Temat: personality changes - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Cechy osobowości a decyzje adolescentów dotyczące planów edukacyjnych i zawodowych
Autorzy:: Markiewicz, Katarzyna
Kaczmarek, Bożydar L.J.
Kostka-Szymańska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/637069.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:: adolescence, career planning, personality traits, economic changes
Opis:: Personality traits and adolescents’ decisions concerning education and career planningOne of the most signifi cant tasks confronting adolescents is planning future career in order to start an independent life (Kanfer et al., 2001). A number of studies show that it poses number of signifi cant problems (Super, 1963; Super, Savickas, Super, 1996; Webber, 1990; Borgen, Amundson, 2010). The aim of the present study was to defi ne decision-making mechanisms that have an impact on career planning by adolescents and the infl uence of their personality traits upon it. The NEO-FFI Inventory and a self-constructed questionnaire were administered to 116 students of the last year of a secondary school. The data indicate correlations between the choices concerning further studies and personality traits measured with NEO-FFI Inventory. The following traits proved to be signifi cant: neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
Źródło:: Psychologia Rozwojowa; 2010, 15, 3
1895-6297
2084-3879
Pojawia się w:: Psychologia Rozwojowa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Gospodarka i osobowość w epoce przełomu post industrialnego
Economy and Personality in the Epoch of Postindustrial Breakthrough
Autorzy:: Hryniewicz, Janusz T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/427260.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: neurotic personality
decline of industrial society
new economy
mental disorders
suicides
personality changes
osobowość neurotyczna
destrukcja społeczeństwa przemysłowego
nowa gospodarka
zaburzenia psychiczne
samobójstwa
zmiany osobowościowe
Opis:: Modal personality in period of industrial capitalism was focused on fulfilling obligations, whereas the new economy more often refers to self-fulfillment needs. The fall of industrial society is accompanied by an increase in mental tensions and the number of psychiatric advices. There are probably much fewer mental disorders than evidenced by medical statistics. As the industrial societies vanished, the coefficients of suicides showed a declining trend. The personality changes are heading towards further individualization and growing importance of self–fulfillment, thus according with the logic of development of the new economy. Hence, the development of personality precedes the economic change.
Osobowość modalna okresu kapitalizmu przemysłowego ukierunkowana była na wywią- zanie się z powinności. Nowa gospodarka w coraz większym stopniu odwołuje się do potrzeb samorealizacyjnych. Destrukcja społeczeństwa przemysłowego wiąże się ze zwiększeniem napięć psychicznych i porad psychiatrycznych. Realna dolegliwość napięć psychicznych jest prawdopodobnie znacznie mniejsza, niżby to wynikało ze statystyk medycznych. Wraz z destrukcją społeczeństwa przemysłowego współczynniki samobójstw wykazują tendencję malejącą. Zmiany osobowościowe, towarzyszące ekspansji gospodarki opartej na wiedzy idą w kierunku dalszej indywidualizacji i wzrostu znaczenia samorealizacji i są zgodne z logiką rozwoju nowej gospodarki. Zmiany osobowościowe poprzedzają zmiany gospodarcze.
