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    Wyświetlanie 1-27 z 27
    Tytuł:
    Phoneme Analysis Ability in Children with the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
    Umiejętność analizy fonemowej dzieci z alkoholowym zespołem płodowym
    Autorzy:
    Krakowiak, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/667473.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
    phoneme
    phonological awareness
    phoneme analysis
    Opis:
    A woman who drinks alcohol while being pregnant puts her child at risk of numerous birth defects that can negatively affect a child’s cognition, physical growth and behaviour. It is called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – FAS. Among all these dysfunctions, hearing problems might occur, including the disorders of phonematic hearing and phonematic analysis which result in improper executive functioning. The deficits in executive functioning can lead to real-life implications. According to studies, the children’s ability to operate phonemes should develop with age. Approximately sixty per cent of six-year-old children and almost all ten-year-old children successfully perform phoneme analysis. Undoubtedly, this ability is strongly connected with reading and writing, that is, the basic skills for school children. However, studies on FAS children show that only twenty per cent of sixyear- olds and fifty per cent of ten-year-olds can manage the task of phoneme operations. It is a natural consequence of the problems with memorising sounds and the linear order of words. This failure in developing the skill of phoneme analysis in children leads to dysfunctions in reading and writing.
    Źródło:
    Logopedia Silesiana; 2019, 8; 206-235
    2300-5246
    2391-4297
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopedia Silesiana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Мовні особливості староукраїнського перекладу вироку Сигізмунда ІІІ
    Linguistic Features of the Sentence Issued by Sigismund III
    Autorzy:
    Титаренко, Валентина
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031470.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    monuments
    charter
    continuant
    phoneme
    borrowing
    Źródło:
    Slavia Orientalis; 2020, LXIX, 1; 107-120
    0037-6744
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Orientalis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Błędy w zapisie fonemów samogłoskowych języka polskiego
    Errors in the transcription of vowel phonemes of the Polish language
    Autorzy:
    Solecki, Jakub
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29431035.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
    Tematy:
    spelling errors
    phoneme
    grapheme
    phoneme-grafeme correspondences
    błędy ortograficzne
    fonem
    grafem
    samogłoski
    relacje fonem-grafem
    Opis:
    The article approaches the subject of spelling errors made in notation of vowel phonemes of the Polish language. The focus group consisted of Polish teenagers aged 15 or 16 years who were asked to produce a sample writing in the form of an argument and to write a dictation, devised by the author himself. The article comprises four parts: the introduction, the typology of spelling errors, the description of spelling errors seen from the perspective of phoneme-grapheme correspondences, and the discussion part. Most of the collected errorscollected were of orthographic (phonetically correct) or morphological type, depending on the chosen classification. Of the gathered material, substituting the ę grapheme with e in the ę - /ɛ/ word-final position (such as Ja chcę – eng. ‘I want’) was the most prevalent pattern. Other errors concerned mainly: incorrect spellings of the /u/ phoneme (especially in a context where the ó grapheme does not alternate with the o grapheme), wrong spellings of the ął, ęł, ęl, and en biphonematic group (as in wziął, wzięła, wzięli, argument), as well as confusing the om and ą graphemes in their word-final position (e.g. kolegom, kolegą eng. ‘a friend’ respectively in its dative and ablative grammar case).
    Źródło:
    Conversatoria Linguistica; 2022, 14; 99-122
    1897-1415
    Pojawia się w:
    Conversatoria Linguistica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyrazy n-fonemowe i n-sylabowe w mowie dorosłych adresowanej do niemowląt
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/637281.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    phoneme, infant, infant-directed speech, language
    Opis:
    N-phoneme and N-syllable expressions in adult speech directed to infants Studies devoted to phonostatic research have made clear that there is a correlation between the frequency of words of a certain phoneme and syllable length and their adherence to certain stylistic variations of Polish. The fact of the occurrence of a higher number of shorter or longer words depending on the type of analysed expressions was noticed by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century, although most of these opinions were not yet supported by a proper quantity of data. Such data began to published in the 1970s. My article presents results concerning the frequency of n-phoneme and n-syllable words in a particular, simplified register of infant-directed speech (IDS). A comparison of the frequency of the occurrence of words of a certain phoneme and syllable length in IDS with the data obtained from other speech samples, among them the Polish of pre-schoolers and contemporary Polish, allows one to state that the length of words may be one of the most important criteria evidencing the “difference” of infant-directed speech. The analysed language material (cassette recording) came from 102 child-carers (mothers, fathers and grandmothers). It was listened to, phonologically transcribed and entered into a computer memory by one person. All of the analysed text consisted of 74,534 words (308,918 phonemes).
