Temat: property crime - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Land Use and Facilities and the Spatial Distribution of Urban Property Crime
Formy i funkcje zagospodarowania przestrzeni miejskiej a przestrzenny rozkład przestępstw przeciwko mieniu
Autorzy:: Klakla, Jan Bazyli
Radomska, Ewa
Szafrańska, Michalina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1033325.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-03-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: mapy przestępczości
analiza przestrzenna przestępczości
statystyka przestrzenna
system informacji geograficznej (GIS)
przestępczość przeciwko mieniu
crime mapping
spatial analysis of crime
spatial statistics
geographic information systems (GIS)
property crime
Opis:: The main research problem of this article is to check whether and how selected land use and facilities influence the spatial distribution of different kinds of urban thefts (and burglary) in Krakow. The analysis uses data on all crimes committed in Krakow in the years 2016–2018. Its results are generally consistent with the results of other similar studies in so far as they indicate a relationship between the increased criminal activity of perpetrators and the availability of potential victims or objects of attack. Both the higher density of crimes in general and theft in general occurred above all in facilities or in the immediate vicinity of facilities which accumulate large communities for various purposes (activity nodes) or in places which produce the high intensity of people flows (communication nodes). One land use and facilities coexist with an increased density of all types of thefts, while others coexist only with some of them. The results, however, seem inconsistent with the rational choice theory assumptions as high crime density rates were observed in the immediate vicinity of public and private monitoring cameras, as well as within 50 meters of police stations.
Głównym problemem badawczym niniejszego artykułu jest sprawdzenie, czy i w jaki sposób wybrane formy i funkcje zagospodarowania przestrzeni miejskiej wpływają na rozmieszczenie kradzieży oraz kradzieży z włamaniem. W analizie wykorzystano dane dotyczące przestępstw zarejestrowanych w latach 2016–2018 w obrębie administracyjnych granic miasta Krakowa. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych badań są zasadniczo zgodne z wynikami podobnych analiz w zakresie, w jakim wskazują one na związek pomiędzy wzmożoną aktywnością przestępczą sprawców a dostępnością potencjalnych ofiar lub obiektów ataku. Większe zagęszczenie zarówno przestępstw ogółem, jak i kradzieży ogółem występowało przede wszystkim w tych obiektach lub bezpośredniej bliskości obiektów, które w różnych celach gromadzą duże zbiorowości (węzły aktywności) lub są miejscem licznych przepływów ludzkich (węzły komunikacji). Co jednak istotne, jedne tego typu funkcje zagospodarowania współwystępują ze zwiększonym zagęszczeniem wszystkich typów kradzieży, inne zaś jedynie niektórych z nich. Wyniki niniejszych badań nie pozostają natomiast w zgodzie z podstawowym założeniem teorii racjonalnego wyboru, wskazując na wysokie zagęszczenie przestępstw w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie kamer monitoringu publicznego i prywatnego, jak również w odległości do 50 metrów od komisariatów policji.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2021, 94; 65-95
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: On the Use of Redundancy Analysis to Study the Property Crime in Poland
O zastosowaniu analizy redundancji do badania przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w Polsce
Autorzy:: Misztal, Małgorzata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/659221.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: analiza redundancji
diagram ordynacyjny
przestępczość przeciwko mieniu
redundancy analysis
ordination diagram
crime against property
Opis:: Analiza redundancji (RDA) jest kanoniczną formą analizy głównych składowych (PCA) i należy do tzw. liniowych technik ordynacyjnych. Celem analiz ordynacyjnych jest przedstawienie związków między obiektami i zmiennymi objaśnianymi/objaśniającymi w przestrzeni o jak najniższym wymiarze. Analiza redundancji jest także jedną z metod eksploracyjnej analizy danych. Graficzna prezentacja wyników z wykorzystaniem diagramów ordynacyjnych (biplotów i triplotów) może ułatwić analizę powiązań między zmiennością rozkładów badanych zmiennych i czynnikami mogącymi wpływać na tę zmienność. W artykule zastosowano analizę redundancji do oceny zależności między wybranymi czynnikami społeczno‑ekonomicznymi a poziomem przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w Polsce.
Redundancy analysis (RDA) is a canonical form of principal components analysis (PCA) and is one of, so‑called, linear ordination techniques. The goal of ordination is to represent objects and response variables relationships as faithfully as possible in a low‑dimensional space. Redundancy analysis is also a technique of exploratory data analysis. Graphical presentation of the results using the ordination biplots or triplots can facilitate the analysis of the relationship between the variation in the set of the response variables and the variation of the explanatory variables. In the paper, redundancy analysis was applied to assess the relationships between the selected socio‑economic factors and the intensity of the crime against property in Poland.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2017, 6, 332; 99-109
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: O przedmiocie ochrony prawnej przestępstwa paserstwa umyślnego
A Few Notes on the Subject of Legal Protection of the Criminal Offence of Intentionally Handling Stolen Goods
Autorzy:: Zwierz, Marta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782403.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:: intentional handling of stolen goods
subject of legal protection
Supreme Court
property/ownership
legal transactions
crime against property
Opis:: This paper addresses the problem of classifying the criminal offence of handling stolen goods under the Polish Criminal Code of 1997. Referring to two separate and contradictory views about the crime, the study looks at both of them and attempts to define the subject of legal protection of that criminal offence in the Polish legal system. To this end, the paper also discusses a judgment of 26 June 2014 of the Polish Supreme Court (I KZP 8/14), in which the Supreme Court could not conclusively resolve the issue, creating even more doubts. The author questions the position of the Polish Supreme Court, arguing that it is not supported by either logical or legal arguments which would stem from the long-standing legal tradition. The author further argues that all problems arising from the determination of the good legally protected by the criminal offence as defined in Article 291(1) of the Polish Criminal Code result from the erroneous classification of criminal offences by the Polish lawmaker.
Źródło:: Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2020, 30, 4; 39-72
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Application of the logics of fuzzy sets in law on the example of the case of “assets coming indirectly from a prohibited act”
Zastosowanie logik zbiorów rozmytych w prawie: na przykładzie znamienia „mienie pochodzące pośrednio z czynu zabronionego”
Autorzy:: Sobol-Kołodziejczyk, Piotr
Zielinski, Marek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/443693.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas
Tematy:: logic of fuzzy sets
criminal law
combatting organised crime
“dirty” property
recovery of the crime property
logika zbiorów rozmytych
prawo karne
zwalczanie przestępczości zorganizowanej
„brudne” mienie
odebranie mienia przestępczości
Opis:: In this article an attempt was made to formulate a fundamental distinction for the consideration of criminal law, namely “property coming indirectly from a prohibited act”. For this purpose, fuzzy set logic tools were used. Finally, it has been shown that it is possible to apply strict logical concepts to the language of the law and legal language.
