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Wyszukujesz frazę "phagocytosis" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
Tytuł:
The interaction of synbiotic of the environment and the endoecosystem as one of the mechanisms of action of balneotherapy
Autorzy:
Popovych, Igor L.
Zukow, Walery A.
Fil, Vitalii M.
Kovalchuk, Halyna Y.
Bryndzia, Iryna V.
Voloshyn, Olena R.
Kopko, Iryna Y.
Lupak, Oksana M.
Skrobach, Taras B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/25102380.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
bacteriuria
metabolites
microbiota
Naftussya water
phagocytosis
pyelonephritis
Opis:
Introduction and aim. Drinking mineral waters are one of the environmental factors that affect the condition of the human body. Of particular interest are therapeutic waters of the Naftussya type, which contain autochthonous microbes and organic oil-like substances and can be considered as a kind of ecosystem. On the other hand, gastrointestinal tract also is an ecosystem that associates a resident microbiota and cells of various phenotypes lining the epithelial wall. We assumed that one of the mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of Naftussya water is the interaction of external and internal ecosystems. This article is the first in a series in support of the hypothesis. Material and methods. The object of clinical-physiological observation were residents of the city of Truskavets’ (21 men aged 24-67 years and 8 women 33-76 years) with chronic pyelonephritis in remission. The objects of study: leukocyturia, bacteriuria, components of microbiota, phagocytosis function of neutrophils, leukocytary adaptation index, plasma and urine electrolytes and nitrogenous metabolites. Results. The weekly use of bioactive Naftussya water from the Opaka deposit causes a favorable normalizing effect on the stool microbiota: it increases the reduced content of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, instead it reduces the increased content of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, as well as Klebsiela and Proteus. Reduction of dysbacteriosis is accompanied by an increase in the reduced bactericidal capacity of blood neutrophils against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and reduction of bacteriuria and leukocyturia. At the same time, the elevated level of creatinine in the plasma decreases, instead, the decreased levels of sodium and chloride increase. As expected, the daily diuresis and excretion of urea, creatinine, phosphates, calcium, magnesium and chloride increases, but not sodium and uric acid, the concentrations of which in the urine decrease. The described physiologically beneficial effects are interpreted as adaptogenic, which is confirmed by an increase in the reduced leukocyte adaptation index. Conclusion. The healing effect of Naftussya bioactive water is the result of the interaction of external and internal ecosystems. The next article will consider the role of the nervous and endocrine systems in this interaction.
Źródło:
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 2023, 2; 315-323
2544-2406
2544-1361
Pojawia się w:
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - a model organism for the studies on vacuolar transport.
Autorzy:
Kucharczyk, Róża
Rytka, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044044.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
vacuole
vesicles
intracellular transport
phagocytosis
endocytosis
yeast
Opis:
The role of the yeast vacuole, a functional analogue of the mammalian lysosome, in the turnover of proteins and organelles has been well documented. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of vesicle mediated vacuolar transport in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Due to the conservation of the molecular transport machinery S. cerevisiae has become an important model system of vacuolar trafficking because of the facile application of genetics, molecular biology and biochemistry.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2001, 48, 4; 1025-1042
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF DIOSGENIN ON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INDUCED RAW 264.7 CELLS
Autorzy:
ning, jing
chang, yu
wang, ruxia
lan, zhiwei
ru, qing
liu, mingchun
tian, chunlian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895615.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-29
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:
Diosgenin
Anti-inflammatory
lipopolysaccharides
cytotoxicity
phagocytosis ability  
Opis:
Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin compound, and possesses multiple biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunological regulation, and anti-aging. The current study focused on its anti-inflammatory activities and cytotoxicity by analysis of NO production, phagocytosis activity, secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 and cell viability in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. An IC50 value of diosgenin of 2.8 μM was calculated for diosgenin by regression of cell viability from concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 25 μM; this indicated that 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 μM diosgenin could reduce phagocytic activity very significantly (p<0.01) in a dose-dependent manner with no cytotoxic effect on the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. However, there was no significant effect on NO content and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 after diosgenin treatment. The research revealed that low concentrations diosgenin can directly inhibit cells phagocytosis, with no effect on the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. This lays a foundation for screening for a safe dose in research and developent of derivatives and new formulation of diosgenin for its anti-inflammatory effect.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2020, 77, 2; 313-317