Źródło:: Studia Socjologiczne; 2012, 2(205); 81-100
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:: Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rozwój uzależnienia a zmiany społecznych zachowań młodocianych toksykomanów
The Progress of Dependence and Changes in the Social Behavior of Young Adult Drug Addicts
Autorzy:: Zakrzewski, Paweł
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699054.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: uzależnienie
toksykomania młodzieżowa
środki narkotyczne
zależność społeczna
zależność psychiczna
młodociani
zależność fizyczna
zmiany osobowości
addiction
youth toxicomania
narcotic drugs
social dependence
psychological dependence
juvenile
physical dependence
personality changes
Opis:: In the present study the changes in behavior of young adult drug addicts are described, which occurred as their dependence has developed since the beginning of taking drugs. We regard as scientifically fruitless frequent general statements concerning young adult (as well as adult) drug addicts irrespective of their age and the stage of dependence. The research on which the present study is based was a part of multidisciplinary studies of young adult drug addicts which were conducted by the Department of Mental Health of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Łódź in the years 1974-76. It concerned all patients aged 15-23 registered in the out-patient clinics for young drug addicts and in district out-patient clinics for adults in the city of Łódź because of the repeated taking of narcotic drugs. It is important to note that the discussed population consisted of 102 young adults, of which 23% were girls. Three detailed interviews were carried on in relation to each case: one with the mother of the given boy or girl (in exceptional cases with another adult member of the family), the second one at school with the tutor and the teachers, and the third one with the drug addict himself . The questionnaires on which the interviews were based took into account, to a high degree, the family conditions of the addicts, their behavior at home , from their earliest childhood up to the latest months, their school history, ways of spending their leisure time, the outset and circumstances of taking drugs, the use of alcohol, the peer groups, living problems in the period preceding the taking of drugs and in subsequent years, delinquency etc. Data were also collected concerning the criminal records of the addicts and the history of various diseases treated in different out-patient clinics. The study was conducted by a team of several persons working under supervision of the author of the present paper. Estimation of the degree of dependence was based on medical diagnosis. Among the addicts, the following three stages of dependence were distinguished: the stage of social dependence, that of mental dependence and the stage of physical dependence. The greatest part (50%) of the addicts were in the stage of mental dependence. The addicts were noticed to move to the more advanced stages of dependence in course of time. The mean duration of the period of taking drugs was: with young adults socially dependent 5 months, with those mentally dependent 1 year 5 months, and with those physically dependent 2 years 8 months. There are, however, limitations to this regularity. Some individuals withdrew from talking drugs within the first 12 months of social dependence. Others reached the stage of mental dependence very rapidly, so to say cutting down or even skipping the first stage of dependence. There were also those who remained for a long time in the preliminary stage of the illness, that is, that of mental dependence, revealing no symptoms of physical dependence even after one or two years. It is thus apparent that the progress of dependence and its rapidity are not the derivative of the length of the period of taking drugs only. An important role is also played by the intensity of taking drugs, by their peculiarities and by the individual immunity of the central nervous system of a given person. The notion of the so-called social dependence is controversial to a certain degree and as such used only by some of the authors. However, the results of the present study speak in its favor as the term defining the first, and so to say preliminary stage of dependence, preceding the next stages of dependence in the medical sense. In the present study the notion of social dependence is of a very broad range, i.e., its criteria are not limited to the pressure of the peer group and the boy’s or girl’s eagerness to adjust themselves to this group. On the basis of the collected material, we included in the notion social dependence also the cases in which the addicts communicated with loose society circles, e.g. in cafés, which was accompanied by the predominant trend to adjust themselves to the fashion and customs of such circles, as well as the cases of an influence of individual persons of different sex attracted to each other. The notion of social dependence is worthy of separation, particularly, as the patterns of taking drugs have now become generally accepted among the youth. Taking certain drugs several times, or even once, caused a considerable improvement of mood of the individuals inclined to experience conflicts intensely, who had a low tolerance to frustration and a poor ability to overcome obstacles, if they only happened upon the drug which changed their mental stale favourably from their point of view. Phenmetrazine was good for some of the persons examined to suppress their mental inhibitions, while others used sedatives to suppress states of tension and excitement, still others - morphine and its derivatives to experience something new and to get away from the dullness of the everyday life. The process of social dependence turning into mental dependence among the addicts consisted in the fact that - as they were experimenting with various drugs in the company of others - they soon found that not only the interpersonal ties were hereby fortified, but also their hitherto only poorly tolerated mental state could undergo a favorable change. As this belief grew stronger and proved true in all next instances of taking the drug, they experienced the more and more intense desire to take such drugs whenever the state of tension, discouragement or irritation had reached a considerable degree of intensity. However, after some time the hitherto felt desires were dominated by additional and extremely trying sensations of not only mental but also physical nature which occurred in the periods