W artykule podjęto próbę formalizacji znamienia fundamentalnego do rozważań z zakresu prawa karnego, a mianowicie – „mienie pochodzące pośrednio z czynu zabronionego”. W tym celu wykorzystano narzędzia logiki zbiorów rozmytych. Ostatecznie wykazano, że jest możliwie stosowanie ścisłych koncepcji logicznych do języka prawnego i prawniczego.
Źródło:: Roczniki Administracji i Prawa; 2017, 17/1; 71-80
1644-9126
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Crime and environment. Analysis of facilities as crime risk factors in Niš, Serbia
Przestępczość i środowisko: Analiza obiektów jako czynników ryzyka przestępczości w Niszu w Serbii
Autorzy:: Stanković, Dušan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375370.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-02-02
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: crime
environmental facilities
property and violent crime
spatial analysis
risk factors
przestępczość
urządzenia środowiskowe
przestępczość przeciwko mieniu
przestępstwa z użyciem przemocy
analiza przestrzenna
Opis:: This study aimed to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of property and violent criminal offences registered during 2018 in the city of Niš, Republic of Serbia, has been geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 meters were designed as spatial units for the analysis, and geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from GIS. The negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate crime risky facilities. The crime is mostly related to facilities as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms and recreational centers. On the other hand, cafes, nightclubs, and big shopping centers were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, limitations, practical and theoretical usage of the research are discussed.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of property and violent criminal offences registered during 2018 in the city of Niš, Republic of Serbia, has been geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 meters were designed as spatial units for the analysis, and geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from GIS. The negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate crime risky facilities. The crime is mostly related to facilities as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms and recreational centers. On the other hand, cafes, nightclubs, and big shopping centers were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, limitations, practical and theoretical usage of the research are discussed. Prezentowane badanie ma na celu analizę relacji przestrzeni i obiektów w niej rozmieszczonych oraz przestępczości. W analizach wykorzystano dane policyjne o przestępczości zarejestrowanej w 2018 roku – czynach przeciwko mieniu i z użyciem przemocy popełnionych w mieście Niš w Serbii. Dane te zostały poddane geokodowaniu, względem miejsc zdarzeń przestępczych. Jednostką przestrzenną była komórka siatki o wymiarach 100 na 100 metrów. Dane geoinformacyjne o 12 rodzajach obiektów uzyskano za pomocą oprogramowania GIS. Celem zbadania związku między wybranymi obiektami a przestępczością wykorzystano model regresji dwumianowej. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz pokazały, że przestępczość występuje najczęściej w przestrzeniach, w których mieszczą się banki, kantory, znajdują się w niej przystanki autobusowe, restauracje, siłownie czy ośrodki rekreacyjne. Nieistotny statystycznie z kolei okazał się związek między występowaniem przestępczości a rozmieszczeniem takich obiektów jak: kawiarnie, kluby nocne czy duże centra handlowe. W artykule zostały omówione także ograniczenia oraz praktyczne i teoretyczne możliwości zastosowania przeprowadzonych analiz.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/2; 49-65
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Niektóre koncepcje kryminologiczne a problem przestępczości kobiet
Some criminological concepts and the problem of female crime
Autorzy:: Błachut, Janina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699314.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1989
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: problem
kryminologia
płeć żeńska
przestępstwo
zmiany
agresywny
zachowanie
przestępstwo przeciwko mieniu
koncepcje
przestępczości kobiet
criminologica
female
crime
changes
aggressive
behaviour
crime against property
concepts
female crime
Opis:: In 1975, two books dealing with female crime appeared. They aroused many controversies and polemics and inspired many empirical studies. They were Freda Adler's Sisters in Crime and Rita James Simon's Women and Crime. Both works attempted to explain the changes their authoresses believed were taking place in female crime with the influence of the women's lib movements. The two approaches, though similar in many points, show different patterns of connections between women's lib and female crime from which the latter's extent and direction of changes result. F. Adler assumes that the women's lib movements of the 1960's and 1970's decidedly influenced changes in women's behaviour - the criminal behavior included. These changes resulted in an increase in the number and weight of offences committed by women. If such social movements continue –according to F. Adler - female crime will keep increasing and becoming similar to its male counterpart. Women will commit a greater number of the traditionally ,,masculine’’offences, i.e.offences against person, the more aggressive among offences against property, and the so-called ,,white-collar crimes’’ Contrary to F. Adler, R. J. Simon focuses not on the ideology of women's lib but mainly on the increasing professional activity of women which no doubt results largely from that movement. According to R. J. Simon, the women's increased professional activity will have twofold consequences: on the one hand women will get better opportunities to commit offences against property, and on the other hand, their greater material independence will lessen their frustration thus limiting the number of violent offences committed by women. Empirical research aimed at explaining the trend and structure of female crime basing on F. Adler’s and R. J. Simon's conceptions tended in-two separate directions. In the first group of studies, the trend and structure of female crime were estimated. The other group included studies in which the interdependences were analysed between the changes that took place in the women's social status as a result of the women’s lib movement on the one hand, and the changes in female crime on the other han. Generally speaking, none of those studies aspired at verifying the whole of either F. Adler’s or R. J. Simon’s conception being limited to verification of some theses only. The present paper includes a discusson of studies carried out by D. J. Steffensmeier, M J. Hindenlang, V. D. Young, P. C. Giordano, S. Kerbel and S. Dudley, N. K. Wilson, J. G. Gory, and M. D .Lynes. Their findings were as follows. No major changes could be observed in female crime after 1970. Instead, such changes had taken place in earlier years. What did change slightly after 1970 was the number of offences against property, and not all of them at that; namely an increase took place. The number of offences against the person was stable or showed a slight upward tendency which was, however, also found in the case of men. The grounds of liking women’s lib with female crime are questioned, as the latter changed prior to the rise of women’s movements. The notion of ,,women’s liberation’’ is not operational; moreover, professional activity is considered insufficient as the index basing on which to estimate the social changes which many have resulted from women’s lib. Female crime should be analysed in the context of the social changes that concerned women-to do it, however, appropriate indices of those changes ought to be chosen. F. Adler’s and R.J. Simon’s conceptions still arouse many controversies today. The following objections can be raised to them: both authoresses estimated female crime basing on statistics of detentions by the police. As is well know, official