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Tytuł:
Die politische Debatte zur zweiten Systemreform der Europäischen Union in Deutschland (2011–2012)
Autorzy:
Węc, Janusz Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/700347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Germanistów Polskich
Tematy:
Germany, European Union, Political Union, Euro Zone, Banking Union
Opis:
The present analysis focuses on the political debate that took place in Germany in 2011–2012 regarding the possible transformation of the European Union into a Political Union. This change was perceived in Germany as a way of overcoming the fiscal crisis in the Euro Zone. However, following opposition from the governments of the majority of member states in the European Union, Germany abandoned plans to force through its own radical project and adopted instead a much more pragmatic plan proposed by European Union institutions, including establishing Banking Union in the Euro Zone, creating the Zone’s own budget together with mechanisms for coordinating economic policies (including tax and employment policies).
Źródło:
Zeitschrift des Verbandes Polnischer Germanisten; 2014, 3, 2
2353-656X
2353-4893
Pojawia się w:
Zeitschrift des Verbandes Polnischer Germanisten
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Różne modele i przestrzenie unii – przypadek Ukrainy
Autorzy:
Bracki, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031003.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-16
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
Ukraine
religious union
political union
cultural union
Ukraina
unia religijna
unia polityczna
unia kulturowa
Opis:
The paper is devoted to the analysis of various models and spaces of the Union with reference to Ukraine. The perspective of the religious, political and cultural union was taken as a starting point. Using selected examples and based on the rich literature of the subject, a review of the activities of the Union from the 10th century to the present has been made. An important element of the study was the demarcation of activities unifying inside and outside of one’s own national community. This allowed for more accurate tracing of the mechanisms of community gathering around a particular idea or its rejection. From the reconnaissance it can be concluded that for the Ukrainian space the unification activities were the most favorable, which was marked by the centripetal, convergent and ukrainocentric vector.
Źródło:
Tematy i Konteksty; 2019, 14, 9; 93-108
2299-8365
Pojawia się w:
Tematy i Konteksty
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PROBLEMY STREFY EURO
PROBLEMS OF THE EUROZONE
Autorzy:
Balcerowicz, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693022.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
eurozone
economy
single currency
devaluation
political union
strefa euro
gospodarka
wspólna waluta
dewaluacja
unia polityczna
Opis:
The official rescue loans recently granted to a number of the Eurozone states cannot be treated as being in lieu of reforms that must be implemented in those countries in order to improve their economy, which they need so much to regain confidence of financial markets. There are two major structural weaknesses of the single currency (Euro) identified in literature: (i) the uniform monetary policy is incapable of accounting for differences among individual member states and single currency renders devaluation in Eurozone impossible; (ii) the eurozone exists without the ‘political union.’ The paper contains an analysis of the legitimacy of both theses.
Oficjalne kredyty ratunkowe dla niektórych krajów w strefie euro nie mogą zastąpić tam reform, które – poprawiając sytuację gospodarczą – pozwolą odzyskać owym krajom zaufanie rynków finansowych. W literaturze wymienia się dwie główne strukturalne słabości wspólnej waluty (euro): 1. Jednolita polityka pieniądza nie jest w stanie uwzględnić odmienności sytuacji poszczególnych krajów, a wspólny pieniądz nie pozwala na dewaluację w obrębie strefy euro; 2. Strefa euro istnieje bez „unii politycznej”. Artykuł analizuje zasadność tych tez.