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modulation of Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena thermophila by Histamine and the Antihistamine Diphenhydramine
Autorzy:
BUDUMA, Nikhil
BALABANIAN, Jenny
DALVI, Pranati
CHIA, Soo-Khee
DHALIWAL, Ashreet
ELIYA, Dany
BOOTHBY, John
BROS-SEEMANN, Shannon
KIBLER, Ruthann
KHURI, Sami
VEREGGE, Sally
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/763403.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
Tetrahymena thermophila, phagocytosis, flow cytometry, histamine, diphenhydramine, drug screening
Opis:
Histamine is a significant biological compound because of its role in mediating the human allergic and inflammatory pathways. Antihistamines are often administered to control the irritating symptoms of allergic reactions. We evaluated phagocytosis in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila for use in screening for potential therapeutic compounds that mimic histamine and antihistamines. Tetrahymena has been frequently used as an experimental model to study compounds for biological effects or to study biological processes. Histamine and the antihistamine diphenhydramine were administered at concentrations ranging from 10–6 μM to 1000 μM, and the corresponding changes in phagocytosis were detected by flow cytometry. Treatment with histamine had no measurable effect on phagocytosis while diphenhydramine decreased phagocytic levels at concentrations above 50 μM. In a competition experiment between histamine and diphenhydramine, histamine did not reverse the dosage-dependent decrease in phagocytosis elicited by diphenhydramine. BLAST searches revealed no significant homologs of the human histamine receptors in T. thermophila. These results suggest that T. thermophila has a receptor for diphenhydramine that is linked to the phagocytic process, but not a histamine receptor. Further study is necessary to elucidate the nature of this previously uninvestigated receptor. The experimental protocol developed as a part of this study may serve as an inexpensive, high throughput, flow cytometric method to screen natural and synthetic compounds for pharmacologically significant properties.
Źródło:
Acta Protozoologica; 2013, 52, 4
1689-0027
Pojawia się w:
Acta Protozoologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of selenium compounds of different structure on morphology, blood biochemistry and phagocytic capability of granulocytes in rats
Autorzy:
Musik, I.
Kielczykowska, M.
Donica, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/877208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:
selenium compound
different structure
blood morphology
blood biochemistry
phagocytosis
granulocyte
rat
Opis:
Background. Selenium belongs to important microelements. Numerous studies have revealed relationships between its deficiency and occurrence of diverse illnesses, but the question of the proper form and dose of Se-supplementation still remains unsolved. Objective. In the present study the influence of different selenium compounds on blood morphology and biochemistry as well as on phagocytic capacity of granulocytes and NBT test in rats was investigated. Material and methods. Adolescent male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (ten animals each): I – control, received saline; II – received sodium selenite Na2SeO3; III – received selenoorganic compound A of chain structure 4-(o-tolyl-)-selenosemicarbazide of 2-chlorobenzoic acid; IV – received selenoorganic compound B of cyclic structure 3-(2-chlorobenzoylamino-)- 2-(o-tolylimino-)-4-methyl-4-selenazoline. The administration was performed by stomach tube at a dose of 5 · 10-4 mg Se g-1 b.w. once a day for 10 days. Results. Selenium compounds treatment decreased haematocrit. Erythrocytes number was unchanged in all groups receiving Se vs. control, whereas leucocytes number was depressed in groups II and IV. Haemoglobin was significantly decreased in group III. White blood count was altered in groups II and III, where all parameters were markedly decreased except for lymphocytes in group III and remained unchanged in group IV. The outcomes regarding selenium effect on biochemistry parameters of blood showed that urea remained unchanged, glucose was statistically decreased in groups II and III, whereas cholesterol was significantly diminished in group II and increased in group III vs. control. Results concerning phagocytosis and NBT test displayed that % of positive cells were decreased in groups II and III, whereas remained unaltered in group IV vs. control. Conclusions. As cyclic selenoorganic compound B did not cause many significant changes of the studied parameters it may be suggested that after further researches it could be taken into account as a possible selenium supplement.