statistics are the reflection not only crime itself but also of the functioning of administration of justice. Thus a single source is insufficient if the causes of changes in female crime are to be explained. Two of F. Adler’s assumptions arouse certain doubts. The first of them is that women's lib included ail women and had a large effect on all of them: actually the movement only concerned the middle classes. Moreover, there is no evidence of the existence in American society of an actual social equality of men and women resulting from the equality of legally recognized chances. The other disputable assumption is that ,,masculinity" increases the likelihood of delinquency: it is uncertain whether and to what extent the social changes actually influenced women's different behaviour, and if they did, whether women really adopted masculine patterns of behaviour. The conception of R. J. Simon, although more complete and better verified, includes a disputable contention that the increased professional activity of women lessens their frustration thus reducing the resulting violent offences. Admittedly, the new professional roles the women assume may improve their self-image and thus level stress; but on the other hand, the fact that they have to perform several social roles at the same time may give rise to frustration resulting from inability to perform all of those roles equally well. Therefore, if we follow this path of reasoning, the number of violent offences committed by women should remain stable as professional activity may influence the women's minds differently not only lessening but also deepening their frustration. The discussion of female crime, taking place in literature, gave rise to the question whether and to what extent that phenomenon changed in Poland. Basing on court statistics, an analysis was carried out of the extent of female crime in the years 1946-1986 and of its structure in the years 1977-1986. The number of convictions of women and their proportion in the total number of convictions underwent significant changes over the forty years from 1946 till 1986. In the forties and the early fifties, the number of convictions of women went up rapidly at a rate greater than that of convictions of men. In the late fifties, that upwards tendency still persisted but was less marked than was the case with men. In the sixties, the number of convictions of women went down markedly, to remain stable with a slight upward tendency in the seventies. The legislative changes in penal law and the several amnesty acts in the eighties make an appraisal of the extent of crime in that period rather difficult. In the years l980-1983, there was a drop in the number of convictions of women, followed by an increase in the years 1984-1986 which no doubt resulted from the introduction of two acts: on education in sobriety and the fighting of alcoholism, and on the fighting of profiteering. If we consider the above-mentioned conceptions, that of R. J. Simon in particular, in relation to female crime in Poland, the years, 1946-1955 seem especially to confirm the hypothesis as to the connections between professional activity of women and female crime. In those years, a rapid increase of women's employment took place, and their social status changed greatly. Female offences are mainly those against property. Convictions of women for such offences constitute over 70 per cent on the average of all convictions of women the respective percentage being over 50 in the case of men, while the average 11 pet cent of women are convicted for offences against the person (as compared to over 30 per cent of men). The changes in female crime in Poland in the years 1977-1986 differ greatly from what F. Adler and R. J. Simon anticipated. There was a drop in the number of convictions for offences against property in the years l977-1984,while as regards offences against the persons, the number of convictions was stable or showed a slight upward tendency; there was an increase in the respective numbers in that same period as regards convictions of men. A rise in the number of convictions of women in the years 1984-1986 issued mainly from changes in penal legislation and from the resulting practice of prosecution. As shown by the analysis of female crime in Poland based on court statistics, the available data were greatly insufficient to interpret the changes observed. Several different sources of information about crime ale necessary, as well as several standards or estimation (numbers of detected offences, of persons found guilty, of convictions). Professional activity of women, the impact it has on their social situation, and its possible connections with the change in female crime, indicated by R. J. Simon, may also help explain that phenomenon in the Polish conditions but only together with many other factors which may influence the extent and structure of female crime.
In 1975, two books dealing with female crime appeared. They aroused many controversies and polemics and inspired many empirical studies. They were Freda Adler's Sisters in Crime and Rita James Simon's Women and Crime. Both works attempted to explain the changes their authoresses believed were taking place in female crime with the influence of the women's lib movements. The two approaches, though similar in many points, show different patterns of connections between women's lib and female crime from which the latter's extent and direction of changes result. F. Adler assumes that the women's lib movements of the 1960's and 1970's decidedly influenced changes in women's behaviour - the criminal behavior included. These changes resulted in an increase in the number and weight of offences committed by women. If such social movements continue –according to F. Adler - female crime will keep increasing and becoming similar to its male counterpart. Women will commit a greater number of the traditionally ,,masculine’’offences, i.e.offences against person, the more aggressive among offences against property, and the so-called ,,white-collar crimes’’ Contrary to F. Adler, R. J. Simon focuses not on the ideology of women's lib but mainly on the increasing professional activity of women which no doubt results largely from that movement. According to R. J. Simon, the women's increased professional activity will have twofold consequences: on the one hand women will get better opportunities to commit offences against property, and on the other hand, their greater material independence will lessen their frustration thus limiting the number of violent offences committed by women. Empirical research aimed at explaining the trend and structure of female crime basing on F. Adler’s and R. J. Simon's conceptions tended in-two separate directions. In the first group of studies, the trend and structure of female crime were estimated. The other group included studies in which the interdependences were analysed between the changes that took place in the women's social status as a result of the women’s lib movement on the one hand, and the changes in female crime on the other han. Generally speaking, none of those studies aspired at verifying the whole of either F. Adler’s or R. J. Simon’s conception being limited to verification of some theses only. The present paper includes a discusson of studies carried out by D. J. Steffensmeier, M J. Hindenlang, V. D. Young, P. C. Giordano, S. Kerbel and S. Dudley, N. K. Wilson, J. G. Gory, and M. D .Lynes. Their findings were as follows. No major changes could be observed in female crime after 1970. Instead, such changes had taken place in earlier years. What did change slightly after 1970 was the number of offences against property, and not all of them at that; namely an increase took place. The number of offences against the person was stable or showed a slight upward tendency which was, however, also found in the case of men. The grounds of liking women’s lib with female crime are questioned, as the latter changed prior to the rise of women’s movements. The notion of ,,women’s liberation’’ is not operational; moreover, professional activity is considered insufficient as the index basing on which to estimate