    Źródło:
    Psychologia Rozwojowa; 2009, 14, 2
    1895-6297
    2084-3879
    Pojawia się w:
    Psychologia Rozwojowa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Phonostilistische Besonderheiten des deutschen Reimdiskurses
    Phonostilistic Pecularities of German Rhyming Discourse
    Autorzy:
    Tokaryeva, Tetyana
    Khomenko, Tetyana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/458641.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
    Tematy:
    phoneme
    phonosemantics
    phonostilistics
    sound design
    rhyming discourse
    Opis:
    The vocal side of language has aroused the interest of scientists and researchers since antiquity. This direc¬tion in linguistic research is still relevant today, as evidenced by numerous treatises and experiments. In the present contribution, the authors tried to generalize and to analyze the most important means of pho¬nostilistics and their realization in different types of rhyming discourse, such as nursery rhymes, children’s poems, puzzles, lyrical poems etc. It has been proved very clearly that alliteration, assonance, phonetic imitation, phonetic symbolism as well as linguistic design are characterized by the aesthetic function as well. They create a special atmosphere in a finished work and thus achieve a certain emotional influence not only on the listener but also on the reader. This realizes the existence of the finest thread between the author and the auditorium, for which his rhyming work is forseen.
    Źródło:
    Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław; 2019, 16; 341-352
    2084-3062
    2657-5647
    Pojawia się w:
    Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Unsupervised Phoneme Segmentation Based on Main Energy Change for Arabic Speech
    Autorzy:
    Lachachi, N.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/958116.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    band frequencies
    energy changes
    formant analysis
    phoneme segmentation
    Opis:
    In this paper, a new method for segmenting speech at the phoneme level is presented. For this purpose, author uses the short-time Fourier transform of the speech signal. The goal is to identify the locations of main energy changes in frequency over time, which can be described as phoneme boundaries. A frequency range analysis and search for energy changes in individual area is applied to obtain further precision to identify speech segments that carry out vowel and consonant segment confined in small number of narrow spectral areas. This method merely utilizes the power spectrum of the signal for segmentation. There is no need for any adaptation of the parameters or training for different speakers in advance. In addition, no transcript information, neither any prior linguistic knowledge about the phonemes is needed, or voiced/unvoiced decision making is required. Segmentation results with proposed method have been compared with a manual segmentation, and compared with three same kinds of segmentation methods. These results show that 81% of the boundaries are successfully identified. This research aims to improve the acoustic parameters for all the processing systems of the Arab speech.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2017, 1; 12-20
    1509-4553
    1899-8852
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fonem jako prototyp i kategoria radialna. Koncepcja kognitywna
    Phoneme as a prototype and radial category. Cognitive conception
    Autorzy:
    Pluta-Wojciechowska, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/667628.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    phoneme
    prototype theory of prototypes
    radial category
    cognitive conception
    Opis:
    The subject matter of the study is the presentation of questions which are connected with the notion of the phoneme. The authoress intention was to approach the reader not only with the meaning of this notion but to show how differently it can be understood and what role it plays regarding the usage of a language. The effect of presented considerations is the presentation of own capture of a phoneme with the help of chosen principles of cognitive linguistics, particularly the theory of prototypes.
    Źródło:
    Logopedia Silesiana; 2014, Logopedia Silesiana nr 3; 50-67
    2300-5246
    2391-4297
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopedia Silesiana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Voiceless Stop Consonant Modelling and Synthesis Framework Based on MISO Dynamic System
    Autorzy:
    Korvel, G.
    Kostek, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177173.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    speech synthesis
    consonant phonemes
    phoneme modelling framework
    MISO system
    Opis:
    A voiceless stop consonant phoneme modelling and synthesis framework based on a phoneme modeling in low-frequency range and high-frequency range separately is proposed. The phoneme signal is decomposed into the sums of simpler basic components and described as the output of a linear multiple-input and single-output (MISO) system. The impulse response of each channel is a third order quasi-polynomial. Using this framework, the limit between the frequency ranges is determined. A new limit point searching three-step algorithm is given in this paper. Within this framework, the input of the low-frequency component is equal to one, and the impulse response generates the whole component. The high-frequency component appears when the system is excited by semi-periodic impulses. The filter impulse response of this component model is single period and decays after three periods. Application of the proposed modelling framework for the voiceless stop consonant phoneme has shown that the quality of the model is sufficiently good.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Acoustics; 2017, 42, 3; 375-383
    0137-5075
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Acoustics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Opis zaburzeń mowy jako pierwszy etap postępowania logopedycznego
    Description of speech disorders the first way of logopedic treatment
    Autorzy:
    Pluta-Wojciechowska, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/667441.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    speech disorders
    disorders of phoneme realization
    phonetic categories
    logopedic treatment
    Opis:
    The paper presents a description of speech disorders, in particular those concerning phoneme realization. The author provides a review of different methods in describing speech defects with regard to phoneme realization and she points out to pros and cons of these methods. She also formulates her own proposal for the description of speech impediments taking into account all phonetic categories.