Wprowadzenie. Selen należy do mikropierwiastków o dużym znaczeniu dla organizmu. Badania naukowe wykazały istnienie zależności pomiędzy niedoborem selenu a występowaniem wielu poważnych schorzeń, jednakże kwestia doboru odpowiedniej formy i dawki stosowanej w suplementacji nadal pozostaje nierozwiązana. Cel. W przeprowadzonym doświadczeniu badano wpływ podawania różnych związków selenu na morfologię krwi i biochemię krwi oraz zdolności fagocytarne granulocytów i test NBT u szczurów. Materiał i metody. Młode szczury samce rasy Wistar podzielono na cztery grupy (po 10 zwierząt): I – kontrola, otrzymywała sól fizjologiczną; II – otrzymywała selenian(IV) sodu Na2SeO3; III – otrzymywała organiczny związek selenu A o budowie łańcuchowej 4-(o-tolilo-)-selenosemikarbazyd kwasu 2-chlorobenzoesowego; IV - otrzymywała organiczny związek selenu B o budowie cyklicznej 3-(2-chlorobenzoiloamino-)-2-(o-toliloimino-)-4-metylo-4-selenazolinę. Związki podawane były sondą dożołądkowo w dawce 5 · 10-4 mg Se g-1 m.c. raz dziennie przez okres 10 dni. Wyniki. Podawanie związków selenu obniżyło hematokryt. Liczba erytrocytów we wszystkich grupach pozostała niezmieniona w stosunku do kontroli a liczba leukocytów była zmniejszona w grupach II i IV. Poziom hemoglobiny został obniżony statystycznie w grupie III. Obraz białych elementów morfotycznych w porównaniu do kontroli uległ zmianie w grupach II i III gdzie wszystkie wskaźniki zostały istotnie statystycznie obniżone za wyjątkiem limfocytów w grupie III, natomiast w grupie IV nie zaobserwowano żadnych zmian. Analizując wpływ podawania selenu na parametry biochemiczne krwi stwierdzono, że stężenie mocznika pozostało niezmienione. Stężenie glukozy w przypadku grup II i III uległo istotnemu statystycznie obniżeniu. Stężenie cholesterolu w II grupie było istotnie obniżone a w III podwyższone w porównaniu z kontrolą. Badania fagocytozy i wyniki testu NBT wykazały, że % pozytywnych komórek uległ obniżeniu w grupach II i III w stosunku do grupy kontrolnej i pozostał niezmieniony w grupie IV. Wnioski. Ponieważ organiczny związek cykliczny B nie spowodował istotnych statystycznie zmian wielu badanych parametrów można byłoby sugerować, że przeprowadzenie dalszych badań pozwoli rozważyć jego zastosowanie jako suplementu selenu.
Źródło:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 2013, 64, 2
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Phagocytosis of neutrophils in rabbits infected with antigenic variants of RHD (rabbit haemorrhagic disease) virus
Autorzy:
Niedzwiedzka-Rystwej, P.
Deptula, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
phagocytosis
neutrophil
rabbit
animal infection
antigenic variant
rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
hemagglutination
Opis:
The present study was aimed at determining changes in chosen elements of phagocytosis in rabbits infected with 3 antigenic variants of RHD – Hartmannsdorf, Pv97 and 9905, which differed in haemagglutination ability. The animals were tested for phagocytosis parameters, and the results revealed that the examined strains showed the differences. These variations regarded mainly Pv97 strain, as the intensity of the changes were 5 times stronger in comparison to strain Hartmannsdorf and 9905. As all of the strains examined are signified as antigenic variants, we have stated that this feature does not determine their immunological picture. The results suggest the existence of immunological dissimilarities among strains of the RHD virus, which was revealed for the first time in antigenic variants.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2012, 15, 1
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dziedzictwo Illii Miecznikowa: w stulecie śmierci
Metchnikoffs legacy: on the 100th anniversary of his death
Autorzy:
Kołaczkowska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1033986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodników im. Kopernika
Tematy:
macrophages
microbiota
Metchnikoff
neutrophils
phagocytes
phagocytosis
vaccine
fagocytoza
fagocyty
makrofagi
Miecznikow
mikrobiota
neutrofile
szczepionki
Opis:
Obserwacja zjawiska, bez jego (prawidłowej) interpretacji, bez zrozumienia i eksperymentalnego potwierdzenia jego mechanizmów, pozostaje jedynie obserwacją. Fagocytozę, jako proces internalizacji cząsteczek przez komórki, opisano przed Miecznikowem, ale to on pierwszy zrozumiał jaka jest rola tego zjawiska w obronie organizmu przed patogenami, to on pierwszy zrozumiał jak ten proces ewoluował, od roli w odżywianiu prostych organizmów, do roli w eliminacji ciał obcych lub uszkodzonych, u organizmów stojących wyżej w ewolucji. Choć mylnie przypisuje się Miecznikowowi odkrycie fagocytozy, to jest on w istocie pierwszym, który to zjawisko zrozumiał i zdefiniował. W jego własnych słowach: "W odporności, czy to wrodzonej czy nabytej, jest tylko jeden stały element i jest to fagocytoza. Znaczeniu tego faktu, i jego implikacji, nie można już dłużej zaprzeczać". Po dekadach dominacji badań nad odpowiedzią nabytą, obecnie oba typy odporności uważa się za równie ważne. Teoria Miecznikowa o zaangażowaniu wyspecjalizowanych komórek w odpowiedź immunologiczną, wraz z badaniami niemieckich badaczy, na czele z Paulem Ehrlichem, o humoralnym charakterze odpowiedzi obronnej organizmu, dały podwaliny współczesnej immunologii. Ale badania Miecznikowa to nie tylko zjawisko fagocytozy. Zajmował się on również badaniami nad szczepionkami, a także był jednym z pierwszych, który zrozumiał znaczenie mikrobioty dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu, w tym jego odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Dziedzictwo Illii Miecznikowa nie straciło więc nic na swojej wartości, a wręcz wiele jego odkryć zaczyna być docenianych dopiero współcześnie.