the social changes which many have resulted from women’s lib. Female crime should be analysed in the context of the social changes that concerned women-to do it, however, appropriate indices of those changes ought to be chosen. F. Adler’s and R.J. Simon’s conceptions still arouse many controversies today. The following objections can be raised to them: both authoresses estimated female crime basing on statistics of detentions by the police. As is well know, official statistics are the reflection not only crime itself but also of the functioning of administration of justice. Thus a single source is insufficient if the causes of changes in female crime are to be explained. Two of F. Adler’s assumptions arouse certain doubts. The first of them is that women's lib included ail women and had a large effect on all of them: actually the movement only concerned the middle classes. Moreover, there is no evidence of the existence in American society of an actual social equality of men and women resulting from the equality of legally recognized chances. The other disputable assumption is that ,,masculinity" increases the likelihood of delinquency: it is uncertain whether and to what extent the social changes actually influenced women's different behaviour, and if they did, whether women really adopted masculine patterns of behaviour. The conception of R. J. Simon, although more complete and better verified, includes a disputable contention that the increased professional activity of women lessens their frustration thus reducing the resulting violent offences. Admittedly, the new professional roles the women assume may improve their self-image and thus level stress; but on the other hand, the fact that they have to perform several social roles at the same time may give rise to frustration resulting from inability to perform all of those roles equally well. Therefore, if we follow this path of reasoning, the number of violent offences committed by women should remain stable as professional activity may influence the women's minds differently not only lessening but also deepening their frustration. The discussion of female crime, taking place in literature, gave rise to the question whether and to what extent that phenomenon changed in Poland. Basing on court statistics, an analysis was carried out of the extent of female crime in the years 1946-1986 and of its structure in the years 1977-1986. The number of convictions of women and their proportion in the total number of convictions underwent significant changes over the forty years from 1946 till 1986. In the forties and the early fifties, the number of convictions of women went up rapidly at a rate greater than that of convictions of men. In the late fifties, that upwards tendency still persisted but was less marked than was the case with men. In the sixties, the number of convictions of women went down markedly, to remain stable with a slight upward tendency in the seventies. The legislative changes in penal law and the several amnesty acts in the eighties make an appraisal of the extent of crime in that period rather difficult. In the years l980-1983, there was a drop in the number of convictions of women, followed by an increase in the years 1984-1986 which no doubt resulted from the introduction of two acts: on education in sobriety and the fighting of alcoholism, and on the fighting of profiteering. If we consider the above-mentioned conceptions, that of R. J. Simon in particular, in relation to female crime in Poland, the years, 1946-1955 seem especially to confirm the hypothesis as to the connections between professional activity of women and female crime. In those years, a rapid increase of women's employment took place, and their social status changed greatly. Female offences are mainly those against property. Convictions of women for such offences constitute over 70 per cent on the average of all convictions of women the respective percentage being over 50 in the case of men, while the average 11 pet cent of women are convicted for offences against the person (as compared to over 30 per cent of men). The changes in female crime in Poland in the years 1977-1986 differ greatly from what F. Adler and R. J. Simon anticipated. There was a drop in the number of convictions for offences against property in the years l977-1984,while as regards offences against the persons, the number of convictions was stable or showed a slight upward tendency; there was an increase in the respective numbers in that same period as regards convictions of men. A rise in the number of convictions of women in the years 1984-1986 issued mainly from changes in penal legislation and from the resulting practice of prosecution. As shown by the analysis of female crime in Poland based on court statistics, the available data were greatly insufficient to interpret the changes observed. Several different sources of information about crime ale necessary, as well as several standards or estimation (numbers of detected offences, of persons found guilty, of convictions). Professional activity of women, the impact it has on their social situation, and its possible connections with the change in female crime, indicated by R. J. Simon, may also help explain that phenomenon in the Polish conditions but only together with many other factors which may influence the extent and structure of female crime.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1989, XVI; 211-244
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Cena jako wartość oddziałująca na fenomenologię polskiej przestępczości przeciwko własności przemysłowej
Price as a value affecting the phenomenology of Polish crime against industrial property
Autorzy:: Nowak, Mateusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489315.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe w Żytomierzu
Tematy:: industrial property
trademark
crime
price
criminal phenomenology
Opis:: The article entitled: „Price as a value affecting the phenomenology of Polish crime against industrial property” depicts the potential impact of products’s prices on the phenomenon of crime. The article begins with the analysis of consumers’s and producers’s behavior on the illegal market (a.k.a. grey area). Specifying, author describes the law of supply and demand in the terms of organized crime. In the text the reader gets to know definition of a trademark in the Polish legal system. In what follows the modus operandi of criminal groups counterfeiting trademarks is presented. Futhermore writer not only researches falsifications of goods in Poland, but also formulates statistical date (police, judicial and penitentiary). The paper ends with the comparison of illegal activity to enterprise.
Źródło:: Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona; 2018, 8; 82-94
2312-8933
Pojawia się w:: Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Przestępstwo udaremnienia egzekucji (art. 300 § 2 k.k.) a odpowiedzialność karna lekarza – studium przypadku
Autorzy:: Fiutak, Agnieszka
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197932.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018-06-30
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:: execution
criminal responsibility
a doctor
crime
frustration of creditors
concealment of property
Opis:: The crime of concealing property incases related to claims for medical errors is particularly important. It concerns a patient who has suffered damage to his health by means of a doctor’s action and despite the fact that the compensation was awarded by the court he may not undertake remedial treatment or rehabilitation because the doctor prevents such treatment with his unlawful and reprehensible behaviour. Unfortunately, the current rules in Poland do not sufficiently protect the enforceability of the court judgment. For the patient, the amounts awarded are important and often decisive for the further process of treatment. Consideration should be given to prospective introduction of legal provisions, e.g. in the Act on Patients’ Rights and the Patient Ombudsman, to protect the patient as a special creditor in the event that the court awards a claim for medical error.