Źródło:
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2012, 74, 1; 81-87
0035-9629
2543-9170
Pojawia się w:
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some praxiological remarks on the problems of the European Union
Autorzy:
Szałek, Benon Zb.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Political system of European Union
praxeology
problems of European Union
future of European Union
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present some remarks on the problems of the European Union as a system of 27 member states. It may be useful to deal with these problems on the grounds of a simple scheme based on the systems theory. This scheme requires to analyse the system of the European Union in association with its natural and artificial environment. European Union is in fact a multifunctional tool for several particular centres of power. It would be difficult to describe the European Union as ‘controllable’. One must not forget that there is some opposition with regard to the European Union. Numerous problems are generated within the member states. It seems to be reasonable to expect that the structure of the European Commission should be compatible with the real problems of the European Union and its member states. These matters require further research.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2011, 2; 183-201
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Równowaga międzyinstytucjonalna jako kategoria analityczna w badaniach nad systemem politycznym Unii Europejskiej
Inter-institutional Balance as an Analytical Category in the Study of the Politicalsystem of the European Union
Autorzy:
Jaskulski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32306335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
European integration
interinstitutional balance
European Union institutions
European Union political system
integracja europejska
równowaga międzyinstytucjonalna
instytucje Unii Europejskiej
system polityczny Unii Europejskiej
Opis:
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie na adekwatność stosowania do badań nad systemem politycznym Unii Europejskiej analizy poprzez pryzmat koncepcji równowagi instytucjonalnej. Przedmiotowy artykuł ma przede wszystkim charakter analityczny, a nie empiryczny, wskazując na znaczenie równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej w jej aspekcie prawnym i politologicznym, relacje równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej z zasadą check and balances oraz funkcję, jaką równowaga międzyinstytucjonalna spełnia w systemie politycznym UE, a także kryterium, poprzez które zmiany w równowadze międzyinstytucjonalnej można badać. Pierwsza z hipotez badawczych weryfikowanych w niniejszym artykule stwierdza, iż istnieje konieczność odejścia od pojmowania stosunków międzyinstytucjonalnych poprzez pryzmat działalności tylko trzech podmiotów, tj. RUE, KE i PE, co miało miejsce przez wiele lat w badaniach prowadzonych nad systemem instytucjonalnym UE. Druga hipoteza badawcza zakłada, iż analiza systemu politycznego UE z użyciem zasady chceck and balances, ze względu na inne cele systemu politycznego UE niż państw narodowych, ma znacznie mniejszy potencjał eksplanacyjny, niż analiza tego systemu z użyciem koncepcji równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej. W artykule zastosowano następujące metody badawcze: instytucjonalno-prawną oraz neoinstytucjonalną.
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the appropriateness of applying analysis through the lens of the concept of institutional balance to the study of the political system of the European Union. The article is primarily analytical rather than empirical, pointing out the importance of inter-institutional balance in its legal and political aspects, the relationship of inter-institutional balance to the principle of checks and balances, and the function that inter-institutional balance plays in the EU political system, as well as the criterion by which changes in inter-institutional balance can be studied. One of the research hypotheses tested in this article is that there is a need to move away from understanding inter-institutional relations through the prism of the activities of only three entities, i.e. the EU Council, the EC and the EP, which has been the case for many years in research on the EU institutional system. The second research hypothesis is that, because the objectives of the EU political system are different from those of the nation-states, the analysis of the EU political system using the principle of check and balances has much less exploratory potential than the analysis of this system using the concept of interinstitutional balances. The article uses the following research methods: institutional-legal and neo-institutional.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2023, 4; 19-35
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Union in search of systemic balance. An analysis involving the concept of resilience
Autorzy:
Anna, Wierzchowska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/894683.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
process of European integration; political system of the European Union; systemic balance; resilience; crisis
Opis:
The article deals with the issue of EU political system seen as a set of institutional and legal mechanisms and solutions looking for a way to lead and maintain its internal balance. This problem is included in line with the assumptions of the resilience concept, which is a fundamental theoretical assumption at work. Resilience, or flexibility, the ability to adapt and “bounce off the bottom”, to recuperate, is referred to the EU as a prospect of a research perspective indicating the paths of thinking about the regularity of the development of the EU system in the long term. Recourse to such a framework is implied in the EU by the nature of the integration structure and the political system whose creation was initiated in 1957 with the establishment of the EEC. Analysis carried out in the article leads to conclusion that the EU political system is characterised by resilience- -specific properties, which makes it flexible in responding to emerging difficulties and tensions. At the same time, the solutions and mechanisms implemented on this basis lead to the deepening of differences. Achieving a system balance becomes difficult.