Observation of a given phenomenon without its (correct) interpretation, without its comprehension and empirical verification of its mechanism(s), remains only an observation. Phagocytosis, a process of particle/bodies internalization by cells, was described before Metchnikoff, but he was the first who realized a role of the process for defense from pathogens. In fact, he understood the evolution of the process from its role in nutrition (simple organisms) to elimination of foreign bodies/altered cells (evolutionary higher animals). After decades of dominance of studies on adaptive immunity, nowadays the innate immunity is considered equally important. Metchnikoff's theory on cellular immunity together with studies of Paul Ehrlich, on its humoral aspect, paved the way for contemporary immunology. But Metchnikoff's heritage is not narrowed to phagocytosis only. He also worked on vaccination and was among the first who understood significance of microbiota in immunity. Metchnikoff's legacy stands strong and in fact some of his findings are acknowledged only today.
Źródło:
Kosmos; 2017, 66, 4; 531-540
0023-4249
Pojawia się w:
Kosmos
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The evaluation of selected parameters of cellular nonspecific immunity in normal and allergic horses
Autorzy:
Wilkolek, P.
Szczepanik, M.
Golynski, M.
Adamek, L.
Pomorska, A.
Maj-Martyniuk, M.
Sitkowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
selected parameter
cellular immunity
non-specific immunity
healthy animal
diseased animal
allergy
horse
animal disease
phagocytosis
Opis:
The main aim of this study was to compare selected nonspecific immunity parameters in 14 allergic and 12 healthy horses. Each animal was assessed according to the following parameters: in vitro functional capacity of phagocytic cells using the nitro blue tetrazolium chloride reduction test, both spontaneous (NBT) and zymozan stimulated (NBTs), and ingestion capacity of phagocytic cells using a phagocytic index test (IF) and percentage of phagocytosing neutrophils activity (%KF). Differences were demonstrated between the group of allergic horses, especially with severe allergy symptoms, and healthy horses in NBTs values, with higher values in healthy horses. The values of the phagocytic index were significantly higher in horses with allergy.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2011, 14, 2
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inhibitors of benzamidine type influence the virulence properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains.