Źródło:: Themis Polska Nova; 2018, 1(13); 69-81
2084-4522
Pojawia się w:: Themis Polska Nova
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Młodociani sprawcy przestępstw przeciwko mieniu
Young Adult Perpetrators of Offences Against Property
Autorzy:: Paszkowska, Hanna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699058.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępstwo
młodociani
przestępca młodociany
przestępczość
nieletniość
recydywiści
środowisko rodzinne
spożywanie alkoholu
przestępstwo przeciwko mieniu
offense
juvenile
juvenile offender
criminality
nonage
recidivists
family environment
alcohol consumption
crime against property
Opis:: The new Polish penal legislation of 1969 introduced special rules of criminal liability of young adult offenders' aged 17-20. In 1972 criminological research was undertaken in order to characterize this group of offenders, i.e., its most numerous category - those found guilty of offences against property. The research ended in 1975. In 1980 a follow-up of convictions of the persons, under observation was carried out. The object of the study of young adults found guilty of offences against property was to analyse the psycho-social factors connected with their social maladjustment and demoralization, particularly their family and school environment, personality, extent of drinking and offending. It was also the object of the study to compare two groups of young adult towards whom different measures had been adjudicated. As the most typical offences of young adults are those against property, a group of young adults convicted for this very type of offences was included in the study. There were 100 persons under examination who had been sentenced to immediate imprisonment. This group consisted of all prisoners of two Warsaw prisons in the years 1973-75 (group A). The group of young adults (group B) consisted of 100 persons conviced in 1973 for offences against property and sentenced to fine, limitation of freedom, imprisonment with suspension of execution, or educational-corrective measures. The two groups of convicted persons that were selected for the study, different as regards the adjudicated and executed measures, were compared in many respects in order to ascertain the distinctions between them as regards the degree of intensity of the process of social maladjustment which had been related to the application of various penal measures. Empirical research consisted in gathering detailed information on the persons under scrutiny concerning their previous convictions, their school career and the course of work. Also interviews were carried out with them and separately with their mothers, by means of a detailed questionnaire. Three psychological tests were also employed towards each person, that is Raven’s intelligence test, Eysenck’s questionnaire to measure extroversion and neurotism and Buss-Durkee inventory to measure aggression. 3.1. Offences against property constituted the criterion for selection to the study. The most numerous group were convictions for larceny qualified as “stealing in a particularly audacious manner or by a breaking and entering” (Art. 208 of the Penal Code), though the “audacious theft” was extremely rare as compared with the second choice. 64% of the persons of group A had been convicted for offences described in this article, the percentage as regards group B being 35%. Many persons also committed thefts of social property, while the receiving of stolen goods was the least frequent. Generally, the persons of group A had been active for a longer time than those of group B, and their offences were more frequently qualified as continuous. It should also be emphasized that the mean value of the objects stolen by the persons of group B was considerably lower than it was the case with the young adults of group A. It also happened (16% of cases) that the act of the young adults of group B ended as a mere attempt at committing an offence. To sum up, the offences against property committed by the persons, sentenced to immediate imprisonment were more serious than those committed by the young adults towards whom other measures had been adjudicated. 3.2. 69% of the persons of group A had cases in juvenile courts, while as many as 84% admitted having committed offences, mostly thefts, at that age. On the other hand, 44% of the persons of group B had committed offences for which they were brought to court as juveniles. The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.00l). The origins of delinquency dating back from before the age of 13 were found in as many as 23 persons of group A and 10 persons of group B. The earlier they started to commit offences and had their first case in juvenile court, the more numerous were their subsequent convictions in that period. The mean number of convictions in juvenile court was 2,2 in group A and 1,6 in group B. The structure of delinquency of the persons under examination is hardly differentiated: they committed first of all offences against property (85.7%), mostly larceny. The juvenile court, had employed such measures as admonition and charge of parents in the case of persons of group B considerably more frequently than towards those of group A (25% and 8.7% respectively). On the other hand, the persons of group A had been much more frequently sent to children’s homes and to corrective schools (44.9%) than those of group B (25%). 3.3. In the period discussed below all the persons were young adults, with the mean age similar in both groups: 19 in group A and 18.9 in group B. The mean number of convictions of the persons of groups A from the age of 17 was 1.7, and in group B 1.2. Each member of group A was responsible for 3.3. offences, while in group B the mean number of offences was 2.2. It should not be forgotten that many persons, particularly those of group A, were repeatedly imprisoned in the discussed period. A considerable majority of the persons of both groups who had committed more than one offence, were convicted for offences against property only. The data quoted above illustrate the whole of delinquency of the persons under examination and recidivism among them. Taking into account both the period of minority and the later period from 17 years of age on, there were as many as 4 per every five persons of group A who had already been convicted before, and in group B nearly every second person had had a conviction previously (the difference is significant, p < 0.01). These data confirm the conclusion as to the more advanced process of demoralization of the young adults of group A as compared with group B. 49% of the persons guilty of offences against property of group A came from unbroken homes; the respective percentage in group B was 71% (difference significant, p < 0.001). Broken homes resulted mostly from the death of one parent (23% of cases in group A and 15% in group B), or from divorce (28% of cases in group A, 14% in group B). A majority of the persons came from workmen’s families (90.5% in group A, 70.7% in group B). The level of professional qualifications and education of parents of the persons examined is significantly lower (p < 0.01) in group A as compared with group B. Approximately 60% of families of the persons of group A and 67% of group B had been living in poor financial conditions, which was connected, among others, with excessive drinking of the fathers. 56.3% of fathers of the persons of group A had regularly been drinking excessively, that is drinking vodka at least twice a week. This percentage was only 26.3% in group B, it was lowered, however, as the examination of young adults of young adults of group B was carried on at home, often with the fathers themselves present. 37% of fathers in group A and 19% of those in group B had been taken to a detoxication centre, including 21% and 14% respectively taken at least three times. As in other criminological studies, in the present one young adults have not been found to live in criminal family environment. It was extremely rare that the fathers of the persons examined had criminal records. To sum up, certain negative phenomena were more frequent in the families of young adults of group A (for instance, broken home, excessive drinking of fathers). However, the cumulation of a number of negative factors could have influenced in a particulary unfarourable way the process of socialization of the persons under examination. 5.1. There were 37% of the persons of group A and 23% of those (p< 0.001) of group B with elementary education, and 18% and 5% respectively with incomplete elementary education. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). School retardation which appears more often among delinquents than among non-delinquents is connected with a lower level of education of young adults. Among the young adults of group A as few as 17% revealed no retardation, the percentage as regards group B being 46.5%. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). The retardation of the persons of group B usually amounts to one year only, while it is often 3 years or more among the persons of group A. School problems are also connected with truancy (group A - 78%, group B – 66% of the examined persons), which begins in the very first grades of elementary school. Early and regular truancy of the persons of group A was one of the symptoms of their maladjustment. Truancy is conducive to running away from home. The persons under scrutiny, particularly those of group A, had been running away from home considerably often and for longer periods. 2. Among those who were employed, every second person in group A and every fifth person in group B worked casually only. They usually took jobs requiring low professional qualifications, as only few of them had any professional training (group A-38%, group B-62%). 