    Źródło:
    Logopedia Silesiana; 2012, Logopedia Silesiana nr 1; 31-46
    2300-5246
    2391-4297
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopedia Silesiana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Chinese Syllable and Phoneme Identification in Noise and Reverberation
    Autorzy:
    Peng, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178038.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    syllable identification
    phoneme identification
    noise
    reverberation time
    signal-to-noise ratio
    Opis:
    Chinese is a tonal language, which differentiates it from non-tonal languages in the Western countries. A Chinese character consists of an initial, a final, and a tone. In the present study, the effects of noise and reverberation on the Chinese syllable, initial, final, and tone identification in rooms were investigated by using simulated binaural impulse responses through auralization method. The results show that the syllable identification score is the lowest, the tone identification score is the highest, and the initial iden- tification scores are lower than those of the final identification under the same reverberation time and signal-to-noise ratio condition. The Chinese syllable, initial, and final identification scores increase with the increase of signal-to-noise ratio and decrease of the reverberation time. The noise and reverberation have insignificant effects on the Chinese tone identification scores under most room acoustical environ- ments. The statistical relationship between the Chinese syllable articulation and phoneme articulation had been experimentally proved under different noise and reverberation conditions in simulated rooms.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Acoustics; 2014, 39, 4; 483-488
    0137-5075
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Acoustics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Multi-Layer Transcription Model – concept outline
    Autorzy:
    Śledziński, Daniel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2183702.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk
    Tematy:
    G2P
    grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
    Polish language
    text processing
    Opis:
    This paper discusses the assumptions of a Multi-Layer Transcription Model (hereinafter: MLTM). The solution presented is an advanced grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion method that can be implemented in technical applications, such as automatic speech recognition and synthesis systems. The features of MLTM also facilitate the application of text-to-transcription conversion in linguistic research. The model presented here is the basis for multi-step processing of the orthographic representation of words with those being transcribed gradually. The consecutive stages of the procedure include, among other things, identification of multi-character phonemes, voicing status change, and consonant clusters simplification. The multi-layer model described in this paper makes it possible to assign individual phonetic processes (for example assimilation), as well as other types of transformation, to particular layers. As a result, the set of rules becomes more transparent. Moreover, the rules related to any process can be modified independently of the rules connected with other forms of transformation, provided that the latter have been assigned to a different layer. These properties of the multi-layer transcription model in question provide crucial advantages for the solutions based on it, such as their flexibility and transparency. There are no assumptions in the model about the applicable number of layers, their functions, or the number of rules defined in each layer. A special mechanism used for the implementation of the MLTM concept enables projection of individual characters onto either a phonemic or a phonetic transcript (obtained after processing in the final layer of the MLTM-based system has been completed). The solution presented in this text has been implemented for the Polish language, however, it is not impossible to use the same model for other languages.
    Źródło:
    Lingua Posnanensis; 2022, 64, 1; 49-71
    0079-4740
    2083-6090
    Pojawia się w:
    Lingua Posnanensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A cross-linguistic database of phonetic transcription systems
    Autorzy:
    Anderson, Cormac
    Tresoldi, Tiago
    Chacon, Thiago
    Fehn, Anne-Maria
    Walworth, Mary
    Forkel, Robert
    List, Johann-Mattis
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134801.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    phonetic transcription
    phoneme inventory databases
    cross-linguistically linked data
    reference catalog
    dataset
    Opis:
    Contrary to what non-practitioners might expect, the systems of phonetic notation used by linguists are highly idiosyncratic. Not only do various linguistic subfields disagree on the specific symbols they use to denote the speech sounds of languages, but also in large databases of sound inventories considerable variation can be found. Inspired by recent efforts to link cross-linguistic data with help of reference catalogues (Glottolog, Concepticon) across different resources, we present initial efforts to link different phonetic notation systems to a catalogue of speech sounds. This is achieved with the help of a database accompanied by a software framework that uses a limited but easily extendable set of non-binary feature values to allow for quick and convenient registration of different transcription systems, while at the same time linking to additional datasets with restricted inventories. Linking different transcription systems enables us to conveniently translate between different phonetic transcription systems, while linking sounds to databases allows users quick access to various kinds of metadata, including feature values, statistics on phoneme inventories, and information on prosody and sound classes. In order to prove the feasibility of this enterprise, we supplement an initial version of our cross-linguistic database of phonetic transcription systems (CLTS), which currently registers five transcription systems and links to fifteen datasets, as well as a web application, which permits users to conveniently test the power of the automatic translation across transcription systems.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting; 2018, 4, 1; 21-53
    2449-7525
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O kształceniu logopedów w zakresie dyslalii. Nowe wyzwania
    On Educating Speech Therapists in the Field of Dyslalia. New Challenges
    Autorzy:
    Pluta-Wojciechowska, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28408928.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    zaburzenia realizacji fonemów
    dyslalia
    kształcenie logopedów
    phoneme implementation disorders
    training of speech therapists
    Opis:
    Artykuł dotyczy problematyki kształcenia w zakresie zaburzeń realizacji fonemów – jednego z ważniejszych elementów programu studiów logopedycznych: podyplomowych i stacjonarnych. Autorka odnosi się do współczesnej wiedzy na temat wad wymowy, podkreślając różnice pomiędzy tradycyjnym a nowym ujęciem tego zaburzenia. Wskazuje nowe zadania, jakie powinny zostać uwzględnione w programach kształcenia w związku z obecnością w przestrzeni internetowej różnorodnych informacji, często niezgodnych ze współczesną wiedzą na temat postępowania w dyslalii, a także z innymi problemami, np. z różnym rozumieniem interdyscyplinarności logopedii. Analizuje wybrane zagadnienia związane z przygotowaniem programu kształcenia w zakresie zaburzeń realizacji fonemów z perspektywy pożądanych cech przyszłego logopedy. Przedstawiona praca jest głosem w dyskusji na temat kształcenia logopedów w zakresie dyslalii.
