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Tytuł:
The journey of humanity: Roots of inequality in the wealth of nations
Autorzy:
Galor, Oded
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/961154.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
population diversity
Opis:
This essay explores the journey of humanity since the emergence of Homo sapiens 300,000 years ago. It analyses the critical role of Unified Growth Theory in resolving two fundamental mysteries that had characterized this journey: (i) The mystery of growth—why did living standards stagnate for most of human history and what led to their sudden soar 200 years ago? (ii) the mystery of inequality—what are the roots of the major surge in inequality across
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2020, 6, 2; 7-18
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Swarm intelligence algorithm based on competitive predators with dynamic virtual teams
Autorzy:
Yang, S.
Sato, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/91592.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi. Polskie Towarzystwo Sieci Neuronowych
Tematy:
swarm intelligence
sitness predator optimizer
dynamic virtual team
population diversity
Opis:
In our previous work, Fitness Predator Optimizer (FPO) is proposed to avoid premature convergence for multimodal problems. In FPO, all of the particles are seen as predators. Only the competitive, powerful predator that are selected as an elite could achieve the limited opportunity to update. The elite generation with roulette wheel selection could increase individual independence and reduce rapid social collaboration. Experimental results show that FPO is able to provide excellent performance of global exploration and local minima avoidance simultaneously. However, to the higher dimensionality of multimodal problem, the slow convergence speed becomes the bottleneck of FPO. A dynamic team model is utilized in FPO, named DFPO to accelerate the early convergence rate. In this paper, DFPO is more precisely described and its variant, DFPO-r is proposed to improve the performance of DFPO. A method of team size selection is proposed in DFPO-r to increase population diversity. The population diversity is one of the most important factors that determines the performance of the optimization algorithm. A higher degree of population diversity is able to help DFPO-r alleviate a premature convergence. The strategy of selection is to choose team size according to the higher degree of population diversity. Ten well-known multimodal benchmark functions are used to evaluate the solution capability of DFPO and DFPO-r. Six benchmark functions are extensively set to 100 dimensions to investigate the performance of DFPO and DFPO-r compared with LBest PSO, Dolphin Partner Optimization and FPO. Experimental results show that both DFPO and DFPO-r could demonstrate the desirable performance. Furthermore, DFPO-r shows better robustness performance compared with DFPO in experimental study.
Źródło:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research; 2017, 7, 2; 87-101
2083-2567
2449-6499
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modern human origins and prehistoric demography of Europe in light of the present-day genetic diversity
Autorzy:
Zietkiewicz, E
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048309.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
European migration
human genetics
demography
phylogeography
demographic expansion
frequency distribution
population diversity
human evolution
Europe
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Genetics; 2001, 42, 4; 509-530
1234-1983
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Genetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) by means of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula
Autorzy:
Ballian, D.
Ivankovic, M.
Grycan, J.
Peric, S.
Marjanovic, H.
Bobinac, M.
Slade, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/57477.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
Tematy:
pubescent oak zob.downy oak
downy oak
oak
Quercus pubescens
chloroplast
cpDNA
Balkan Peninsula
genetic variability
population diversity
plant population
Opis:
In the area of the western Balkans, xerothermal broad-leaf forests hold a very special position, the main species being pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.). The study comprises 36 populations of pubescent oak from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, Albania and Macedonia. Genetic variability and population diversity was analysed on chloroplast DNA in order to determine to which haplotype an individual or studied population belongs, as well as how they are related. For the detection of one haplotype analysed four sequences (AS, TF, DT and CD) on the chloroplasts DNA. The results of the analysis suggest that there are six different haplotypes of pubescent oak (2, 4, 5, 17, 31, 33) in the studied populations. Two more sub-haplotypes were found in haplotype 5 (a and b), but only in populations occurring in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results suggest the great variability of pubescent oak in the researched area, which is generally characteristic of other species from the area of the Balkan Peninsula. The results obtained by means of cpDNA analysis can help in the formation of seed zones. However, due to the strong selection pressure of unplanned logging, and the possible introduction of herbal material of unknown origin, it is necessary to find a sufficient number of autochthonous entities (i.e., populations of the researched species) as well as new suitable markers for their characterization. The results of this paper constitute a scientifically recognised, partial examination of the origin of the starting forest reproductive material from the broader geographic area, thus serving future projects on its regeneration.