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2017, 4 (46); 10-38
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kluczowe problemy polityczne w dialogu Unii Europejskiej z Chińską Republiką Ludową na progu XXI wieku
Key Issues in Political Dialog between European Union and China on the Threshold of 21st Century
Autorzy:
Gorgol, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
European Union
Political dialog
Opis:
The article presents the political aspect of relations between European Union and China. It focuses on the following issues: human rights, European embargo on arms' sales, environment, technology transfer and external dimension of their partnership (concerning USA and Africa). Those political aspects are gaining on importance since the economic ties between the two partners are getting stronger every year. Famous Chinese boom has made it one of the most important trade partners of the EU. Since 1978 (date of signature of commercial agreement), trade value have been multiplied by 60, reaching in 2006, more than 254 billion euro. Aware of this evolution, the European Commission has given the first impulse for developing closer relations. Its policy paper on China entitled „A long term policy for China Europe relations" published in 1995, is considered as a first European strategy towards this country. Since then, it has been completed by many other documents, giving a wide panorama of EU objectives towards China. The „leitmotiv" is engaging China into the international community, which means acting by positive means like development programs, technology transfers, and cultural exchanges. On the other hand it means fewer restrictions on the most sensitive issues, like human rights. In this field the traditional instrument of policy towards China: sanctions, has been replaced by dialogue, which is held on regular basis between EU and Chinese diplomats. The critical view on this matter is presented in this article. The Chinese side has soon welcomed the growing interest from the European side, since its fits very well its international strategy. The Chinese ambition is to become „the first league" player on the international scene and the European support seems to be precious for China. In 2003, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs published its first policy paper ever. Not surprisingly, it concerned relations with European Union. The Chinese vision is focused on "multilateralism" as the objective to reach in international relations. This implies that relations with EU are regarded in a wider perspective. The aspect concerning the United States has to be therefore taken into consideration. An important phase of EU-China relations will be marked by signing the new multicultural agreement, which was announced to be negotiated in January 2007.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 367-404
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The level of Poland’s social and economic development in the aspect of the European Union’s inner cohesion
Autorzy:
Willa, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2025215.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
political economy
European Union
Polska
economy
Opis:
Each enlargement of the European Communities (EC) and later the European Union (EU) has had an indisputable in! uence on inner cohesion of the organization itself. The participants of the integration processes have included the countries deviating from the previous Member States by the level of the economic development, the structures of their economies, macroeconomic conditions, etc. This differentiation has taken its toll especially on the functioning and the expenses of common policies (mainly transfer ones) as well as the execution of the integration reinforcement plans such as the European Economic and Monetary Union. In this aspect the most serious consequences were caused by the admission of countries that were much weaker economically, especially Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal. These countries had to go through a long way of reforms in order to become rightful members of the organization and for their integration with the Communities to become a mutual success. A big part of the expenses connected with these reforms was financed by the common budget thanks to the structural funds and the Common Agricultural Policy.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2011, 40; 156-172
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WIZJA PAŃSTWA W MYŚLI POLITYCZNEJ UNII WOLNOŚCI
A VISION OF THE STATE IN UNIA WOLNOŚCI’S POLITICAL THOUGHT
Autorzy:
Szczepański, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513078.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
political party
Union Freedom
constitution
democracy
Opis:
The aim of the article was to present the UW party’s assumptions of the political system of the country. A particular attention was paid to the principle of separation of powers and the need to maintain a balance between the legislative, administrative and judicatory power. The scope of the various authorities have been discussed, and specific solutions pointed at which, according to UW ideologues, may have contributed to their better functioning.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2012, 10; 151-159 (9)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Contextualizing media behavior: Media environments and individuals’ media use in the European Union