    The following study refers to the issue of education in the field of phoneme implementation disorders, which is one of the important elements of the program of speech therapy – postgraduate studies. The author refers to the contemporary knowledge about speech impediments, emphasizing the differences between the traditional and the new approach to this disorder. One also indicates new tasks that should be included in educational programs due to the presence of various information in the Internet – often inconsistent with the modern knowledge embracing the management of dyslalia, as well as other problems related to, for example, different understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of speech therapy. Additionally the author analyses selected problems connected with the preparation of the educational program in the field of phoneme implementation disorders from the perspective of the expected features of the future speech therapist. The presented work is a voice in the discussion on the education of speech therapists in the field of dyslalia.
    Źródło:
    Logopaedica Lodziensia; 2022, 6; 209-229
    2544-7238
    2657-4381
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopaedica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Speech Segmentation Algorithm Based on an Analysis of the Normalized Power Spectral Density
    Autorzy:
    Pekar, D.
    Tsikhanenka, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/308533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    phoneme segmentation
    power spectral density
    short-term signal energy
    speaker independent
    voice systems
    Opis:
    This article demonstrates a new approach to speaker independent phoneme detection. The core of the algorithm is to measure the distance between normalized power spectral densities in adjacent, short-time segments and verify it based on velocity of changes of values of short-time signal energy analysis. The results of experiment analysis indicate that proposed algorithm allows revealing a phoneme structure of pronounced speech with high probability. The advantages of this algorithm are absence of any prior information on a signal or model of phonemes and speakers that allows the algorithm to be speaker independent and have a low computation complexity.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2010, 4; 44-49
    1509-4553
    1899-8852
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Budowanie planu ruchu artykulacyjnego u dzieci z zespołem Downanu ruchu artykulacyjnego u dzieci z zespołem Downa
    Planning of articulation movement in children with Down syndrome
    Autorzy:
    Kuśnierz, Małgorzata
    Sedivy-Mączka, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044544.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Articulation Gestures
    planning of articulation movement
    Phoneme Production with Manual Support
    Down syndrome
    Opis:
    The authors of the article present two techniques supporting the development of articulation in children with Down syndrome: Articulation Gestures and Phoneme Manual Facilitation. Using their own clinical experience and referring to the latest neurobiological knowledge and subject literature, they justify the importance and, in some cases, the need to apply these techniques in speech therapy of children with trisomy 21. The text also presents three individual cases of children with Down syndrome of different ages who have been diagnosed with profound speech delay.
    Źródło:
    Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza; 2019, 26, 2; 115-125
    1233-8672
    2450-4939
    Pojawia się w:
    Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relacja mowa–pismo, czyli próba analizy językowej wybranych niemieckich adnotacji w najstarszej księdze miejskiej Zgorzelca (1305–1343)
    Relationship spoken language – script,an attempt at language analysis of the chosen German entries in the oldest city book from Zgorzelec (Görlitz)
    Autorzy:
    Owsiński, Piotr A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154682.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-07-29
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii
    Tematy:
    spoken language
    script
    phoneme
    grapheme
    sound change
    mowa
    pismo
    fonem
    grafem
    zmiana dźwiękowa
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the German dispositions upon death drawn up by spouses from the first half of the 14th century, which come from the town council of Zgorzelec (Görlitz). The dispositions constitute a part of the first liber civitatis of Zgorzelec (Görlitz). The aim of the paper is to answer the question how far the script fixes the features of the spoken language. Due to the analysis it could be unambiguously proved, the German used in the text corresponds to the level of development of the German language within the periodization of history of the language as it contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. The text can therefore be classified as one of the linguistic monuments of the East Central German of Silesian tradition. All the results of the exploration are supported with the appropriate examples.
    Źródło:
    Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi; 2022, 2; 167-191
    1897-0788
    2544-8730
    Pojawia się w:
    Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Humanistic Pathos of Iannis Xenakis’ Choral Musical Legacy
    Autorzy:
    Ryzhinskii, Aleksandr [S]
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159820.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-13
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku
    Tematy:
    avant-garde
    choral music
    choral texture
    vocal timbre studies
    Iannis Xenakis
    phoneme com-position
    Opis:
    The article is devoted to study of the substantive vectors of Iannis Xenakis’ choral music. The author elicits the crucial themes declared for the first time in the 1960s, which have preserved their relevance during the course of the composer’s entire choral output. Also, the author di-scusses particularities of the interactions between the text and music, and the specificity of the timbral solution of the compositions, making it possible to speak of both the influence on the choral writing of the composer’s contemporaries and of the individuality of the creative man-ner of Xenakis himself. Within the framework of textural analysis, the main varieties of texture characteristic for Xenakis’ compositions of that time period are educed: along with the newest techniques of “artificial reverberation” and elements of diagonal organization, we can enco-unter the types of musical exposition characteristic for compositions of romantic composers – homophonic-harmonic, chordal, homophonic-polyphonic, and strata texture, as well as the classical techniques of juxtaposition of soli – tutti. Such a combination of traditional and the newest techniques of choral writing is analogous to the coexistence of techniques of phoneme composition and a strict adherence to ancient literary sources. In total, all of this stipulates the brilliant individuality of Iannis Xenakis’ choral musical legacy.