Źródło:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae; 2010, 79, 3
0001-6977
2083-9480
Pojawia się w:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impatience mechanism as a diversity maintaining and saddle crossing strategy
Autorzy:
Karcz-Duleba, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/330803.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
phenotypic evolution
impatience operator
extra knowledge
polarization of population
maintaining population diversity
saddle crossing
ewolucja fenotypowa
wiedza dodatkowa
różnorodność populacji
Opis:
The impatience mechanism diversifies the population and facilitates escaping from a local optima trap by modifying fitness values of poorly adapted individuals. In this paper, two versions of the impatience mechanism coupled with a phenotypic model of evolution are studied. A population subordinated to a basic version of the impatience mechanism polarizes itself and evolves as a dipole centered around an averaged individual. In the modified version, the impatience mechanism is supplied with extra knowledge about a currently found optimum. In this case, the behavior of a population is quite different than previously—considerable diversification is also observed, but the population is not polarized and evolves as a single cluster. The impatience mechanism allows crossing saddles relatively fast in different configurations of bimodal and multimodal fitness functions. Actions of impatience mechanisms are shown and compared with evolution without the impatience and with a fitness sharing. The efficiency of crossing saddles is experimentally examined for different fitness functions. Results presented in the paper confirm good properties of the impatience mechanism in diversity maintaining and saddle crossing.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2016, 26, 4; 905-918
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of activated sludge storage before RNA isolation
Autorzy:
Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, A.
Wnuk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/81045.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
activated sludge
biomass
degradation
microbial activity
molecular technique
optimization
population diversity
RNA isolation
RNA molecule
total suspended solid
waste water treatment plant
Źródło:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology; 2011, 92, 1
0860-7796
Pojawia się w:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zróżnicowanie genetyczne wybranych populacji sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) na podstawie analiz RAPD
Genetic diversity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Polish provenances based on RAPD analysis
Autorzy:
Nowakowska, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973034.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewa leśne
leśnictwo
within− and among population genetic diversity
Scots pine
RAPD analysis
metoda RAPD
sosna zwyczajna
Pinus sylvestris
genetyka roślin
populacje roślin
zróżnicowanie genetyczne
Opis:
Genetic diversity is one of the key requirements for the adaptive potential of forest trees. This study presents the analysis of 30 Polish Scots pine provenances. According to the RAPD method, three 10−mer primers: OPE−08, OPE−09 and OPF−07 (Operon Technologies) were used to generate most polymorphic bands of amplified DNA among 450 individuals. The genetic similarity index was calculated after Nei (1987) matching coefficient and results were presented as dendrogram of genetic distances obtained from cluster analysis (UPGMA) for all populations. The Scots pine provenances were also characterized by height and diameter at the breast height „DBH” traits and were compared with the genetic diversity level. All studies populations were characterized by genetic diversity GST=0,215. This coefficient of inter−popu− lation variation was lower than the level of the differentiation within populations (HT=0,262), as it was reported for other Pine species. The results from these studies may be useful to the forest practice to help with decisions on the establishment of stable forest stands; they are also used in the forest genetic resources conservation programmes.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2003, 147, 11; 26-37
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Demographic Changes in Poland – The Regional Dimension
Autorzy:
Richert-Kaźmierska, Anita
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
demographic changes
population ageing
regional diversity of ageing
Opis:
The progressive ageing process concerns both Poland and other Member States of the European Union. In recent years, the share of workers of non-mobile and post-productive age in the total population has been rising, and according to forecasts, in 2035 people aged 45 years and over will represent two-thirds of our society. Since the year 2012, announced the Year of Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations by the European Commission, more and more attention has been paid in the Polish public space to the issues of an ageing society, including its impact on the health of the economy. The article notes that the ageing process does not occur uniformly across all Polish regions, i.e. at the same pace and with the same intensity. The results of studies indicating the regions being most vulnerable to the ageing of the regional community and the negative consequences of this process in the next two decades are presented.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2015, 10, 1; 113-128
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Genetic diversity of Betula nana in Sweden and conservation implications for protection of relict Polish populations
Autorzy:
Dąbrowska, Grażyna B.
Dąbrowski, Henryk P.