6.1. Raven’s test was employed to estimate the level of intelligence of the persons examined. 53.6% of young adults of group A and 31.7% of group B scored low and very low (up to 25 centile). 10.3% of group A and 29.3% of group B scored high and very high (centile 75 and more). The mean score was 35.4 in group A standard deviation: 9.87, and 41.1 in group B (standard deviation 10.09). The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.01). Low scares on the Raven’s scale were often found among those persons whose level of education had been low, which was accompanied by a considerable school retardation. 2. To measure the level of extroversion and neurotism, Eysenck’s MPI scale was employed. The level of extroversion and neurotism among the young adult perpetrators of offences against property was not found to be higher than that of the average youth. 6.3. The level of aggressiveness was examined by means of the Buss-Durkee questionnaire. None of its scales differentiated significantly the persons of both groups. The mean total score was 61.7 (standard deviation 21.4) in group A and 61.06 (standard deviation 23.6) in group B. The data given below concern the persons of group A only, as the information obtained from those of group B as to the volume and frequency of drinking among them do not seem reliable. The analysis of statements of the subjects reveals that the percentage of teetotallers diminishes with age. The persons examined have been drinking large amounts of alcohol from their earliest years. 36% of them stated that they had drunk such quantities of various spirits at the age of 15, which converted to 40 proof vodka would amount to 2.5 litres a month. From the age of 17 on, 60% of the persons drank over 2.5 litres of 40 proof alcohol a month. They drank vodka as well as wine and beer, which leads relatively quickly to the “treshold of intoxication”. Mean yearly consumption of alcohol per 1 examined person was 34.2 litres at the age of 15, and increased sed from year to year to reach 113.7 litres yearly at the age of 19, which means that approximately 9.5 litres of 40 proof vodka were consumed monthly; this quantity goes far beyond the mean level of drinking by men at this age. 3/4 of the subjects can be recognized as excessive drinkers. A significant correlation was found between the excessive drinking among the persons under scrutiny and their early delinquency and recidivism. The highest percentage (40%) of the persons who did not drink excessively was found among those convicter once only, while the lowest (14.8%) was found among those who had 5 or more convictions. The analysis of the young adults’ information as to their , peer groups revealed that also their closest friends had been drinking excessively and often intoxicated. In February 1980, further convictions of the persons examined, then aged 25 on the average, were checked up again. As revealed by the analysis, the persons of group A (60%) still continued to commit offences and indeed many of them become multiple recidivists. The difference between the persons of groups A and B is significant (p < 0.001). 40% of the persons of group A and 67% of those of group B have not been convicted within the period of the follow-up. The majority of the persons under observation continued to commit offences against property. The courts have mainly adjudged the penalty of immediate imprisonment (group A - 92.3%, group B - 78.2%). Among those sentenced to immediate imprisonment there were in group A 57.1% sentenced to 2 years or less of imprisonment, and in group B - 93%. There was significant correlation (p < 0.01)between the convictions in juvenile courts and further convictions in the period of the follow-up. As the data reveal, group B towards which the sanctions other than immediate imprisonment were adjudicated, differed from the imprisoned group A as to the smaller extent and intensity of their offending - also during the follow-up - and their lower degree of progress in the process of social maladjustment. However, there were quite many persons in group B as well (though less than in group A), who had been convicted as juveniles; they had yet no convictions during the follow-up in a much highter percentage of cases than the subjects of group. A who had been convicted by the juvenile court previously. On the basis of the above information, criminal policy can be discussed as regards young adults found guilty of offences against property. One should not postulate a total abandonment of the penalty of immediate imprisonment, and yet, as shown by the above data, its adjudgement should be considerably limited. The limitation in question should concern first of all young adults convicted for the first time and socially demoralized to a small degree. Within the years 1970 -76 imprisonment was the measure most frequently adjudicated towards young adults. In the years 1970 - 1974 the percentage of young adults sentenced to immediate imprisonment increased regularly. It is only since 1975 that a favourable phenomenon of regular decrease of the percentage of adjudicated penalties of immediate imprisonment can be noticed, with simultaneous increase of the percentage of measures which are not connected with deprivation of liberty. As it seems, the application of immediate imprisonment towards young adults should undergo further limitations. When postulating the re-orientation of the criminal policy of the courts towards a maximum realization of the instructions of Art. 51of the Penal Code, one should also demand changes in the stage of execution of penalty. As indicated , by many studies of readaptive effectiveness of corrective schools and prisons, their influence is minimal and sometimes their resocializing activities are destructive for the convicted persons. Imprisonment causes a state of deprivation of essential physical and mental needs, destroys the ties of those convicted with their family, gives rise to socially negative patterns of prisoners’ subculture. In the present study also the offenders of group A were described, the considerable part of whom had been changing various types of institutions and prisons, first as juveniles, then as young adults, and the effects of these imprisonments were negative as measured by further convictions within the period of the follow-up. The information presented in this study concerning the family background of the persons of group A (particularly the alcoholism or excessive drinking of the fathers, which is frequent in these families), and information concerning the early and large social maladjustment of these persons, indicate a need to consider the problem of young adult perpetrators of offences against property not only in relation to the measures that should be adjudged and their execution. It is also of almost importance to consider the prevention of social maladjustment of this category of youth.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 403-445
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Criminal law and practical approaches to fighting crime in the area of protection of cultural property as an element of forming the cultural security of the Third Polish Republic
Prawno-karne i praktyczne ujęcia walki z przestępczością w dziedzinie ochrony dóbr kultury jako aspekt kształtowania bezpieczeństwa kulturowego III RP
Autorzy:: Landmann, Tomasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146055.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:: security
cultural property
criminal law
crime
historic monument
bezpieczeństwo
dobro kultury
prawo karne
przestępczość
zabytek
Opis:: The objective of the article is to present criminal law provisions and also the actual effects of fighting crime in the area of protection of cultural property in Poland since the beginning of the 21st century. A thesis has been formulated, according to which the protection of cultural property arising from the criminal law remains the key determinant of forming the cultural security of the Third Polish Republic. The conducted analysis shows that the effective forming of cultural security of the Third Polish Republic depends on ensuring the appropriate protection for the property of special significance for culture. Actions taken in this area of the cultural security fit with the postulate of protecting the cultural heritage. An important aspect of actions undertaken by the state is to formulate and apply the criminal law provisions. On the basis of the presented arguments it can be stated that at the beginning of the 21st century the practice of counteracting and fighting crime against cultural property in the Third Polish Republic depended to a significant extent on the activity of the Police and the Border Guard.
W artykule przyjęto za cel przedstawienie przepisów prawno-karnych, a także faktycznych rezultatów walki z przestępczością w dziedzinie ochrony dóbr kultury w Polsce od początku XXI wieku. Postawiono tezę, zgodnie z którą prawno-karna ochrona dóbr kultury pozostaje kluczowym determinantem kształtowania bezpieczeństwa kulturowego III RP. Przeprowadzona analiza dowiodła, że skuteczne kształtowanie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego III RP zależy od zapewnienia właściwej ochrony dóbr o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury. Działania w tej sferze bezpieczeństwa kulturowego wpisują się w postulat ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego. Ważnym aspektem działań państwa jest formułowanie oraz stosowanie przepisów prawa karnego. Zaprezentowane argumenty pozwalają stwierdzić, że praktyka przeciwdziałania i zwalczania przestępczości wymierzonej w dobra kultury w III RP na początku XXI wieku zależała w dużej mierze od aktywności policji i straży granicznej.