    Źródło:
    Ars inter Culturas; 2020, 9; 81-93
    2083-1226
    Pojawia się w:
    Ars inter Culturas
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Multifractal approach in pattern recognition of an announcer’s voice
    Multifraktalnyjj podkhod v zadachakh raspoznavanija golosa diktora
    Autorzy:
    Solovyov, V.
    Byelozorova, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/792602.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Komisja Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa
    Tematy:
    experimental research
    multi-fractal structure
    vowel phoneme
    pattern recognition
    radio announcer
    voice
    speech
    recognition system
    Źródło:
    Teka Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa; 2014, 14, 2
    1641-7739
    Pojawia się w:
    Teka Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Untersuchung zu der Realisierung des Phonems /r/ im Unbetonten Wortfinalen Silbenanlaut in der Modernen Deutschen Spontanrede
    Investigation on the realization of the phoneme /r/ in the unstressed word final syllable onset in modern German spontaneous speech
    Autorzy:
    Solska, Tetiana
    Borovska, Olena
    Poseletska, Kateryna
    Vyshyvana, Nataliia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2119954.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    spontaneous speech
    phoneme /ʁ/
    unstressed word final syllable onset
    modifications
    vocalization
    elision
    secondary phonetic diphthong
    Opis:
    The present paper deals with the synchronic variation of the phoneme /ʁ/ in the unstressed word final syllable onset in modern German spontaneous speech. Our research task was to determine the phonetic context, in which the phoneme /ʁ/ undergoes modifications in the above-mentioned position and to establish, whether the intensity and the type of modifications (vocalization or elision of the phoneme /ʁ/) could correlate with the part of speech and with the combinatorial conditions of sound realization. The data collected are based on the acoustic analysis of spontaneous speech (interviews in the media) of 20 German scientists (10 men and 10 women) from the Central and Southern Germany. Our results showed that the phoneme /ʁ/ undergoes intense modifications mainly in the word final position "stressed long vowel + ʁ + schwa vowel + nasal" in various parts of speech: verbs, plural forms of nouns, adjectives, participles, substantivized verbs, possessive pronouns and prepositions. The type of modification of the phoneme /ʁ/ in the relevant position correlates with the sound context. After high and mid vowels [iː], [yː], [uː], [eː], [ɛː], [øː], [oː] vowel realizations as unsyllabic [ɐ̯] clearly dominate over the consonantal as [ʁ], leading to the emergence of centralizing secondary diphthongs [iːɐ̯], [yːɐ̯], [uːɐ̯], [eːɐ̯], [ɛːɐ̯], [øːɐ̯], [oːɐ̯]. In the position after the long [aː] an elision of the allophones of the phoneme /ʁ/ is predominant, which can lead to an overlong articulation of the preceding low vowel as [aːː].
    Źródło:
    Linguistica Silesiana; 2022, 43; 7-23
    0208-4228
    Pojawia się w:
    Linguistica Silesiana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    MUZYKA A SŁUCH FONEMATYCZNY
    MUSIC AND PHONEMIC HEARING
    Autorzy:
    Burczyk, Irena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/479681.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas
    Tematy:
    słuch fonematyczny,
    słuch fizjologiczny,
    słuch mowny,
    percepcja słuchowa,
    fonem
    phonemic hearing
    physiological hearing
    auditory perception
    phoneme
    Opis:
    W artykule podjęto próbę omówienia wybranych zagadnień związanych z uwarunkowaniami wspólnych cech muzyki i słuchu fonematycznego w aspekcie powiązań mechanizmów ich percepcji. Kształtowanie się słuchu fonematycznego odpowiada etapom rozwoju percepcji mowy. Kilka refleksji poświęcono analogii zachodzącej między muzyką a językiem jako formami komunikatu posługującego się fonemem lub dźwiękiem. Wiele sekwencji tych elementów powiązanych jest ścisłymi regułami, mającymi swoją semantykę oraz cechy akustyczne (wysokość, dynamikę, barwę, czas trwania). Podobieństwa polegają na percepcji, która wyprzedza wykonanie oraz używa tego samego kanału słuchowo-głosowego. Formy, zarówno muzyczne, jak i językowe, uwarunkowane są uczestnictwem w określonej kulturze.
    This article attempts to discuss selected issues related to the determinants of common features of music and phonemic hearing in terms of ties between mechanisms of their perception. Development of phonemic hearing corresponds with the developmental stages of speech perception. Some reflections presented within the article focus on the analogy that occurs between music and language considered forms of message using a phoneme or sound. Many sequences of these elements are bonded with strict rules, which have their semantics and acoustic characteristics (height, dynamics, timbre, duration). The similarities occur in the perception that precedes execution and uses the same auditory – voice channel. Both music and language forms are conditioned by participation in a particular culture.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas. Pedagogika; 2015, 10; 123-132
    1896-4591
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas. Pedagogika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Po co i jak (nie) uczyć cudzoziemców fonetyki języka polskiego?
