta była już analizowana w odniesieniu do degresywnie proporcjonalnego podziału mandatów, przede wszystkim w kontekście podziału mandatów między delegacje narodowe w Parlamencie Europejskim. W tym artykule koncentruję się natomiast na kwestii proporcjonalności progresywnej podziału mandatów między partie i proponuję sposób mierzenia siły progresji podziału. Nową miarę stosuję do opisu systemów wyborczych w krajach europejskich, a także do oceny wpływu wielkości okręgu wyborczego oraz zastosowanej metody podziału proporcjonalnego (metoda d’Hondta lub Sainte-Laguë) na progresję podziału mandatów, a więc na to, na ile dany system przy podziale mandatów premiuje partie duże.
Systems of proportional division of seats between parties, based on the results of the election, and between constituencies on the basis of demographic data, are usually judged on the basis of the compatibility of the final divisions with the criterion of proportionality. In certain situations, moving away from a straightforward proportionality towards degressive or progressive proportionality is intentional and should not be considered as a form of error. This issue has already been analyzed with regard to the degressively proportional distribution of seats, primarily in the context of the distribution of seats between the national delegations in the European Parliament. In this paper, however, I focus on the question of the progressive proportionality of division of seats between parties and propose a tool for measuring the strength of progressivity of division. I use the new measure to describe electoral systems in European countries, as well as to assess the impact of the size of the constituency and the apportionment method used (d'Hondt or Sainte-Laguë) on the progressivity of the distribution of seats.
Źródło:
Decyzje; 2017, 27; 69-88
1733-0092
2391-761X
Pojawia się w:
Decyzje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The allocation of seats in the European Parliament and the principle of degressive proportionality
Autorzy:
Peternek, Piotr
Kośny, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
European Parliament
degressive proportionality
optimization
Opis:
One of the key issues in the process of preparing for an election to the European Parliament is to determine the number of seats for each country. The Treaty of Lisbon, signed by Member States of the European Union, has obliged the European Parliament to establish rules guaranteeing that the distribution of seats should be done according to, inter alia, the principle of degressive proportionality. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the principle of degressive proportionality is actually implemented, and to propose a compromise – a mathematical solution, guaranteeing that the distribution of seats is consistent with the requirements of the Lisbon Treaty.
Źródło:
Mathematical Economics; 2015, 11(18); 99-113
1733-9707
Pojawia się w:
Mathematical Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
General principles of law and taxation
Autorzy:
Lasiński-Sulecki, Krzysztof
Morawski, Wojciech
Prejs, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010032.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-10
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
principles
rules
proportionality
legal certainty
Opis:
Although the general principles of law at first sight do not bring about numerous associations with the sphere of taxation where the processes of compliance with legal rules or applying them must end with a precise numerical result, both the relevance and the significance of these principles in the sphere of tax law are more and more noticeable. The principle of proportionality has been invoked in probably every second VAT judgment of the Court of Justice for years. The principle of legal certainty has made its way to the case law of the said court as well as the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland. The importance of other principles is definitely on the rise.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022, 48, 1; 85-101
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Degressive proportionality – notes on the ambiguity of the concept
Autorzy:
Dniestrzański, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
degressive proportionality
apportionment problem
European Parliament
Opis:
This article discusses the problem of the definition of degressive proportionality. This term is used in many areas of economics but its meaning is not standardized. It is understood differently when related to tax issues compared to distribution of seats in the European Parliament. The differences are small but significant. The article provides and analyzes the different meanings of the concept of degressive proportionality and proposes to introduce two new concepts – concave degressive proportionality and convex degressive proportionality.
Źródło:
Mathematical Economics; 2013, 9 (16); 21-28
1733-9707
Pojawia się w:
Mathematical Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Member States’ Interests and EU Law: Filtering, Moderating and Transforming?