of the break in drug taking. The addicts tried at any price to get rid of withdrawal symptoms. Most frequent were the complaints about the sensation of irritation, restlessness, inability to concentrate on anything, lack of energy, anxiety, insomnia or nightmares, headache and melalgia, hand tremor and other annoying and exhausting symptoms. The examined persons with these symptoms had already found themselves in the stage of physical dependence. In the diversity and variability of drugs taken by the addicts as their dependence developed, a following essential regularity could be noticed: the comparatively greatest diversity of drugs taken was usually found at the stage of social dependence. In that of mental dependence, morphine and the specimens approximal to it more and more prevailed among the drugs taken by a given individual, thus reducing the role of other drugs. The transition to physical dependence meant further concentration on the opiates (mainly morphine), while other drugs – including alcohol- became substitutes and were taken when the individual did not possess the favorite drug and thus felt withdrawal symptoms. The danger of conversion to morphine and other opiates, with all its consequences, thus grew as the taking of drugs continued. It is a matter of course that, as the individual gradually needed drugs more and more difficult to obtain (that, is, those from the morphine group), which were sold at a higher price, and as he needed more and more of the drug and found it more and more difficult to do without - the ways of obtaining it had to change. A phenomenon occurs which can be called escalation not only of the drugs taken, but also of the means of obtaining them. The means in question become more and more ruthless, one counts less and less both with one’s own hitherto existing line of conduct and ambitions and with the probable reactions of the environment. The means of obtaining drugs grow also more and more absorbing, they engage more and more time and efforts. Simultaneously followed the process of diminution of individual interests and of the disappearance of ambitions in the addicts. It was more and more difficult for them to acquit themselves of the hitherto performed social roles. And thus, for instance, within the range of the role of a pupil, the following symptoms could be found among the addicts beginning from the stage of mental dependence: considerable difficulties of concentration, the slowing down of the run of thought, passiveness and drowsiness during the classes, increasing absence from school, being far away with thought even if physically present at school, regular remiss in doing homework, indifference to school failures, reluctance to undertake efforts to overcome them - that is, greater and greater slackness in the school duties. School, usually quitted in the advanced stages of dependence, gave place to irregular and chance periods of working, which did not in the least lead to any professional promotion of a given individual. All the hitherto existing forms of activity which satisfied their former interests and life plans were - as the dependence developed - replaced by the efforts to obtain every now and again new doses of the longed-for drug. Parallel to this process new specific elements appeared in the life of the addicts: contacts with out-patient clinics, stays in detoxication centres and mental hospitals, which repeated from time to time, and in a considerable number of the cases – court appearances ending more than once with imprisonment. In general, it must be stated that the progress of dependence has led to intense degradation changes in the lives of the addicts. The whole of those changes were composed of the following: increasing problems and failure at school, quitting school, aggravating conflicts at home, participation in youth groups and circles out of control which were characterized by socially negative patterns of behavior, giving up one’s professional ambitions, staying for months in hospitals, undergoing detoxication treatment, gradual limitation of one’s aims and interests to obtaining and taking drugs, court appearances every now and again.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 363-388
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy a osobowość. Psychiczny koszt pracy i style kierowania
The Knowledge–Based Economy: The Psychological Costs of Work and Management Style
Autorzy:: Hryniewicz, Janusz T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599224.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012-06-15
Wydawca:: Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych
Tematy:: new economy
new entrepreneurship
personality, social changes
psychical well being
psychical cost of work
style of management
nowa gospodarka
nowa przedsiębiorczość
zmiany społeczne
dobrostan psychiczny
psychiczny koszt pracy
styl kierowania
Opis:: The knowledge–based economy (the new economy) made its appearance in the nineteen–eighties. Currently, it has established itself as a new formation in the world economy, especially in the United States. With the new economy came the concept of new entrepreneurship. New entrepreneurship is defined as the broad participation of managers and employees in everyday technical and organizational upgrading. Secular trends in social changes demonstrate that needs for autonomy and creativity are growing significantly, while the importance of duty and obedience is greatly diminishing. It is from this point of view that the situation in Polish businesses is examined. It is necessary to decrease the psychological costs of work, increase intellectual activity, fortify achievement motivation, and introduce a participatory management style in order to transform workers into“entrepreneurs.”
Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy (nowa gospodarka) pojawiła się w latach 80. i obecnie ukonstytuowała się jako nowa formacja światowej gospodarki, szczególnie w USA. Wraz z nową gospodarką pojawiła się koncepcja nowej przedsiębiorczości. Nowa przedsiębiorczość jest definiowana jako szeroki udział kierowników i pracowników w codziennych usprawnieniach organizacyjnych i technicznych. Sekularne trendy zmian społecznych pokazują, że wzrasta znaczenie potrzeb autonomii i twórczości, a maleje znaczenie obowiązku i posłuszeństwa. Z tego punku widzenia rozpatrzono sytuację w polskich przedsiębiorstwach. Po to, żeby zmienić pracowników w „przedsiębiorców”, należy: zmniejszyć psychiczny koszt pracy, zwiększyć aktywność intelektualną, wzmocnić motywacje do osiągnięć i wprowadzić uczestniczący styl kierowania.