    Why and how (not) to teach Polish phonetics to foreigners?
    Autorzy:
    Badyda, Ewa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/680391.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    nauczanie języka polskiego jako obcego
    fonetyka
    fonem
    głoska
    teaching Polish as a foreign language
    phonetics
    phoneme
    phone
    Opis:
    Communicative language teaching does not focus its attention on phonetics, but it should be noted that student’s communicative efficiency also depends on his ability to reproduce the phonetic shapes of words correctly. The student’s difficulties with the correct pronunciation in a foreign language are the result of shaping his phonological hearing and automation of movements of the articulators by his native language. That is why just exposure to the sound of the L2 may not be enough. The author argues that identifying Polish phones and their correct production should be focused on from the beginning. This allows the teacher to refer to correct patterns of phones in any prospective case of wrong pronunciation and also helps prevent the formation of erroneous student’s habits of speech. In the work on phonetics, particular attention should be paid to the most characteristic phonological oppositions in Polish, also taking into account those important from the point of view of inflection. It would be advisable to introduce phonemes simultaneously with the alphabet, as in classroom learning conditions a student acquires phonic and graphic forms of words at the same time. Equipped with the knowledge about the relationship between pronunciation and spelling, he will be able to correct his own pronunciation referring to the spelling of the words and also – to write them as they are heard. It also prevents a student from reading newly learned words according to the spelling rules of another language. In the future, it will allow the student to pronounce those proper names, which are learned in graphic form, correctly.
    Fonetyka nie jest eksponowaną płaszczyzną w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego o nastawieniu komunikacyjnym, jednak skuteczność komunikacyjna zależy też od umiejętności odwzorowania przez studenta prawidłowej postaci brzmieniowej wyrazu, zwłaszcza w zakresie relewantnych fonologicznie cech głosek. Trudności studenta z prawidłową wymową wynikają z ukształtowania jego słuchu fonemowego i zautomatyzowania ruchów artykulacyjnych zgodnie z wymogami jego języka rodzimego, dlatego ogólna ekspozycja na brzmienie języka polskiego może być niewystarczająca. Uzasadnione jest skoncentrowanie się na różnicowaniu słuchem głosek polskich i prawidłowej ich wymowie już na początku nauki. Umożliwia to późniejsze odwoływanie się do wprowadzonych wzorców fonetycznych i zapobieganie powstaniu błędnych nawyków wymawianiowych. W pracy nad fonetyką należy skupić się zwłaszcza na najbardziej charakterystycznych opozycjach fonologicznych w języku polskim, z uwzględnieniem tych, które są istotne z punktu widzenia fleksji. Zasadne jest wprowadzanie fonemów w powiązaniu z alfabetem, ponieważ w nauce języka obcego student zapoznaje się z kodem fonetycznym i graficznym równolegle. Pozwala to na późniejsze wykorzystanie postaci ortograficznej do przypomnienia wymowy, poprawne zapisywanie wyrazów ze słuchu, a jednocześnie uniknięcie odczytywania nowych polskich wyrazów zgodnie z konwencją ortograficzną obcego języka. Ponadto umożliwia w przyszłości operowanie w mowie nazwami własnymi poznawanymi w postaci graficznej.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców; 2019, 26; 197-208
    0860-6587
    2449-6839
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Detection of disfluencies in speech signal
    Autorzy:
    Barczewska, K.
    Igras, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115927.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
    Tematy:
    speech processing
    phoneme recognition
    dynamics of speech
    disfluencies of speech
    elocution
    przetwarzanie mowy
    dynamika mowy
    niepłynności mowy
    dykcja
    Opis:
    During public presentations or interviews, speakers commonly and unconsciously abuse interjections or filled pauses that interfere with speech fluency and negatively affect listeners impression and speech perception. Types of disfluencies and methods of detection are reviewed. Authors carried out a survey which results indicated the most adverse elements for audience. The article presents an approach to automatic detection of the most common type of disfluencies - filled pauses. A base of patterns of filled pauses (prolongated I, prolongated e, mm, Im, xmm, using SAMPA notation) was collected from 72 minutes of recordings of public presentations and interviews of six speakers (3 male, 3 female). Statistical analysis of length and frequency of occurrence of such interjections in recordings are presented. Then, each pattern from training set was described with mean values of first and second formants (F1 and F2). Detection was performed on test set of recordings by recognizing the phonemes using the two formants with efficiency of recognition about 68%. The results of research on disfluencies in speech detection may be applied in a system that analyzes speech and provides feedback of imperfections that occurred during speech in order to help in oratorical skills training. A conceptual prototype of such an application is proposed. Moreover, a base of patterns of most common disfluencies can be used in speech recognition systems to avoid interjections during speech-to-text transcription.