Autorzy:
Varju, Marton
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706587.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
EU obligations
legitimacy
Member State interests
proportionality
Opis:
This article investigates the engagement of EU law with the interests represented and pursued by the Member States within the framework of the European Union. In principle, because the interests which the Member States feed into the EU governance machinery are formulated in political processes at the national level, and thus possess paramount political legitimacy, EU law may only interact with those interests when a clear and sufficient mandate has been provided for doing so. Such mandates follow from Treaty provisions or EU legislation. They embody common political agreements among the Member States by which they commit themselves to realising the specific interests they share, as well as achieving related common policy objectives. In practice, however, the boundaries of EU law’s mandate are difficult to determine with precision, and this may weaken the legitimacy of EU law’s interventions. The weaker legitimacy of the law raises particular problems in the law of the Single Market, where the interests pursued by national governments are subjected to filtering, moderation, and even transformation by the Court of Justice.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2017, 37; 143-162
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Legitimacy of Area-Based Restrictions to Maintain Public Order: Giving Content to the Proportionality Principle from a European Legal Perspective
Autorzy:
Todts, Liesbeth
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/680896.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
area-based restrictions, proportionality principle, public order
Opis:
This contribution aims to provide a first exploratory analysis of the criteria that must be taken into account by national authorities when considering the proportionality of public order measures restricting the individual's fundamental right to freedom of movement, such as area-based restrictions. The content of the proportionality principle as regards area-based restrictions is not always clear, in particular at European human rights level, while it is an important condition that these restrictions be compatible with the right to freedom of movement. To that end, this article first gives a brief overview of the content of this principle at European level. In order to find some inspiration, it then compares it with the interpretation of this principle at national level, more specifically Belgium and the United Kingdom, where new forms of area-based restrictions have been introduced recently. The case law of the Belgian Council of State is an interesting case to examine since the Council applies a different proportionality test depending on the legal classification of the measure imposed. The contribution proceeds with an analysis of the proportionality principle in the UK case law, where it is a relative newcomer used instead of the traditional "Wednesbury unreasonableness" test in cases that fall under the European Convention on Human Rights.
Źródło:
Rocznik Administracji Publicznej; 2017, 3
2449-7800
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Administracji Publicznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sprawiedliwość podziału degresywnie proporcjonalnego
Autorzy:
Łyko, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434716.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
degressive proportionality
fair division
European Parliament
elections
Opis:
The principle of degressively proportional distribution of seats in the European Parliament has been legally sanctioned under the terms of the Lisbon Treaty. Thus there appeared a solution which defied the perception of justice of distribution according to culturally shaped proportional allocation rules. Previous methods of determining the composition of collegiate bodies generally used the rule of proportional to the population of each constituency, composition of the legal body representing the society. On this basis, there are many socially accepted methods which have been tried and tested. In the field of electoral law regulations the rule of degressive proportionality is a new solution, and as such it still lacks tradition and already shaped approval that may justify its use. This article aims to find justification for this solution as opposed to the socially accep- table methods of distribution of goods and debts. In order to arrive at this argument the article reaches back to Aristotle’s philosophical concept, as well as solutions taken from the Talmud. It turns out that the degressive proportionality falls within the accepted concepts of equitable distribution. It offers an intermediate solution between equal and proportional allocation. There are also legitimate reasons for the use of degressively proportional rule in the process of allocating seats in the European Parliament. The problem is only the lack of unambiguity of the rule and the lack of precise reasoning to determine the boundary conditions at the level set in the Lisbon Treaty. This creates a very high degree of freedom of interpretation, leaving room for political negotiations on the acceptance of specific proposals. This situation has led to the point that, since the legal acceptance of the principle of degressive proportionality, the rule has not been applied in practice. Proposals for the composition of the European Parliament presented at the beginning of 2013 for the term 2014-2019 indicate that over the next five years exceptions to this rule will be approved. The second part of the paper presents proposals on solving the problem that can be found in the literature, as well as two other directions for seeking fair allocation. They cannot be deprived of discretion, as, of course, it is not possible to obtain conclusive decisions without the introduction of additional postulates. These postulates aim at clarifying the determination of the boundary conditions in such a way as to reduce the number of possible solutions or introduce an additional rule that will allow for an unambiguous (for a given population) specification of composition of the European Parliament. This is possible thanks to, inter alia, the ability to generate all feasible solutions. In this situation the solution of the problem is to select one out of a finite number of known divisions according to an established criterion. This frees the process of selecting the composition of the European Parliament from political considerations, and moves the weight of the debate to the ground of determining the said additional criterion. The current problem concerning the distribution of seats in the European Parliament is of course more general. The conditions that caused sanctioning of such a solution are of economic and social origin. It is expected that in the future the number of problems associated with allocation of goods, that are solved in this way, will be greater than they are currently. Undoubtedly, inequalities in various aspects of social existence favor the issue.