Autorzy:
Eick, Sigrun
Pfister, Wolfgang
Stürzebecher, Uta
Jarema, Sigrid
Stürzebecher, Jörg
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1043444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
Porphyromonas gingivalis strains
growth inhibition
inhibitors of benzamidine type
phagocytosis and intracellular killing
adhesion to KB cells
Opis:
Synthetic inhibitors of benzamidine type have been found to have inhibiting effects on arginine specific cysteine proteinases of P. gingivalis. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of these inhibitors on the virulence properties of two P. gingivalis strains, the reference strain ATCC 33277 and JH16-1, a clinical isolate obtained from a patient with severe periodontitis. The inhibitors tested were pentamidine, benzamidine, three bis-benzamidine derivatives with a pentamidine-related structure, one bis-benzamidine derivative with another structure, and one arginine derivative as a negative control, each in the concentrations of 2 μM and 20 μM. As virulence criteria the following parameters were determined : arginine-specific amidolytic activity, growth inhibition, hemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes, adherence to KB cells and immuno-phagocytosis including intracellular killing. Pentamidine and the bis-benzamidine derivatives with pentamidine-related structure showed the most remarkable effects on reduction of amidolytic activity by 35%, growth inhibition and reduced hemagglutination. Except for the arginine derivative all other inhibitors tested enhanced the phagocytosis capacities of granulocytes. No clear influence of the inhibitors on adherence of P. gingivalis to KB cells was seen. Although in vitro effects of the synthetic inhibitors of cysteine proteinases on virulence of P. gingivalis were observed further in vitro tests concerning immunomodulatory effects should be done before these substances are used for therapy in clinically controlled studies.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2003, 50, 3; 725-734
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions
Autorzy:
Dzik, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040306.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
signal transduction
invertebrates
receptors
cytokines
antigen presentation
nitric oxide
phagocytosis
evolution
innate immunity
complement
antibody-based immunity
superoxide
protoza
vertebrates
sponges
Opis:
The last two decades of study enriched greatly our knowledge of how the immune system originated and the sophisticated immune mechanisms of today's vertebrates and invertebrates developed. Even unicellular organisms possess mechanisms for pathogen destruction and self recognition. The ability to distinguish self from non-self is a prerequisite for recognition of sexual compatibility and ensuring survival. Molecules involved in these processes resemble those found in the phagocytic cells of higher organisms. Recognition of bacteria by scavenger receptors induces phagocytosis or endocytosis. The phagocytic mechanisms characterizing the amoeboid protozoans developed further during the evolution towards innate immunity. The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain SRCR is encoded in the genomes from the most primitive sponges to mammals. The immune system of sponges comprises signal transduction molecules which occur in higher metazoans as well. Sponges already possess recognition systems for pathogenic bacteria and fungi, based on membrane receptors (a lipopolysaccharide-interacting protein, a cell surface receptor recognizing β(1 → 3)-d-glucans of fungi). Perforin-like molecules and lysozymes are involved, among others, in defense in sponges. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species function in the immunity of early metazoan. Genes encoding the family of reactive oxygen-generating NADPH oxidases (Noxes) are found in a variety of protists and plants. The NO synthases of cnidarians, mollusks, and chordates are conserved with respect to the mammalian NOS. The antimicrobial peptides of protozoans, amoebapores, are structural and functional analogs of the natural killer cell peptide, NK-lysin, of vertebrates. An ancestral S-type lectin has been found in sponges. Opsonizing properties of lectins and the ability to agglutinate cells justify their classification as primitive recognition molecules. Invertebrate cytokines are not homologous to those of vertebrate, and their functional convergence was presumably enabled by the general similarity of the lectin-like recognition domain three-dimensional structure. Sponges contain molecules with SCR/CCP domains that show high homology to the mammalian regulators of complement activation (RCA family). A multi-component complement system comprising at least the central molecule of the complement system, C3, Factor B, and MASP developed in the cnidarians and evolved into the multilevel cascade engaged in innate and acquired immunity of vertebrates. The adaptive immune system of mammals is also deeply rooted in the metazoan evolution. Some its precursors have been traced as deep as in sponges, namely, two classes of receptors that comprise Ig-like domains, the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), and the non-enzymic sponge adhesion molecules (SAM). The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptor (TCR), B-cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes. However, genes closely resembling RAG1 and RAG2 have been uncovered in the genome of a see urchin. The ancestry of MHC gene remains unknown. Similarly, no homologue of the protein binding domain (PBD) in MHC molecules has been found in invertebrates. The pathway by which endogenous peptides are degraded for presentation with class I MHC molecules utilizes mechanisms similar to those involved in the normal turnover of intracellular proteins, apparently recruited to work also for the immune system. Several cDNAs coding for lysosomal enzymes, e.g., cathepsin, have been isolated from sponges. All chromosomal duplication events in the MHC region occurred after the origin of the agnathans but before the gnathostomes split from them. The V-domains of the subtype found in the receptors of T and B-cells are known from both agnathans and cephalochordates, although they do not rearrange. The rearrangement mechanism of the lymphocyte V-domains suggests its origin from a common ancestral domain existing before the divergence of the extant gnathostome classes. Activation-induced deaminase (AID) - homologous proteins have been found only in the gnathostomes. It appears thus that the adaptive immunity of vertebrates is a result of stepwise accumulation of small changes in molecules, cells and organs over almost half a billion years.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2010, 57, 4; 443-466
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10

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