    Źródło:
    Challenges of Modern Technology; 2013, 4, 2; 3-10
    2082-2863
    2353-4419
    Pojawia się w:
    Challenges of Modern Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A prototype of Chinese aspirated consonants pronunciation training system based on multi-resolution cochleagram
    Autorzy:
    Urbaniec, Katarzyna A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/128278.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Poznańska. Instytut Mechaniki Stosowanej
    Tematy:
    computer-aided pronunciation training
    CAPT
    mispronunciation detection
    phoneme substitution
    komputerowe wspomaganie nauki wymowy
    wykrywanie błędnej wymowy
    zastąpienie fonemu
    Opis:
    Many Mandarin Chinese learners, especially those whose mother tongue’s phonological system differs significantly from Chinese phonological system, find it challenging to learn pronunciation of Chinese phonemes. Yet pronunciation training in language class settings is limited. It is therefore essential to develop computeraided training system to help learners practice Chinese pronunciation without teacher’s assistance. In this article I introduce a prototype of Chinese pronunciation training system that specifically focuses on phoneme substitution errors related to aspiration of consonants. I describe feature extraction process based on multiresolution cochleagram (MRCG), a psychoacoustic model of basilar membrane excitation pattern, and architecture of recurrent neural network (RNN) used for mispronounced phonemes detection. The system achieves 96.12% and 98.58% accuracy rate in detecting phoneme substitution errors and determining aspiration length respectively. Proposed system may be particularly useful for learners of Slavic and Romance origin, since in their mother tongues aspiration is not a distinctive feature.
    Źródło:
    Vibrations in Physical Systems; 2019, 30, 1; 1-8
    0860-6897
    Pojawia się w:
    Vibrations in Physical Systems
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Automatic speech signal segmentation based on the innovation adaptive filter
    Autorzy:
    Makowski, R.
    Hossa, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/330096.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
    Tematy:
    automatic speech segmentation
    inter phoneme boundaries
    Schur adaptive filtering
    detection threshold determination
    automatyczna segmentacja mowy
    filtracja adaptacyjna
    określenie progu detekcji
    Opis:
    Speech segmentation is an essential stage in designing automatic speech recognition systems and one can find several algorithms proposed in the literature. It is a difficult problem, as speech is immensely variable. The aim of the authors’ studies was to design an algorithm that could be employed at the stage of automatic speech recognition. This would make it possible to avoid some problems related to speech signal parametrization. Posing the problem in such a way requires the algorithm to be capable of working in real time. The only such algorithm was proposed by Tyagi et al., (2006), and it is a modified version of Brandt’s algorithm. The article presents a new algorithm for unsupervised automatic speech signal segmentation. It performs segmentation without access to information about the phonetic content of the utterances, relying exclusively on second-order statistics of a speech signal. The starting point for the proposed method is time-varying Schur coefficients of an innovation adaptive filter. The Schur algorithm is known to be fast, precise, stable and capable of rapidly tracking changes in second order signal statistics. A transfer from one phoneme to another in the speech signal always indicates a change in signal statistics caused by vocal track changes. In order to allow for the properties of human hearing, detection of inter-phoneme boundaries is performed based on statistics defined on the mel spectrum determined from the reflection coefficients. The paper presents the structure of the algorithm, defines its properties, lists parameter values, describes detection efficiency results, and compares them with those for another algorithm. The obtained segmentation results, are satisfactory.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2014, 24, 2; 259-270
    1641-876X
    2083-8492
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Проблемы заимствования: варианты новых иноязычных слов в русском языке
    Loan-word problems: variants of new foreign-language words in the Russian language
    Autorzy:
    Кальнова, Ольга
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/665405.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    иноязычный неологизм
    вариативность
    варианты
    графические варианты
    орфографические варианты
    фонемно-орфографические варианты
    акцентологические варианты
    foreign-language neologism
    variability
    variants
    allographic
    spelling variants
    phoneme-spelling variants
    accentological variants
    Opis:
    The end of XX – the beginning of the 21st century in the development of the Russian language is characterized as the time of active replenishment of its dictionary structure by new foreign-language words and elements. The borrowing process and the development of loan-words is followed by variability of foreign-language neologisms that generates difficulties in their development. Materials of modern dictionaries find a tendency to increase in a share of the varying words as a part of foreign-language neologisms (from 2 % and even to 3% of a word-list). In dictionaries and texts the following types of variants are noted: allographic, spelling, phoneme-spelling, accentological, and also the variants of the combined type differing not less than two differential markers. The allographic variation which was considered as the phenomenon for the Russian language has assumed a considerable scale during modern time. Spelling and phoneme-spelling variants existence reflects insufficient extent of the word development. The considerable number of variants and a variety of the opposed markers, on the one hand, reflects a real picture of new foreign-language lexicon development. On the other hand, it extremely complicates lexicographic processing of such words and the characteristic of variants. The establishment of uniformity in writing and a pronunciation of foreign-language neologisms is an integral part of their development and a long and a difficult process.