Źródło:: Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi; 2012, 3-4(86-87); 83-100
1641-0874
Pojawia się w:: Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Organization of the psychological and socio-cultural adaptation
Autorzy:: Kovchyn, Natalia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/469941.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017-09-01
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
Tematy:: adaptation
globalization changes
personality
social adaptation
coping resource
stress
exclusion
Opis:: The aim of the research: To show and approve the importance of transformation processes in society and features of a modern personality reacting. Methods of the research: Critical analysis of scientific sources, as well as modern results of practical experience, clarification, analysis of terminological concepts, synthesis, systematization, generalization of basic concepts. Conclusions. In ralation to rapid changes in all spheres of life, that results to system changes in society in the sphere of interpersonal mutual relations, in technical environment and others, there is an actual necessity of a modern personality’s adaptation for different age to the transforming conditions. If a personality cannot, or has no time to adapt to change, his/her own algorithms of behaviour, a way of thinking, a way of life, it can result to exclusion, cognitive dissonance, physical and psychical diseases, as the result of such exclusion.
Źródło:: Intercultural Communication; 2017, 3, 2; 195-205
2451-0998
Pojawia się w:: Intercultural Communication
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: The Psychological Difficulties of Adapting to the Aging Process
Psychologiczne trudności w adaptacji do procesu starzenia się u człowieka
Autorzy:: Jasiński, Marek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950765.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:: starość
psychoanaliza
terapia behawioralno-poznawcza
zmienne osobowościowe
old age
psychoanalysis
cognitive-behavioral therapy
personality
changes
Opis:: This article is based on clinical observations and will discuss the psychological difficulties of adapting to old age from a psychodynamic perspective. To this end, the first part of this article discusses the normalcy of the aging process. Then, this article will analyze a variety of psychological variables that either disturb or accompany this process such as personality changes, body image, personal and professional fulfillment, satisfaction in relationships, self-esteem, acceptance of changes, and many more. The role of intimacy in old age will be discussed in a separate section, since this is an important element that has a significant impact on an individual’s ability to adjust to the aging process. Among other things, this article also considers such issues as resolving basic intrapsychic conflicts, the ability to draw from one’s inner strength and appeal to the constructive part of oneself, mourning various types of loss, establishing a realistic understanding of one’s self in relation to one’s ideal image of oneself, achieving inner harmony, etc. A cognitive approach will be used to present fundamental references to this topic.
W pierwszej części artykułu omówione zostaną prawidłowości procesu starzenia się u człowieka. Następnie analizowane będą różnorodne zmienne psychologiczne mogące mieć wpływ na zakłócenia w tym procesie, takie jak: zmienne osobowościowe, obraz ciała, spełnienie w roli osobistej i zawodowej, satysfakcja z relacji partnerskiej, samoocena, akceptacja procesu przemijania i zmian temu towarzyszących i wiele innych. W osobnym punkcie omówione zostaną zagadnienia życia intymnego w wieku starczym jako istotnym elemencie mogącym mieć znaczący wpływ na przebieg procesu adaptacji do procesu starzenia. Całość zaprezentowana zostanie z perspektywy psychodynamicznej, bazującej na obserwacjach klinicznych autora tego doniesienia, który praktykuje w tym nurcie od wielu lat. Poruszane będą m.in. takie kwestie jak: rozwiązywanie podstawowych konfliktów intrapsychicznych, umiejętność czerpania z wewnętrznej siły i odwoływanie się do części konstruktywnej w sobie, przeżycie żałoby po różnego typu utratach, budowanie adekwatnego obrazu siebie w stosunku do idealistycznego wyobrażenia, uzyskanie wewnętrznej harmonii itp. Zaprezentowane zostaną też podstawowe odniesienia do tematu w ujęciu poznawczym.
