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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Modern legal systems and the principle of “Culpa in Contrahendo”: A review of the Albanian model of pre-contractual liability on a Roman-Germanic model reference.
    Autorzy:
    Mustafaraj, Borana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1037951.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    culpa in contrahendo
    pre-contractual liability
    pre-contractual fault
    Opis:
    The doctrine of “culpa in contrahendo” constitutes an integral part of the legal systems of different states, although its content differs from one country to another. “Culpa in contrahendo”, as the states with a civil law system recognize, is bound by the obligation to act in good faith during the pre-contractual phase. It represents a responsibility that derives from the injurious behavior of the party during the stage of the contract. The common problem of various modern systems lies in classifying this responsibility, and the solution that states give is expanding the meaning of the contract or the meaning of non-contractual damage, since they do not categorize it as a sui generis responsibility. In Albanian law, there is no special provision for pre-contractual, however, the provision of Article 674 of the civil code may be considered as a basic provision that imposes liability at the negotiation stage. Regarding the nature of this responsibility, it is difficult to admit that it is of a contractual nature, when Albanian case law, despite the low number of cases, has considered it as extra contractual damage. Also, the European Court of Justice has foreseen pre-contractual liability as an extra contractual liability. The lack of unification regarding the rights, obligations and the way of protection against damage at the pre-contractual stage may cause uncertainty, especially in international trade relations.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2019, 19; 80-94
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Liability in Polish law for infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform
    Autorzy:
    Dziedzic, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788283.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-04-07
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    pre-contractual liability
    compensatory liability
    obligation to inform
    pre-contractual obligation to inform
    damages
    trust
    infringement of pre-contractual obligation to inform
    Opis:
    In contemporary contract and consumer law, obligations to inform are an example of instruments (protective ones) which imposes on business entities a duty to make a statement of knowledge (a representation), the content of which is determined by regulations and the purpose of which is to aid the consumer in taking a well-informed, rational decision. Appropriate regulations referring to liability for failing to carry out this obligation to inform aim to maintain optimal trust between the contracting parties and, as a result, lead to a balance in the parties’ position, at the same time upholding the principle of the freedom of contract. In accordance with the fundamental assumption in European consumer law, one’s liability towards a consumer should meet the criteria of both efficiency and proportionality, which means that one should not strictly consider such liability purely formally, i.e., as maintaining an economic balance between the parties. The sanction the company shall incur is to serve the actual satisfaction of the interests of the consumer, and not only to make a profit. Additionally, the sanctions for neglecting the obligation to inform are expected to encourage companies to comply with them. Neglecting this obligation to inform in the pre-contractual phase may take the form of not providing information which is required and explicitly defined by law or providing incomplete information. A large amount of detail in determining a business’s responsibility is presumedto guarantee the consumer knowledge of his/her rights and to enable him/her to evaluate the risks resulting from entering into a particular transaction. One must not, however, ignore the fact that providing excessive, thus illegible, information must be treated equally to non-disclosure of such information, which may result in infringement of the aforementioned regulations. Neglecting the obligation to inform may also arise in such a case where the consumer is not provided with a particular piece of information, despite the lack of a definite legal basis in this regard – such as a detailed regulation contained in an act – but such a duty would result from a general loyalty duty between the contracting parties. In the beginning, it should be noted that the liability for an infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform is characterised by system heterogeneity. In particular, it refers to the distinct consumer protection regime. It is very often the case that depending on the contractor’s status (professional or nonprofessional) the legal consequences of failing to inform or improperly informing are framed in different ways. One must bear in mind the difference between solely the failure to inform or to improperly carry out the pre-contractual obligation to inform (pursued within pre-contractual liability, fundamentally according to an ex delicto regime) and the consequences arising from the content of the delivered information, i.e., the guarantee of definite elements in the legal relationship of an obligatory nature (assigned to the classic liability in an ex contractu regime). The subject of civil liability for the infringement of duties to inform can be analysed from two perspectives: firstly, from an economic point of view, i.e., whether for the aggrieved party and for the market at large it would be more favourable for the infringement of the duty to inform to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime, and secondly, from the perspective of the theory of law, whether for the system of contract law it would be better for this liability to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime. In response to the second question, the position of academics is that the liability for the violation of trust due to failing to properly inform the consumer should be pursued in an ex delicto system in order to maintain the internal cohesion of contract law.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 3 (215); 153-168
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza w ramach ujemnego interesu umowy
    Autorzy:
    J, Kocot, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902598.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    responsibility
    reliance interest
    expectation interest
    confidence
    good faith
    fair dealing
    compensation
    indemnification
    fault in contracting
    damages
    tort
    pre¬contractual liability
    Opis:
    This article is discussing certain issues concerning the liability within the reliance interest under modern Polish civil law having as a background and a starting point Prof. Czachórski’s considerations over the idea of culpa in contrahendo, the reliance and expectation damages, their contemporary meaning in Polish Law of Obligations and also some present opinions of Polish legal doctrine on the essence and functions of the precontractual responsibility. The structure of the presentation is twofold. The first, shorter section gives a brief overview of the Professor Czachórski’s opinions about the legal character of the reliance interest presented in His two eminent articles published in the 60-ies of the XXth century and his comparative analysis of the differences & discrepancies among the German, Swiss and Polish civil law regarding the notions: Vertrauensinterese and Erfülungsinterese, the scope of their application in case of damages, the existence of individual prerequisites which would determine the obligation to pay compensation and their legal source. The second section is divided into five subsections in which I analyze actual problems concerning the present character of the liability based on the reliance interest and its evolution under Polish law well anticipated by Professor Czachórski, among others, the general idea of the fault in contracting (culpa in contrahendo), the legal consequences of the unsuccessful formation of contract procedure, the reliance as a delictual or “the third truck” (sui generis) liability, the grounds and further sense of the division between the reliance and expectation interest and the scope of reliance damages. The fifth subsection refers to the possibility of indemnification of non-pecuniary damages suffered ante contractum and the sixth concerns the interesting problem, only mentioned by Professor Czachórski – the aggrieved person’s contribution to the emergence or increase of the reliance damages. De lege lata the Polish Civil Code is clearly harmonized with the recent European interpretation of culpa in contrahendo regulating it explicitly (art. 72 § 2) as an autonomous source of the liability for the frustrated confidence (trust), resulting from the common obligation to negotiate loyally and in a good faith.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 64; 153-180
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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