Źródło:: Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces; 2019, 51, 2(192); 238-252
2544-7122
2545-0719
Pojawia się w:: Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kwalifikacja prawna kradzieży drewna i drzewa z lasu jako jednej z form szkodnictwa leśnego
Classification of timber and wood theft as one of the forms of forest damage
Autorzy:: Ziółkowska, A.
Trawińska, J.
Baran, W.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979652.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
szkodnictwo lesne
kradzieze drewna
odpowiedzialnosc karna
przepisy prawne
crime
offenses
forest
protection of forest property
state forests
Opis:: Due to the need to ensure protection of the forest environment against so−called forestry damage, the Polish legislator introduced a number of legal solutions (both in the field of criminal law and the law of misdemeanors), aimed at eliminating human behaviors that harm the forest as a priceless good. Despite the multiplicity of legal regulations, in practice there are situations of improper use (i.e. incorrect legal classification of an act), which in turn translates into the level of forest legal protection as property of special value. The paper analyses criminal law (sensu largo) in terms of penalizing behaviors that are a manifestation of forest damage, but also indicates their correct application in the situation of for example felling and then theft of wood or theft of wood itself. It should be pointed out that the current provisions on the protection of forest property, contained in the Penal Code (PC) of 1997, as well as the Code of Misdemeanors (CM) of 1971, differ significantly (while for the legal qualification: felling and then the theft of trees on the basis of PC should reach for the disposition of the provision of Article 290 of the PC in conjunction with Article 278 PC, then under the CM, only the provision of Article 120 of the PC). The non−uniformity of penal provisions and provisions regulating liability in the event of an offense aimed at ensuring the protection of forest property against forest damage creates a necessity to clarify them, but also to indicate an appropriate model for the classification of acts subject to their instruction.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2019, 163, 09; 784-792
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Sprawcy i kara. Skazani w PRL na karę konfiskaty mienia
Autorzy:: Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788428.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-07-19
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: polityka kryminalna
system prawny Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej
badania empiryczne
kara konfiskaty mienia
Confiscation of property
crime policy
legal system of the Polish People's Republic
empirical research
Opis:: Kara konfiskaty mienia jest jedną z najstarszych kar kryminalnych – pozbawia sprawcę przestępstwa całego, będącego jego własnością majątku. Stosowana w systemach prawnych państw totalitarnych: Niemiec hitlerowskich, Rosji Radzieckiej i ZSRR, państw demokracji ludowej, w tym PRL. W artykule prezentuję wyniki badań kryminologicznych nad sprawcami przestępstw skazanymi w latach 80. XX w. w Polsce na karę konfiskaty mienia. Analizuję celowość tak bezwzględnej represji ekonomicznej w określonym ustroju politycznym i gospodarczym.
Punishment of confiscation of estate, property, possessions - one of the oldest sanctions applied for committing crimes occurred. Punishment was applied in criminal justice systems of totalitarian states: Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, in socialistic countries also. In article, I present criminological research of persons convicted on punishment of confiscation in 80. of XX century in Poland. I analyse purpose of this punishment in specific political and economic system – socialistic system in Poland at 80. of XX c.
Źródło:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2017, 24; 73-78
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Przestępczość przeciwko zabytkom na terenie województwa małopolskiego – studium przypadku
Crime against historical monuments in the Małopolskie Voivodeship – a case study
Autorzy:: Durek, Ewa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30098016.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:: zabytek
dobro o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury
przestępstwo przeciwko zabytkom
przestępstwo przeciwko przedmiotom o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury
wykrywalność przestępstw
województwo małopolskie
monument
property of special importance for culture
crime against monuments
crime against items of special importance for culture
detectability of crimes
Małopolskie Voivodeship
Opis:: W swoim artykule postanowiłam skupić się na sposobach radzenia sobie z przestępczością przeciwko dziedzictwu narodowemu i zbadać zjawisko w jednym z województw na przestrzeni pięciu lat, aby ocenić jego ewolucję. Straty poniesione w wyniku popełnienia zbrodni przeciwko dziedzictwu narodowemu są nie do naprawienia. Wartość zabytków polega nie tylko na ich materialnej reprezentacji, ale przede wszystkim na ich wartości historycznej i edukacyjnej. Stanowią jeden z najważniejszych elementów tworzenia materialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego, pomnik minionych epok, źródło tożsamości narodowej i dokumentujący historię ludzkości.
In my article I’ve decided to focus on ways of dealing with crime against national heritage and to study the phenomenon in one of the voivodship over the course of five years in order to estimate its evolution. The losses incurred as a result of committing crimes against national heritage are irreparable. The value of monuments lays not only in its material representation but most of all in their historical and educational value. They are one of the most important elements in creating the material cultural heritage, a monument to past eras, the source of national identity and documenting the history of mankind.
Źródło:: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica; 2022, 28, 370; 61-70
2081-3333
Pojawia się w:: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Aggravation of crimes against property due to features of the subject of committed act
Typy kwalifikowane przestępstw przeciwko mieniu ze względu na właściwości przedmiotu czynności wykonawczej
Autorzy:: Stefańska, Blanka
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1359693.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-09-30
Wydawca:: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:: dobro o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury
mienie znacznej wartości
przedmiot czynności wykonawczej
przestępstwo kwalifikowane
rzecz powierzona
typ podstawowy przestępstwa
znamię kwalifikujące
object of special importance for culture
property of substantial value
subject of the act committed
aggravated crime
entrusted object
basic type of crime
aggravating constituent element
Opis:: This article discusses aggravated types of crime against property considering the features of the act committed. This concerns an entrusted movable object (Article 284 § 2 of the Polish Criminal Code), property of substantial value (Article 289 § 2, Article 294 § 1 Criminal Code) and objects of special importance for culture (Article 294 § 2 Criminal Code). Interpretation of these constituent elements has been provided by making references to views presented by the representatives of the legal doctrine and in case law. The author assumes that an entrusted object is one which has been handed over to the perpetrator with the power of disposal, subject to the obligation to return it. It is in the perpetrator’s possession before being misappropriated. Property of substantial value or an object of special importance for culture – pursuant to Article 294 § 1 and § 2 of the Criminal Code – is a constituent element aggravating some crimes against property under the Criminal Code listed in Article 294 § 1, namely: theft of another person’s movable object (Article 278 § 1), theft of computer software (Article 278 § 2), misappropriation of another person’s movable object or property right (Article 284 § 1), misappropriation (Article 284 § 2), switching into a telecommunication device (Article 285 § 1), fraud (Article 286 § 1), computer fraud (Article 287 § 1), destroying, damaging or making useless of another person’s property (Article 288 § 1), breaking or damaging a submarine cable or violating regulations applicable in the case of laying or repairing such cables (Article 288 § 3) and intentional handling stolen goods (Article 291 § 1). The list of the regulations defining the basic types of the crimes is exhaustive (numerus clausus), and this regulation may not be applied to other crimes against property. Property of substantial value is property the value of which at the time of committing of the prohibited act exceeds PLN 200,000 (Article 115 § 5 Criminal Code). The value of the property being the subject of the prohibited act should be calculated as of the time of committing the act and not the time of passing the judgment. In the author’s opinion, cultural property has the same meaning as in the definition provided in Article 2(1) of the Act of 25 May 2017 on the restoration of national cultural property, pursuant to which this is “a monument as defined in Article 3(1) of the Act of 23 July 2003 on the protection and care of monuments, a movable object which is not a monument, and also elements or components thereof the preservation of which is in the public interest, considering their artistic, historical or scientific value or their significance for cultural heritage and development.” One argument for giving it this meaning is the fact that it is determined in the act which is recognised as fundamental as regards cultural property.