Szyp-Borowska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
dwarf birch
RAPD
population
relict species
genetic diversity
Opis:
The natural range of the dwarf birch (Betula nana L.) includes the boreal, subarctic and arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America, where it is relatively common. In Poland, it is a relict species occurring in fragmented populations. Using the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, we investigated the genetic diversity of the four Swedish populations representing a part of the continuous range of dwarf birch. With the knowledge of the level of genetic diversity of a population from a continuous distribution, we can assess the genetic status of polish populations and answer the question if habitat fragmentation and a decrease in population size lead to a loss in genetic diversity. Knowledge of genetic diversity is important for species conservation, especially to predict their ability to respond to environmental pressures. We found that the populations Abisko, Malbo, Gällivare and Storlien, which are located at the edge of the natural range of B. nana and occupy different habitats, are genetically diverse to varying degrees. The northern populations from Abisko and Gällivare showed a lower level of genetic polymorphism than the population from Malbo, the southernmost site of dwarf birch in Sweden. The data presented indicate higher genetic diversity existed within populations, whereas genetic differentiation between populations was lower. The high level of genetic differentiation within B. nana populations that were analysed in the present study may be explained by a limited capacity for dispersal among populations via both pollen and seeds. We found that the level of genetic diversity in one of the Polish populations of B. nana is comparable to that in areas in Scandinavia where populations are large and continuous. Based on these studies, we conclude that the “Linje” population has sufficient genetic resources.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2021, 63, 3; 225-231
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The morphological traits of needles as markers of geographical differentiation in European Pinus sylvestris populations
Autorzy:
Androsiuk, P.
Kaczmarek, Z.
Urbaniak, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
morphological trait
needle
geographic differentiation
European population
Pinus sylvestris
Scotch pine
migration route
forest
species diversity
genetic diversity
population-location interaction
Opis:
To evaluate the geographic variability of Pinus sylvestris populations seven morphological traits of needles of pines from IUFRO 1982 provenance trial have been analyzed. The studied populations originated from northern (>55°N in Russia, Sweden and Latvia), central (55-47°N in Poland, Germany, Belgium, France, Slovakia) andsouthern (<47°N in Hungary, Bosnia, Montenegro andTurkey) European ranges of Scots pine. The analyzedprovenance trial experimental areas were locatedin Kórnik (western Poland) andin Supraśl (north-eastern Poland). The greatest variation was found in needle length and number of stomata rows on the flat and convex side of a needle, whereas number of stomata per 2mmof needle length on flat and convex side of a needle was stable, with minor interpopulational variation. Biometrical analyses revealed a significant population × location interaction anda geographical pattern in interpopulational differentiation in both experimental sites, with the northern andsouthern European Scots pine groups of provenancesdiffering significantly from the group of central origin. The results obtainedare compatible with previous results of studies on provenance variability of the Scots pine from IUFRO 1982. In the light of available data, the influence of the Balkan glacial refugia of Pinus sylvestris on a present genetic diversity of this species in Europe and the reconstruction of Scots pine migration routes after the last glacial period are discussed.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2011, 65
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Genetic diversity of North African Thymus algeriensis in Tunisia: Population structure and implication for conservation
Autorzy:
Ben El Hadj Ali, I.
Guetat, A.
Boussaid, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41188.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
genetic diversity
North Africa
Thymus algeriensis
Tunisia
population structure
molecular marker
natural population
conservation
Opis:
The genetic diversity within and among nine natural populations of Thymus hirtus Willd. subsp. algeriensis (Boiss. et Reut.) Murb. from different geographical and bioclimatic zones were assessed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA data. A total of 154 bands were generated from seven selected primers. 141 bands were polymorphic (P=91.56%). The genetic diversity within a population based on Shannon's index which was high (H'pop=0.307) and varied according to bioclimatic zones. A high genetic differentiation among populations (GST=0.335 and FST=0.296) was revealed, suggesting a population isolation and a low level of gene flow among them. The major proportion of the variation was attributable to individual differences within populations. The genetic structure is in accordance with geography distances. The Neighbour- joining tree based on Nei's and Li's genetic distance among individuals showed that individuals from each population clustered together. The UPGMA dendrogram based on FST values revealed three clusters each of them includes populations closuring to their geographical origin. The high genetic structure of populations resulted from genetic drift caused both by the habitat fragmentation and the low size of most populations. The in situ conservation should interest all populations. The ex situ conservation should be based on the collection of seeds rather within than among populations because of the maximum of variation was revealed within populations.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2012, 67
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie ludności według wieku w Polsce w latach 1991-2010
Differentiation of the Population by Age and Voivodships in Poland, 1991-2010
Autorzy:
Podogrodzka, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/587195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Ludność
Struktura demograficzna
Zróżnicowanie regionalne
Demographic structure
Population
Regional diversity
Opis:
From two decades we have observed changing of demographic processes (and these processes were not similar by voivodships) which have lead to changed of structure of the population by age. Purpose of the article is a description of it, extract the similar regions and assessment of the regions structures of the population to the progressive pyramid of age. This approach will allow to assessment of the spatial dynamics of the process of ageing of the population.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 167; 62-76
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial diversity of the working population in rural areas
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie aktywności zawodowej ludności na obszarach wiejskich
Autorzy:
Ropinska, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/864834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
spatial diversity
working population
rural area
unemployment
entrepreneurship
professional activity
Opis:
The study presents the results of research on the professional activity of rural inhabitants of provinces in Poland. Moreover, the spatial diversity of professional activity in the years 2003 and 2009 is compared. Research is based on the materials, “Rural areas in Poland” sourced from the Central Statistical Office (GUS). For the sake of this study, provinces are classified according to employment indicator and unemployment rate. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the unemployment rate and the rate of entrepreneurship is determined. The unemployment rate is compared with the rate of entrepreneurship in the years 2003 and 2009. The lowest rate of employment in rural areas is found to be in the provinces along the eastern border, in particular in the West Pomerania Province. These provinces are characterized by a high unemployment rate. Simultaneously, the rural areas of these regions share a high rate of entrepreneurship.
Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących aktywności zawodowej mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich województw, porównano zróżnicowanie przestrzenne tego zjawiska w 2003 i 2009 r. W badaniach wykorzystano materiał statystyczny GUS. Dokonano klasyfikacji województw według wskaźnika zatrudnienia i stopy bezrobocia, a także wyznaczono współczynnik korelacji Pearsona dla takich cech, jak: stopa bezrobocia i wskaźnik przedsiębiorczości. Stopę bezrobocia zestawiono ze wskaźnikiem przedsiębiorczości w badanych latach. Najniższy wskaźnik zatrudnienia na obszarach wiejskich wystąpił w województwach położonych wzdłuż wschodniej granicy, w szczególności województwo zachodniopomorskie. Województwa te wyróżniały się również wysoką stopą bezrobocia. Jednocześnie na obszarach wiejskich tych województw występuje wysoki wskaźnik przedsiębiorczości.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2013, 15, 5
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Genetic diversity of Blastocystis spp. in the human population of the Olsztyn area
Autorzy:
Lepczynska, M.
Dzika, E.
Stensvold, C.R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/5729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
genetic diversity
Blastocystis
enteric protist
host
human population
Olsztyn region
Źródło:
Annals of Parasitology; 2016, 62, Suppl.
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Parasitology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Genetic diversity of Lithuanian populations of Juniperus communis L. in relation to abiotic and biotic factors
Autorzy:
Vilcinskas, R.
Jociene, L.
Rekasius, T.
Marozas, V.
Paulauskas, A.
Kupcinskiene, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41192.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
genetic diversity
Lithuanian population
Juniperus communis
abiotic factor
biotic factor
juniper
conifer
Opis:
Juniperus communis L. is increasingly threatened in many parts of Europe, including the Baltic region. Our present study was aimed at evaluation of genetic diversity of J. communis populations of Lithuania. Fourteen selected populations differed in geography and habitats (coastal brown dunes covered with natural Scots pine forests, further referred as B; J. communis shrubs, F; transition mires and quaking bogs, D; subcontinental moss Scots pine forests, G; xero-thermophile fringes, E). Molecular variance was analyzed among populations (140 individuals, in total), employing 14 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Percentage of polymorphic loci differed between populations belonging to the different habitat type, being the highest for population representing habitat F (68.2%) and the lowest for populations D (42.9%). The data demonstrate the possibility to underestimate or overestimate this parameter if some habitat populations are bypassed. Means per population of Nei‘s gene diversity and Shannon‘s information indexes, were 0.158 and 0.239, respectively. Significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance of populations of J. communis was documented by Mantel test. Bayesian analysis of ISSR data has separated populations of Southern Lithuania from Northern part. Juniperus communis populations representing different habitats showed moderate interpopulation variance at ISSR loci. In ISSR-based dendrograms, individuals were correctly allocated to populations, even in case of populations growing in 0.5 km vicinity (habitats D and G). Among all populations the most distinct one was representing habitat of J. communis shrubs (F) protected by EUNIS. Principal coordinate analysis of weighted averages of Ellenberg’s indicator values (EIV) for herbaceous species, separated populations according to habitat type, while the same type analysis of ISSR data allowed distinguishing E habitat populations from populations of all other habitat type but G. Our study shows that on the local (Lithuanian) scale, molecular variance between populations of J. communis at ISSR loci might be related to habitat type. For evaluation and preservation of diversity of J. communis, different assessment methods should be included and management strategies should be directed in the way to retain variety of habitats encompassing both widely spread and less common ones.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2016, 76
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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