Źródło:: Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej; 2017, 16, 2
1644-8855
Pojawia się w:: Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Marital Satisfaction: A Psychological and Pedagogical Analysis of the Social Competence of Spouses
Psychologiczno-pedagogiczna analiza kompetencji społecznych małżonków o wyższym i niższym poziomie zadowolenia ze swojego związku
Autorzy:: Dakowicz, Lidia
Dakowicz, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950767.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:: powodzenie małżeństwa
kompetencje społeczne
sytuacje intymne
ekspozycja społeczna
asertywność
klimat życia rodzinnego
old age
psychoanalysis
cognitive-behavioral therapy
personality
changes
Opis:: The aim of the study is to determine whether a spouse’s social competence affects the level of his or her marital satisfaction. Using M. M. Braun-Gałkowska’s Scale of Marital Success as well as A. Matczak’s Social Competence Questionnaire, this study examined 75 marriages, from which 30 couples with higher and lower level of relationship satisfaction were identified. Spouses with a higher level of satisfaction with their relationship are characterized by greater competence in terms of the effectiveness of intimate behaviors than those with a lower level of satisfaction. In addition, husbands who were more competent in situations that required assertiveness were more satisfied in their marital relationship. Spouses with greater social skills are able to build a closer marital relationship that positively affects the atmosphere of family life.
Celem opracowania jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie: Czy małżonkowie o wyższym i niższym poziomie zadowolenia ze swojego związku różnią się pod względem posiadanych kompetencji społecznych? Wykorzystując Skalę Powodzenia Małżeństwa M. Braun-Gałkowskiej i Kwestionariusz Kompetencji Społecznych A. Matczak zbadano 75 małżeństw, spośród których wyodrębniono po 30 par o wyższym i niższym poziomie zadowolenia ze swojego związku. Małżonkowie o wyższym poziomie zadowolenia ze swojego związku charakteryzują się większymi kompetencjami warunkującymi efektywność zachowań w sytuacjach intymnych, niż małżonkowie o niższym poziomie zadowolenia ze swojego związku. Podobną prawidłowość zarejestrowano w przypadku badanych mężów, w odniesieniu do kompetencji warunkujących efektywność zachowań w sytuacjach wymagających asertywności. Posiadane przez małżonków kompetencje społeczne wspomagają budowanie bliskiej relacji małżeńskiej pozytywnie wpływającej na klimat życia rodzinnego.
Źródło:: Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej; 2017, 16, 2
1644-8855
Pojawia się w:: Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Zagadnienia psychopatii i resocjalizacji przestępców-psychopatów w dziejach polskiej myśli kryminologicznej
The problems of psychopathy and resocialization of psychopathic offenders in the history of polish criminological thought
Autorzy:: Nelken, Jan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699322.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1989
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: psychopatia
resocjalizacja
charakteropatia
przestępcy
historia
psychiatra
patologiczny
psychopata
alkoholizm
leczenie
kryminologia
osobowość
zmiany
psychopathy
resocialization
characteropathy
offenders
history
psychiatrist
pathological
psychopath
alcoholism
treatment
criminology
personality
changes
prognosis
Opis:: The notion of psychopathy as deficiency of emotions, will, and drives was shaped in the late 19th and early 20th century (Koch, Birnbaum, Kraepelin, Schneider). In Poland between the two world wars, studies of psychopathy were carried out by outstanding psychiatrists (Radziwiłłowicz, Wachholz, Nelken, Łuniewski) whose works initiated the development of criminal psychopathology in our country. Their opinions were as follows: the basic trait of a psychopathic character is a pathological moral defect the intensity of which rnay differ in different individuals. Against that background, many other disorders exist, most frequent being a pathological increase of affectivity. The pathological moral defect results from the psychopaths deficient emotions. The pathological mental changes are quantitative and not qualitative which is why psychopathy cannot be considered a mental illness. The opinion prevailed that psychopathy has constitutional grounds as opposed to pathological changes of character caused by other factors (e. g. brain lesions). It was also believed, that external factors, the social environment, alcohol and drugs above all, contribute to the shaping of a psychopathic character. Psychopathy was considered a highly crime-generating factor and the ground of many cases of alcoholism and drug addiction. As a constitutional and permanent condition psychopathy is not susceptible to psychiatric treatment; the researchers believed that imprisonment creates the proper conditions of resocialization of psychopathic offenders. The type of prison for psychopaths who commit offences was discussed, the question being whether they should be kept in normal prisons with other prisoners, or in special penal institutions. In the 1930's, a criminal-biological examination of prisoners starred, initiated by the Ministry of Justice, with psychiatric and psychological examination playing the leading part. The aim was mainly to work out a system of segregation of prisoners who were to be put in appropriate prisons with different rules. The outbreak of World War II stopped the project. The postwar Polish publications usually point to the crime-generating faculties of psychopathy which result from its being a deficiency of emotions, will, and drives and an individual's permanent condition although it may