Autorzy:
Loveless, Matthew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/471069.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Komunikacji Społecznej
Tematy:
media
political communication
European Union
political behavior
media effects
democracy
Opis:
Individuals in “freer” media environments are assumed to have better choices among media and are thus able to make better and more effi cient use of media. Using the European Parliamentary Elections of 2009 as a highly visible political event, we fi nd that, as expected, individuals use media to satisfy informational needs about the elections in highly “free” media environments (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). In addition, we fi nd strong prima facie evidence that in “less free” media environments — distinguished by the strong alignment of parties, social and political cleavages, and media outlets — individuals also respond with higher information-seeking media behavior. For comparative media studies, by linking specifi c media environments to specifi c individual-level media behaviors, where media is used tells us more about how media is used.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Communication; 2015, 8, 1(14)
1899-5101
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Communication
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
UNIA WOLNOŚCI W OŚWIĘCIMIU
THE FREEDOM UNION IN OŚWIĘCIM
Autorzy:
URBIŃSKI, JACEK
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513555.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
Freedom Union
political party
power
Oświęcim
Opis:
The Freedom Union was a liberal democratic political party based on the Solidarity trade union movement. It was founded in 1994 out of the merger of the Democratic Union and the Liberal Democratic Congress. The leaders of The Freedom Union had a huge influence on policy in free and democratic Poland. In 2001 some members of the party decided to move to join the new Civic Platform. In 2005 the Freedom Union’s leadership founded the social-liberal Democratic Party. The article is about The Freedom Union in Oswiecim, where the party was authentic in power.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 12, 3; 19-31 (13)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kultura polityczna a możliwość odmowy publikacji w prasie reklam i prywatnych ogłoszeń
Autorzy:
Gołda-Sobczak, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2231130.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Advertisement
European Union
political culture
announcements
Opis:
The problem of the opportunity to place advertisement in mass media has been analysed both by Polish courts and the European Court of Human Rights only with regard to the content of said advertisement and its reference to current legal advertising bans. However, there occurred a significant problem not only from the point of view of the freedom of press, but also civil liberties, namely that of presenting advertisement undesired by newspaper editors. Cases tried by Polish courts, one being subject to analysis of the European Court of Human Rights, prove that within the scope of placing advertisement the voice of publishers and editors is decisive. Any citizen referring to the freedom of speech stands no chance that the content of advertisement presented by them will be published. Free press is to be free to choose advertisement, and what’s crucial here is the economic freedom of contract. tantamount to conceding that this norm ceases to exist, but only affirms that it cannot be applied.
Źródło:
Themis Polska Nova; 2014, 1(6); 175-185
2084-4522
Pojawia się w:
Themis Polska Nova
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WIZJA UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W KONCEPCJACH PRAWA I SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI W ŚWIETLE TEORII MIĘDZYRZĄDOWYCH I PONADNARODOWYCH
THE VISION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONCEPTS OF THE LAW AND JUSTICE PARTY IN THE LIGHT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND SUPRANATIONAL THEORIES
Autorzy:
Staszczyk, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513653.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
European Union
vision
integration theories
political party
Opis:
The paper explores the issue of the application of selected theories of European inte-gration (intergovernmental and supranational) to explain the position of the Polish Justice Law and Justice party with regard to the functioning and future of the EU. The party, led by Jaroslaw Kaczynski, is a political formation which is actively engaged in the debate on the shape of the EU, pertaining to both its theoretical and practical policies. The ongoing debate has taken the form of battle between neo-functionalism and state-centric intergovernmental approach. The author believes that the main theory that explains the Law and Justice party’s approach to European issues is inter-governmentalism which aligns well with the concept of “Europe of Motherlands” adopted by the party. It proclaims the primacy of nation state and its interests in the process of European integration. This is tantamount to refuting the view that the EU can develop only in accordance with the neo-functionalism’s spill-over logic which will eventually lead to the formation of a European federation.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2016, 14, 3; 169-184 (19)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Freedom Union. The Decline and Fall of the Party in Postcommunist Poland