Źródło:
Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu; 2013, 2 (23); 180-189
2080-5977
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Funkcje planu miejscowego
Functions of the Local Plan
Autorzy:
Zachariasz, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2032474.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
local plan
spatial order
sustainable development
proportionality
Opis:
In the current legal status the basic function of the local plan is getting for raising the land value itself rather than of spatial aims for planning and the realization determined including financial possibilities of private and public entities. The process of adopting the local plan to be viable and socially equitable and execute the requirements of spatial order and sustainable development requires fundamental changes, in particular: (1) binding decisions on local plans investment opportunities in both public entities and private, (2) cover a broad legal protection proposals and comments submitted to the local plan and drive around in their consideration or rejection of the principle of proportionality, (3) tying the infrastructure fee with actual construction costs of local infrastructure, (4) verification already enacted local plans, in order to leave in legal transactions only those plans, areas of application which can be implemented as provided for in their intentions private and public fairly quickly, for example over 5-10 years.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Komitetu Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN; 2015, 257-258; 28-45
0079-3493
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Komitetu Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legal Approaches Against Terrorist Attacks – Fundamental Facets of an Effective Criminal Justice Response
Autorzy:
Zuzanna, Buszman,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902455.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
anti-terrorism law
rule of proportionality
crime control
Opis:
Terrorism has become one of the major issues of international criminal law policy. A sudden change of public perception of terrorism has occurred since 9/11 attacks – from regional groups of fundamentalists, terrorists have become an international threat to worldwide security. This fact has profoundly influenced anti-terrorist policies – from responsive actions to rather preventive and forward-looking strategies. As the opposing values of national security and civil liberties render the criminal justice response to be so complex to introduce, this work underlines the significance of balance and proportionality in waging a war on terror. Moreover, an evaluation of legislative mechanisms introduced by the United Nations police makers as well as those adopted in Germany, Poland and Great Britain will be made. Lastly, the work outlines the most common impediments that befall the investigation and prosecution of terrorists. By taking the aforementioned aspects into consideration, it will be determined which fundamental features will most effectively ensure an adequate criminal justice response and preserve the civil liberties derived from the principle of a democratic state ruled by law.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 67; 205-224
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Axiomatization of divisor methods and weakly degressive proportionality
Autorzy:
Dniestrzański, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/421295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
degressive proportionality
fair division
axiomatization of divisor methods
Opis:
The paper analyzes the differences between weakly degressive proportionality and proportional allocations represented by divisor methods. The analysis is accomplished by the axiomatization of divisor methods in line with Balinski and Young.