be lessened or aggravated in various stages of life according to physiological processes and external conditions. As manifested by studies carried out in Poland, mainly the psychiatric ones, there is a considerable number of psychopaths among the perpetrators of various types of offences. Among those guilty of murder, 29.4 per cent of psychopaths were found (Fleszar-Szumigajowa it al.), among thieves of public property-26.19 and of private properly - 28.12 per cent (Malik). There were 48 per cent of psychopaths among recidivists ( Ostrihanska). The above proportions do not include offenders with psychopathological traits similar to psychopathy but resulting from a disease or lesion of brain (the so-called characteropaths). Among the different types of psychopaths, particular attention should be drawn to unqualified psychopaths (emotionless according to Schneider’s classification) and to schizoidal psychopaths. Representatives of both these types can be found among serious criminals, murderes in particular, and among recidivists. As follows from psychiatric examination of murderers, sex murderers ale usually unqualified or schizoidal psychopaths (Szymusik). Despite their common characteristic, i. e. the deficient emotions, there two typ.. of psychopaths differ from each other to some extent which is important from the point of view of criminal psychopathology. An unqualified psychopath is usually characterized by a more marked deficiency of emotions and behaviour his environment frequently perceives as contradictory to the rules of social life. Instead, the emotional deficiency of a schizoidal psychopath is accompanied by his tendency to conceal his real emotions and intentions from the environment and to ambivalence, making this type of psychopath more difficult to diagnose as dangerous to others. The above findings have been obtained from specially selected groups i. e. persons suspected of offences or convicted, who were subjected to psychiatric examination because of their unusual behaviour as a rule. As regards the problem of criminal responsibility of psychopaths, an opinion prevails that such persons are accountable in principle. This follows from the fact that psychopathy is not a mental disease, a psychopath retaining his ability to understand the nature of his act as he is not mentally deficient and usually has a normal I.Q.A psychopaths is also able to control his conduct: as shown in practice by a number of cases, psychopaths. usually desist from the intended act if they find the conditions to be unpropitious; they also retain critical judgement of the separate elements of a given situation, thus to secure for themselves the necessary conditions and to be safe after the act. Thus in such psychopaths, intellect is able to control the deficient emotions and will to the extent that they discern the chances of a temporary gain. A psychopath may be found to have diminished accountability in particular cases only, and to be non-accountable -exceptionally. This takes place if his ability to control his own conduct was largely limited or entirely supressed due to the type of psychopathy (e. g. in depressive or vehement psychopaths), the particular, circumstances of the act which increased the psychopathic reaction, or the additional mental complications (e. g. mental deficiency found jointly with psychopathy). Resocialization of psychopathic offenders proved a difficult problem in practice due to their abnormal personality and reaction to imprisonment. Psychopaths serve their terms in special prisons for persons in need of particular medical and educational measures. Among their inmates who deviate from the mental norm, psychopaths constitute 40 per cent. They are resocialized through initiation into discipline, order and work, and through additional general or professional schooling if necessary. They also undergo psychocorrective treatment individually or in groups with specialized prison staff; the treatment is aimed at arousing in them a critical attitude towards their own conduct. Having served their term, psychopathic recidivists are subjected to protective supervision of a court-appointed curator, the aim of which is their further resocialization and prevention or their relapse into crime. If a recidivist evades supervision on release, he is placed in a social adjustment centre by a court's decision. In the centre, psychopaths should receive a treatment conducive to their resacialization. Psychopaths receive postpenitentiary assistence, if necessary, which consists mainly in finding a job and lodgings (e. g. in a worker’s hostel) for them. Yet many psychopaths relapse into crime despite that assistance. To end with, the fact is stressed in the paper that small differences in the definitions of psychopathy given by the separate authors and the sometimes found diagnostic differences- are not sufficient grounds for the term ,,psychopathv’’ to be replaced with other terms leading to considerable ambiguity. ,,Psychopathy’’ is a diagnostically established term and its replacement with ,, personality disorders’’ or ,,abnormal personality’’ only makes the problem obscure, blurring the difference between psychopathy and characteropathy, and between psychopathy and conditions such as neuropathic disposition and pathological character changes resulting from alcoholism or drug addiction. An explicit definition of the differences between these psychopathological conditions is most important for judicial decisions and forensic psychiatry, for defining the chances and methods of treatment, and for criminological prognosis.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1989, XVI; 245-276
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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