    Период конца XX – начала XXI века в развитии русского языка характеризуется как время активного пополнения его словарного состава новыми иноязычными словами и элементами. Процесс заимствования иноязычных слов и их освоения сопровождается вариативностью иноязычных неологизмов, что порождает трудности в их освоении. Материалы современных словарей обнаруживают тенденцию к увеличению доли варьирующихся слов в составе иноязычных неологизмов (от 2 и даже до 3 % словника). В словарях и текстах отмечаются следующие типы вариантов: графические, орфографические, фонемно-орфографические, акцентологические, а также варианты комбинированного типа, различающиеся не менее чем двумя дифференциальными признаками. Графическое варьирование, которое считалось чрезвычайно редким для русского языка явлением, в современный период приобрело значительные масштабы. Наличие орфографических и фонемно-орфографических вариантов отражает недостаточную степень освоения слова. Значительное число вариантов и разнообразие противопоставленных признаков, с одной стороны, отражает реальную картину освоения новой иноязычной лексики. С другой стороны, это чрезвычайно осложняет лексикографическую обработку таких слов и характеристику вариантов. Установление единообразия в написании и произношении иноязычных неологизмов является неотъемлемой частью их освоения и представляет собой долгий и сложный процесс.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica; 2016, 13; 29-36
    1731-8025
    2353-9623
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dlaczego o dyslalii trzeba dziś mówić inaczej? O trzech ujęciach dyslalii w polskiej logopedii
    Why do We Need to Talk Differently about Dyslalia Today? On Three Approaches to Dyslalia in Polish Speech Therapy
    Autorzy:
    Pluta-Wojciechowska, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24373235.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-09-25
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Logopedyczne
    Tematy:
    rozwój logopedii
    zaburzenia realizacji fonemów
    różne ujęcia dyslalii
    dyslalia
    wady wymowy
    teoria i praktyka dyslalii
    kształcenie logopedów
    development of speech therapy
    disorders of phoneme realization
    various perspectives of dyslalia
    speech defects
    theory and treatment of dyslalia
    education of speech
    therapists
    Opis:
    Autorka przedstawia analizę zmian postępowania w przypadku osób z zaburzeniami realizacji fonemów, które zaszły/zachodzą w polskiej logopedii. Przedstawia kontekst, w jakim rozwija się polska logopedia, co ma związek z możliwościami (a także z zagrożeniami), łączącymi się z niekontrolowanym rynkiem różnorodnych szkoleń, webinariów, przestrzenią wymiany opinii rozmaitych specjalistów, formułujących swoje opinie w internecie i nie tylko (np. facebook, strony internetowe udzielające porad na temat zaburzeń mowy, w tym wad wymowy). W kolejnej części opracowania autorka przedstawia trzy ujęcia zaburzeń realizacji fonemów, a mianowicie: ujęcie tradycyjne, ujęcie nowe i – co jest dopełniającą perspektywą analizy – ujęcie tradycyjne pudrowane. Pracę kończą wnioski i postulaty dotyczące rozwoju logopedii w jej wymiarze naukowym i związanym z kształceniem.
    The author presents an analysis of changes in the approaches that have occurred in Polish speech therapy towards patients with phoneme realization disorders. One presents the context in which Polish speech therapy is developing, which is related to the opportunities (and also the threats) that are associated with the uncontrolled market of various trainings, webinars, the space for exchanging opinions of numerous specialists formulating their views on the Internet and in other sites (e.g. Facebook , websites providing advice on speech disorders, including speech impediments). In the next part of the study the author presents three perspectives of phoneme realization disorders, namely: the traditional perspective, the new perspective and - which is a complementary view of the analysis - the traditional powdered perspective. The work ends with conclusions and postulates regarding the development of speech therapy in its academic and educational dimension.
    Źródło:
    Logopedia; 2023, 52, 1; 197-226
    0459-6935
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopedia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kształtowanie planu ruchu artykulacyjnego
    Formation of an Articulatory Movement Plan
    Autorzy:
    Cieszyńska-Rożek, Jagoda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2180325.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-02-22
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Logopedyczne
    Tematy:
    rozwój niemowlęcia
    mózg społeczny
    uczenie się mowy
    czytanie twarzy
    gesty artykulacyjne
    program słuchowy
    wczesna nauka czytania
    manualne torowanie głosek
    Infant development
    social brain
    language acquisition
    face reading
    articulatory
    gestures
    auditory program
    early learning to read
    Manually Supported Phoneme Production (MTG)
    Opis:
    W artykule zostały przedstawione wyniki badań neurobiologicznych, dotyczących kluczowych etapów nabywania mowy w wieku niemowlęcym, pozwalające na wczesną diagnozę zakłóceń rozwoju. Autorka przedstawia techniki terapeutyczne, uruchamiające umiejętność: czytania twarzy, a także program słuchowy, gesty artykulacyjne (GA), Symultaniczno-Sekwencyjną Naukę Czytania® oraz manualne torowanie głosek (MTG).
    The article presents the results of neurobiological research on the main stages of language development in infancy, which allow early diagnosis of developmental disorders. The author presents therapeutic techniques to acquiring the following skills: face reading and auditory program, Articulatory Gestures (GA), Simultaneous-Sequential Reading Approach®, and Manually Supported Phoneme Production (MTG).
    Źródło:
    Logopedia; 2022, 51, 2; 97-112
    0459-6935
    Pojawia się w:
    Logopedia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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