Przedmiotem artykułu są typy kwalifikowane przestępstw przeciwko mieniu ze względu na właściwości przedmiotu czynności wykonawczej. Chodzi o powierzoną rzecz ruchomą (art. 284 § 2 k.k.), mienie znacznej wartości (art. 289 § 2, art. 294 § 1 k.k.) oraz dobro o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury (art. 294 § 2 k.k.). Została dokonana wykładnia tych znamion z odwołaniem do wypowiedzi w doktrynie i judykaturze. Autorka przyjmuje, że rzeczą powierzoną jest ta, która została przekazana sprawcy we władanie z obowiązkiem zwrotu. Znajduje się ona w posiadaniu sprawcy przed dokonaniem jej przywłaszczenia. Mienie znacznej wartości lub dobro o szczególnym znaczeniu dla kultury – zgodnie z art. 294 § 1 i 2 k.k. – jest znamieniem kwalifikującym niektórych przestępstw przeciwko mieniu, enumeratywnie wymienionych w art. 294 § 1 k.k., a mianowicie: kradzieży cudzej rzeczy ruchomej (art. 278 § 1 k.k.), kradzieży programu komputerowego (art. 278 § 2 k.k.), przywłaszczenia cudzej rzeczy ruchomej lub prawa majątkowego (art. 284 § 1 k.k.), sprzeniewierzenia (art. 284 § 2 k.k.), włączenia się do urządzenia telekomunikacyjnego (art. 285 § 1 k.k.), oszustwa (art. 286 § 1 k.k.), oszustwa komputerowego (art. 287 § 1 k.k.), zniszczenia cudzej rzeczy, uszkodzenia lub uczynienia jej niezdatną do użytku (art. 288 § 1 k.k.), przerwania lub uszkodzenia kabla podmorskiego albo naruszenia przepisów obowiązujących przy zakładaniu lub naprawie takiego kabla (art. 288 § 3 k.k.) i umyślnego paserstwa (art. 291 § 1 k.k.). Wyliczenie przepisów określających podstawowe typy przestępstw jest wyczerpujące (numerus clausus) i przepis ten nie może być zastosowany do innych przestępstw przeciwko mieniu. Mieniem znacznej wartości jest mienie, którego wartość w czasie popełnienia czynu zabronionego przekracza 200 000 zł (art. 115 § 5 k.k.). Wartość mienia stanowiącego przedmiot czynu winna być liczona w odniesieniu do czasu popełnienia czynu, a nie odniesiona do czasu orzekania. Dobro kultury, zdaniem autorki, ma takie samo znaczenie, jakie nadano mu w definicji zawartej w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 25 maja 2017 r. o restytucji narodowych dóbr kultury, w myśl której oznacza ono „zabytek w rozumieniu art. 3 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 23 lipca 2003 r. o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami, rzecz ruchomą niebędącą zabytkiem, a także ich części składowe lub zespoły, których zachowanie leży w interesie społecznym ze względu na ich wartość artystyczną, historyczną lub naukową, lub ze względu na ich znaczenie dla dziedzictwa i rozwoju kulturalnego”. Za nadaniem takiego znaczenia przemawia zamieszczenie definicji w ustawie uważanej za podstawową w dziedzinie dóbr kultury.
Źródło:: Ius Novum; 2019, 13, 3; 17-32
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:: Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Odzyskiwanie mienia pochodzącego z przestępstw - walka z przestępczością i jej skutkami
Recovery of Assets Coming from Crime – Fight Against Crime and its Effects
Autorzy:: Bieńkowski, Marek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041338.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-06
Wydawca:: Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Tematy:: odzyskiwanie mienia i korzyści pochodzących z przestępstwa
mierniki efektywności
wartość zabezpieczonego mienia
współpraca instytucji w ramach systemu odzyskiwania mienia
recovery of assets coming from crime
the value of secured property
institution cooperation under the asset recovery system
efficiency measures
Opis:: Odzyskiwanie mienia pochodzącego z przestępstw oraz przepadek korzyści uzyskanych przez sprawców stanowi istotny element walki z przestępczością i jej skutkami. Może być narzędziem przynoszącym lepsze efekty, niż np. długoletnia kara pozbawienia wolności. Najwyższa Izba Kontroli ustaliła, że w Polsce nie funkcjonuje spójny, kompleksowy system ujawniania i zabezpieczania takiego mienia, zapewniający sprawne jego odzyskiwanie. Średnie zyski z przestępstw w latach 2014–2018 są ocenianena 340,4 mld zł (ok. 3,6% PKB), podczas gdy wartość zabezpieczonego mienia wyniosła zaledwie 2,7 mld zł (tj. 0,8% szacowanych zysków z przestępczości).
It has been the first audit in the area, aimed to respond to the basic question – whether the country has a comprehensive system for disclosing and safeguarding assets that come from crime, to guarantee that such assets are recovered. The audit covered eight entities: the Ministry of Justice, the National Prosecutor’s Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, the Police Headquarters, the Central Investigation Office of the Police, the Headquarters of the Border Guards, the Internal Security Agency, and the Central Anticorruption Bureau. The audit concerned the years 2016–2018, as well as the events that took place before and after these dates, whenever it was necessary for audit purposes.
Źródło:: Kontrola Państwowa; 2020, 65, 3 (392); 55-70
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:: Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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