Źródło:
Didactics of Mathematics; 2017, 14(18); 19-26
1733-7941
Pojawia się w:
Didactics of Mathematics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Granice władztwa planistycznego przy uchwalaniu miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego
Limits of the planning authority in adopting a local development plan
Autorzy:
Zwolak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/911166.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
planning power
local development plan
principle of proportionality
Opis:
The considerations of the article focus on the planning power exercised by a municipality as a unilateral and authoritative determination of the purpose of the land and its development. The municipality in the capacity of a planning authority cannot assume an absolute and unlimited power and must act within the limits determined by applicable and binding laws. Hence, in the implementation of its land development tasks, the municipality (or local authorities) are bound by the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and other relevant laws that govern the planning authority granted to municipalities. Exceeding the limits of this planning power will occur when planning solutions prove to be arbitrary and lack substantive justification. Defective legal solutions include not only solutions that violate the law, but also those that result from a potential abuse of the competence of the municipality. Determining the land purpose and the manner of its management must reflect a reasonable and real need for the solution adopted. When the latter is detached from the legal and factual status of the land in question, a violation of planning power arises. When a municipality adopts a local plan which introduces certain restrictions in the use of the property right that is protected in the Constitution, it is obliged to apply legal measures that will be the least onerous for individual entities and which will remain in a rational proportion to the intended purposes. However, certain situations that will lead to the conflict of interests are unavoidable. Settling these conflicts in the process of law-making requires, each time, the weighing off the interests of individual property owners and the public interest of the whole local community. Individual owners may sue the municipal planning authority on the grounds of the abuse of its planning power when adopting a local land management plan and such legal actions may be effective.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2019, 4, 28; 9-26
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proportionality as the Tool for Adjudicating Conflicts of Fundamental Rights – Criticism and Retort
Zasada proporcjonalności jako metoda rozstrzygania konfliktów praw podstawowych – krytyka i obrona
Autorzy:
Michalska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
prawo konstytucyjne
proportionality analysis
criticism of proportionality
limitation of fundamental rights
constitutional law
zasada proporcjonalności
krytyka zasady proporcjonalności
ograniczanie praw podstawowych
Opis:
Even though the proportionality principle is well-established for judicial review in matters pertaining to human rights in modern constitutional law in numerous jurisdictions, it has recently become subject to a growing tide of criticism. The article aims to describe and critically analyze the main arguments raised by the opponents of using proportionality as the tool for adjudicating conflicts of fundamental rights. After briefly describing the typical and the most common structure of the proportionality test as it is used in constitutional law, the author would present – and then dismiss – the three most significant allegations towards the proportionality analysis, namely: the problem of incommensurability, the alleged proportionality’s moral neutrality as well as the scope of judicial discretion that is claimed to be too wide according to some of proportionality’s opponents.
Chociaż we współczesnym prawie konstytucyjnym w wielu jurysdykcjach zasada proporcjonalności stanowi powszechnie akceptowaną metodę umożliwiającą rozstrzyganie konfliktów praw podstawowych oraz ocenę dopuszczalnego stopnia ich ograniczeń, w ostatnim czasie stała się ona przedmiotem narastającej krytyki. Celem artykułu jest opisanie i dokonanie krytycznej analizy głównych argumentów podnoszonych przez przeciwników tej koncepcji. Autorka przedstawia najbardziej klasyczną trójelementową formułę testu proporcjonalności, a następnie prezentuje trzy najczęściej podnoszone argumenty przeciwko stosowaniu mechanizmu proporcjonalności, które ostatecznie kolejno odrzuca.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2019, 11, 2; 253-269
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Principle of Proportionality in European Union Law as a Prerequisite for Penalization
Autorzy:
Długosz, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/685031.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
European criminal law
principle if proportionality in the EU
penalization
Opis:
The paper analysis the principle of proportionality, which is widely applied in the EU legal order and is therefore one of the fundamental principles of the system of the European Union. It is one of the legal principles that govern decision-making processes and common strategic objectives, and which are applicable when establishing European Union legislation and transposing it into national law, including in the area of criminal law, although the current analyses do not often focus on discussing this aspect. Due to its complexity and significance for the processes of establishing and applying the law, the principle of proportionality requires detailed and separate discussion, especially in the context of European criminal law.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2017, 7; 283-300
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Freedom of Construction and Obligations to Maintain Building Structures
Autorzy:
Zwolak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1803121.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-10-28
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
building structure
construction law
owner and manager
principle of proportionality
Opis:
The subject of the study is the issue of freedom of construction, shown against the background of obligations relating to the maintenance of buildings. The source of building freedom is the constitutional principle of property protection, which provides the owner with protection against unlawful infringement of his rights and excessive power of public administration bodies. However, the exercise of building freedom does not mean complete freedom in the use of the building structure, because it has its limits outlined in the implementation of the values indicated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The study analyses the compliance of obligations concerning the maintenance of building structures with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2019, 28, 2; 115-133
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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