Autorzy:
Wincławska, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2026762.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
the Freedom Union
Polish politics
political system
Opis:
Emergence of parties and party systems in Central and Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism, in comparison with the emergence of parties and party systems in Western Europe, was different in at least two ways. First, they were forming up in the time of crisis of political parties in general. Western political parties, as Martin Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan indicated were a result of sociolopolitical cleavages (Lipset, Rokkan 1967), which enabled them to formulate their programmes and define their electorates. However, since the late 1960’ there have been many changes, due to new socio-political context. Relations between parties and their electorates started to diminish as a result of new sociopolitical differences and the parties themselves started to look for new supporters (tried, with the help of media, to become catch all parties). Parallel to this, ideologies stopped playing the main, defining role in the process of voting for the party. But still, as Lipset claims in an article describing party systems in postcommunist Europe, parties must have steady voter alignments based on sociopolitical divisions in order to successfully take part in consecutive general elections, until then they are unstable.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2006, 35; 160-181
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Europeanization of Slovak Political System During the Accession Process to the European Union
Europeizacja systemu politycznego Słowacji w trakcie procesu przystąpienia do Unii Europejskiej
Autorzy:
Leška, Dušan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1953196.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
European Union
Europeanization
Slovak political system
transition
transformation
Opis:
Europeanization acted at all stages of society development in Slovakia, with varying degrees of intensity and in various forms, since the signing of the association agreement with the European Union. A significant impact was already in the stage of transition, when the consistent implementation of the Copenhagen criteria insist by the EC/EU help to return to the path of democratic development in Slovakia. However, it wasn’t just about the application of the generally accepted principles of parliamentary democracy, but also on the active impact of the EC/EU institutions within the existing opportunities provided by the signing of the Association Agreement. A qualitatively new stage began after completion of the Copenhagen criteria and the opening of negotiations, which was to implement acquis communautaire into the internal legal order of the country. At this stage, clearly dominated the process of Europeanization “top-down”, i.e. the adoption of standards, laws of the European Union, to make country compatible with other countries of the EU. After the entry of the Slovakia into the EU, a two-sided process of Europeanization: “up-down” and “bottom-up” has started.
Europeizacja oddziaływała na wszystkich etapach rozwoju społecznego na Słowacji – z różnym natężeniem i w różnych formach – od momentu podpisania przez Słowację umowy stowarzyszeniowej z Unią Europejską. Znaczący wpływ dało się zauważyć już na etapie tranzycji, kiedy to konsekwentna implementacja wymaganych przez KE/UE kryteriów kopenhaskich pomogła Słowacji wrócić na ścieżkę demokratycznego rozwoju. Nie chodziło li tylko o wprowadzanie w życie powszechnie akceptowanych zasad demokracji parlamentarnej, ale także o aktywne oddziaływanie instytucji KE/UE w ramach możliwości stworzonych przez podpisanie umowy stowarzyszeniowej. Spełnienie kryteriów kopenhaskich i rozpoczęcie negocjacji otworzyło zupełnie nowy etap, polegający na wcielaniu acquis communautaire (porządku prawnego Unii Europejskiej) do wewnętrznego porządku prawnego kraju. W tej fazie zdecydowanie dominował model europeizacji przebiegającej unilateralnie, w płaszczyźnie „góra–dół”, a więc przyjęcie standardów i praw Unii Europejskiej, uczynienie kraju kompatybilnym z innymi państwami członkowskimi Unii. Po wejściu Słowacji do UE rozpoczyna się dwuwektorowy proces europeizacji, przebiegający zarówno w kierunku „góra–dół”, jak i „dół–góra”.
Źródło:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne; 2015, 48; 168-189
1505-2192
Pojawia się w:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 106

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